当名词一个紧接一个出现时，让人很难判断它们彼此间的关系，以及这一组词到底表达什么意思。如果你在单个名词前加上不止一个的修饰语，或者在一组名词前添加修饰性名词和 / 或形容词，结果一定混乱不堪，有时甚至让人完全无法理解。 例 1 ：名词堆砌的表达 a sparse matrix crystallization b cultured rat tracheal endothelial cells c When the strips were exposed to Leishmaniasis diseased patients’ sera , we found the bands of 112 and 45 kDa. d Peter Carri is a condensed matter and quantum many-body theoretical physicist . 修改方式是使用介词连接各个名词。介词能增加短语的清晰度（其能充分表明各名词间的关系），所以能使词意更明确。 修改后的例 1 a crystallization by sparse matrix b cultures of endothelial cells from the tracheas of rats c When the strips were exposed to sera of patients with Leishmaniasis disease , we found the bands of 112 and 45 kDa. d Peter Carri is a theoretical physicist studying condensed matter and quantum many-body physics. 有些名词组合被约定俗成地认为是单个名词，如： “water bath,” “cell wall,” “egg receptor,” 和 “sucrose density gradient” 。所以，当清理名词堆砌时，要排除这些词，必要时通过查阅字典或近年的期刊论文来判断。 对于科技术语（如： pyrophosphate dependent phosphofructo-1-kinase apo form structure ），可以通过三种方式帮助读者理解： 1. 使用连字符表明词之间的联系（ pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructo-1-kinase apo-form structure ）。 2. 对术语进行解释（ the structure of the apo-form of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructo-1-kinase ）。 3. 使用缩略形式并予以说明（ the apo-form structure of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructo-1-kinase, short PPi-PFK apo-form ）。 连字符最为常用，通常用于以下三种情况： Ÿ 由两个词构成的表达方式（ high-pressure chamber, ATP-dependent ） Ÿ 由三个以上的单词组成的形容词（ four-to-one ratio ） Ÿ 由大写字母或数字与名词构成的表达方式（ C-terminal end, 10-fold increase ） 练习：根据需要借助适当的介词和其他单词分解以下各句中的名词集群 1. The results are compared using a high-quality plane-wave basis set. 2. The negative penicillin skin test result group showed no allergic rash. 3. We analyzed a particle flux time series. 4. The spinach culture callus tissue produced no shoots in 1999. 5. With this unconventional technique, we could easily define the aromatic hydrocarbon liquid crystal transition temperatures. 6. In 10 of the 15 patients, we observed a chronic depression syndrome. 7. Previous work suggested that vitamin A-rich fish oil dies protect mice against certain mosquitoes. 8. The quantity of the TCR signal is directly related to the time for which a T-cell remains in contact with the APC-expressing MHC-peptide complex. 9. Our study involved human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. 10. In particular, their extraordinary low density (1.00-0.20 g/cm 3 ) and high surface area (500-4500m 2 /g) make them ideal storage and separation of gases candidates. 11. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy do not provide adequate information on structural adsorption site details. 12. The different mobility samples spin susceptibility behaves critically near the transition. 13. Ecological community abundance distributions need to be considered in these studies. 参考答案 1. The results are compared using a plane-wave basis set of high quality . 2. The result group that tested negative in the penicillin skin test showed no allergic rash. 3. We analyzed a time series of particle flux . 4. The callus tissue of the spinach culture produced no shoots in 1999. 5. With this unconventional technique, we could easily define the transition temperatures for the liquid crystal of aromatic hydrocarbons . 6. In 10 of the 15 patients, we observed a syndrome of chronic depression . 7. Previous work suggested that fish oil diets rich in vitamin A protect mice against certain mosquitoes. 8. The quantity of TCR signal is directly related to the time for which a T-cell remains in contact with the MHC-peptide complex that expresses APC . 9. Our study involved lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed with the human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). 10. In particular, their extraordinar.y low density (1.00-0.20 g/cm 3 ) and high surface area (500-4,500 m 2 /g) make them ideal candidates for the storage and separation of gases. 11. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy do not provide adequate information on the structural details of the adsorption site . 12. The spin susceptibility in samples of different mobilities behaves critically near the transition. 13. Abundance distributions in ecological communities need to be considered in these studies. 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
动词会使文章充满活力与力量，相反，如果以名词表述动作，动词就会被埋没、削弱，句子则显得晦涩、冗长。 例 1 ： Their suggestion for us was a different analysis of the data. 修改： They suggested that we analyze the data differently. 修改后动作均由动词表示，结构清晰，风格简洁。 例 2 ： An increase in temperature occurred . 修改： Temperature increased . 修改后，动词积极、有力，句子简单、直接且更高效。 例 3 ： This wavelength caused a decrease in the molar absorption coefficient. 动作被隐没在宾语（ “decrease” ）中，而真正的宾语 (“molar absorption coefficient”) 却被移至介词短语中 (“in the molar absorption coefficient”) 。 修改： This wavelength decreased the molar absorption coefficient. 修改后的句子因为动词前移动而显得有力、积极。 此外，要避免用介词宾语代替动词来表述动作（作为介词的词包括： “of,” “for,” “on,” “in,” “to,” and “with.” ）。 例 4 ： With an increase in sperm concentration , the fertilization rate improved. 前半句中的动作是由 “increase” 的名词化形式表示的，在这里是介词 “with” 的宾语。该句冗长且晦涩难懂，原因有二：（ 1 ） “with” 不准确，用 “when” 更清楚；（ 2 ）没有动词，动作被隐没在介词短语中。 C 修改： When sperm concentration was increased , the fertilization rate improved. 将介词短语转化为独立句，使用主动动词使句子生动、易懂。 练习：将下列各句中的动作加入动词中。 1. Measurements were performed on reaction products by a mass spectrometer. 2. Removal of mitochondria was achieved by HPLC. 3. Two measurements of amyloid plaques were obtained for each brain. 4. Elevations in WBC count did not occur when aspirin and streptokinase were given. 5. Our results showed protection of the dogs by the vaccine. 6. A PI 3-kinase signaling cascade exerts a controlling regulation of PIP2 levels. 7. Stanozolol caused prolongation of appetite. 8. Agglomeration of clusters of Ag or Cu in a noble gas matrix causes the emission of visible light. 9. Sequencing of the A-B construct was performed on an ABI377 automated DNA sequencer using Big Dye Sequencing deoxyterminators (ABI v3.0) 10. There was no significant difference in growth rates between the Shh-treated and control samples during the 1 hr prior to protein addition. 11. We performed plasmid isolation to sequence the A-B insert in the pBluescript (STRATAGENE) vector. 12. Rfp2 overexpression caused changes in expression of many genes that regulate cell cycle. 13. To determine whether cell migration is occurring, we dissected mouse brains. 14. In all instances, the result of the binding of these soluble molecules to their specific receptors is the activation of intracellular signaling cascades. 15. Buffalo, elephant, and black rhino abundance all show a rapid decline after 1977. 16. Current displays free flow in a superconductor because the electrons form pairs that travel unhindered through the material. 17. A powerful methodology developed in our laboratory enables structural characterization of increasingly complex systems. 18. We must understand the central puzzle of how O=O bond formation occurs. 19. In the samples containing MMS, a slowing of replication was observed. 20. Water oxidation leads to the production of the production of biochemical fuel and oxygen. 参考答案 1. Reaction products were measured by a mass spectrometer. ( We measured ...) 2. Mitochondria were removed by HPLC. ( We removed ...) 3. Amyloid plaques were measured twice for each brain. ( We measured ...) 4. WBC count was not elevated when aspirin and streptokinase were given. 5. Our results showed that the vaccine protected the dogs. 6. PI 3-1dnase signaling cascade regulates PIP2 levels 7. Stanozolol prolonged appetite. 8. Visible light is emitted when clusters of Ag or Cu are agglumerated in a noble gas matrix. 9. The A-B construct was sequenced on an ABI377 automated DNA sequencer using Big Dye Sequencing deoxyterminators (ABI v3.0). ( We sequenced ...) 10. Growth rates did not differ significantly between the Shh-treated and control samples during the 1 hr before protein was added . 11. We isolated plasmids to sequence the A-B insert in the pBluescript (STRATAGENE) vector. 12. Rfp2 overexpression changed the expression of many genes that regulate cell cycle. 13. To determine whether cells migrate , we dissected mouse brains. 14. In all instances, the binding of these soluble molecules to their specific receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades. OR: In all instances, when these soluble molecules bind to their specific receptors, they activate intracellular signaling cascades. 15. Buffalo, elephant, and black rhino abundance all declined rapidly after 1977. 16. Current flows freely in a superconductor because the electrons form pairs that travel unhindered through the material. 17. A powerful methodology developed in our laboratory allows us to structurally characterize increasingly complex systems. 18. We must understand the central puzzle of how O=O bonds form. 19. In the samples containing MMS, replication slowed . 20. Water oxidation produces biochemical fuel and oxygen. 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
简短的句子更能强调句子的含义 , 句子越长读者越难判断句中哪部分最重要。因此，单个从句的句子比含有多重从句的句子更有分量。在段落或章节的开头部分使用短句，这样可以突出主题的重要性，也可以确保一下就抓住读者的眼球，让他们专注于主题。 同样，相对于依附其他句子的从句，读者会赋予那些独立存在的句子（独立句）更多关注。因此，独立句比从属句有分量，而从属句又比短语有分量。 例 1 a Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease. b It is generally accepted in the field of medicine that rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease . a 中 “Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease” 独自出现，而 b 中却作为长句的一部分，显然前一种形式的表达更有力。 科技论文的句子不需要太复杂。总的指导原则是，不要用一句话表述太多的含义。找出最重要的信息，只有确定了最重要的，才能依次确定次要的，然后省略掉不重要的。通常，可以考虑将次要信息剥离为独立的句子。 D 例 2 Skin swabs were cultured at the time of the removal of the catheter from seven patients with catheter-related bloodstream infection and in five of these cases (71%), the culture yielded bacteria of the same species with a DNA fingerprint pattern similar to that of the isolates from the catheter and the blood, whereas a different organism grew from skin cultures in the other two patients (29%), suggesting that catheter infection may have originated from contamination of the catheter hub. (79 个词 / 句 ) 该例中， “and” 之前是第一个含义， “whereas” 之前是第二个含义，而 “suggesting” 之前是第三个含义。这三个含义应该在三个独立的句子中分别表述。 C 修改后的例 4-12 Skin swabs were cultured at the time of the removal of the catheter from seven patients with catheter-related bloodstream infection. In five of these cases (71%), the culture yielded bacteria of the same species with a DNA fingerprint pattern similar to that of the isolates from the catheter and the blood . However, a different organism grew from skin cultures in the other two patients (29%). These observations suggest that catheter infection may have originated from contamination of the catheter hub. ( 平均 20 个词 / 句 ) 相比原句每句 79 个词，修改后每句平均只有 20 个词，理解起来容易很多。原因不仅在于句子短了，更在于不同的含义分别由不同的句子来表达。 统计表明，科技论文的平均句长超过 30 个词，而报纸上多数文章的句长为 15-20 个词（这也是报纸通俗易懂的原因之一）。然而，并非要求句句简短，若果真如此，非但达不到引人入胜的目的，反而使文章缺乏连贯性。用于传达复杂含义的句子就需要长。作者应该明确这样一个目标，有些句子可长，有些句子可短，只要平均句长为 20-22 个词即可。 练习：分解以下各句 1. These results show that ATP and GTP are capable of binding to the same site in the mRNP but higher specificity is shown for ATP than for GTP, while the other nucleotides tested (CTP, UTP, AMP)did not stimulate the initiation of the translation, on the contrary , they produced some inhibition being most pronounced for UTP and CTP, suggesting that these nucleotides compete with ATP and GTP for the same site in the mRNP. (71 个词 / 句 ) 分解： These results show that ATP and GTP are capable of binding to the same site in the mRNP. Higher specificity is shown for ATP than for GTP. The other nucleotides tested (CTP, UTP, AMP) did not stimulate the initiation of the translation. On the contrary, they produced some inhibition being most pronounced for UTP and CTP, suggesting that these nucleotides compete with ATP and GTP for the same site in the mRNP. ( 平均每句 18 个单词 ) 2. The Dengue virus, a Flavivirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae , which includes over 60 known human pathogens such as those causing yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis, is classified into four different serotypes, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, and infection with any of these four serotypes can result in dengue fever (DF) or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which is particularly a concern during heterologous secondary dengue virus infections. (74 个词 / 句 ) 分解： The Dengue virus is a Flavivirus and belongs/belonging to the family Flaviviridae. This family includes over 60 known human pathogens such as those causing yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis . The Dengue virus is classified into four different serotypes, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4. Infection with any of these four serotypes can result in dengue fever (DF) or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The latter is particularly a concern during heterologous secondary dengue virus infections. ( 平均每句 16.4 个单词 ) 3. Two combinations of half-wave plates and polarizing beam splitters, together with on/off photodetectors in the reflected channel, form the photon-subtraction modules that are placed in the path of the thermal light field, respectively, before and after the parametric crystal that, with the on/off photodetector in the trigger channel, forms the photon-addition module. (52 个词 / 句 ) 分解： Together with on/off photodetectors in the reflected channel, two combinations of half-Wave plates and polarizing beam splitters form the photon-subtraction modules. These modules are placed in the path of the thermal light field before and after the parametric crystal, respectively. Together with the on/off photodetector in the trigger channel, the crystal forms the photon-addition module. ( 平均每句 18 个单词 ) 4. An international team of researchers says that some key elements of modern behavior were in place by 164,000 years ago, pushing back the appearance of complex tools and manipulating symbols by 25,000 to 40,000 years as evidenced by complex stone bladelets and ground red pigment—advances usually seen as hallmarks of modern behavior—coupled with the shells of mussels, abalone, and other invertebrates in a cave in South Africa, which showed that also include marine resources in their diet. (89 个词 / 句 ) 分解： An international team of researchers says that some key elements of modern behavior were in place by 164,000 years ago. This date pushes back the appearance of complex tools and manipulating symbols by 25,000 to 40,000 years. The date is evidenced by complex stone bladelets and ground red pigment advances usually seen as hallmarks of modern behavior coupled with the shells of mussels, abalone, and other invertebrates in a cave in South Africa. These ancient clambakes are the earliest evidence of humans that also include marine resources in their diet. ( 平均每句 22 个单词 ) 5. Negative global coupling changes pattern formation only qualitatively if the system oscillates and can result in the formation of standing waves with wave Number 1 just like for N-NDR-systems, but for parameter values for which the migration coupling leads to the formation of Turinglike structures, the interaction of both instabilities can yield a complex wave pattern characterized by two wave numbers, n=1 and n1. (64 个词 / 句 ) 分解： Negative global coupling changes pattern formation only qualitatively if the system oscillates. Such coupling can result in the formation of standing waves with wave Number 1 just like for N-NDR-systems. However, for parameter values for which the migration coupling leads to the formation of Turing-like structures, the interaction of both instabilities can yield a complex wave pattern characterized by two wave numbers, n = 1 and n 1. (21 个词 / 句 ) 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
在科技论文中曾经流行避免使用 “I” 或 “we” ，因为这样表述显得主观，而科学应该是客观的。然而，科学并非完全客观，可适当使用第一人称 (“I” or “we”) 进行科技写作，如果期刊禁止这种用法，或者句子的焦点为研究对象或其他主题时，请不要使用。 D 例 1 a To determine the mechanism for the direct effect of contrast media on heart muscle mechanics, the study on heart muscles isolated from cats was carried out . b The authors show here that two separate parameters are important to describe the physical effects of an earthquake: seismic moment and radiated energy. 上面两个句子分别取自两篇文章的引言。如果以第一人称 “we” 分别取代 4-la 中的 “the study” 和 4-1b 中的 “the authors” ，句子会更准确更有说服力。使用第一人称的好处是会迫使作者使用与之对应的生动的主动语态。 C 修改后的例 1 a To determine the mechanism for the direct effect of contrast media on heart muscle mechanics, we carried out the study on heart muscles isolated from cats . b We show here that two separate parameters are important to describe the physical effects of an earthquake: seismic moment and radiated energy. 虽然科技论文中的大部分章节都适合使用第一人称，但在 “ 材料 ” 和 “ 方法 ” 部分存在争议，第一人称 “we” 很少用作主语。此处，通常是材料、方法或生物体作为主语。此外，执行试验的可能不是作者，而是技术员或雇工，所以使用第三人称更加恰当。 练习 改写句子，以第一人称取代第三人称。 1. It is one of the aims of the present paper to study the performance of different functionals with the size of clusters. 2. The authors thank Dr. T. J. Guiermo for useful discussions. 3. It is recommended by the authors of the present study that a triple regimen of antibiotics is given to infants with HIV. 4. Based on our results, it is concluded that the measurements on translational cooling in desorption contain information about the dynamics of vibrational energy transfer. 5. No delay in replication was observed. 6. To remove PAH, transgenic E. coli were constructed. 7. we also studied the effect of Mg 2+ and K + concentrations on ［ 14 C ］ ATP-pmRNA, complex formation. It was found that binding is dependent on magnesium concentration with an optimum at 6 mM and an apparent linear decrease at higher concentrations (Figure 2D). 8. Genetic drive mechanisms are being investigated in the laboratory and field, including the incompatibility mediated by Wolbachia symbionts, which will allow us to apply this technology for disease control. 9. The twisted conformation is predicted to have only one C-Y bond in an anomeric position. 10. The authors propose a mechanism of electrocyclic rearrangements initiated by N-silylation. 11. J. D. Beckerle and colleagues studied vibrational energy relaxation on metals; but in this report, the authors establish a new class of non-equilibrium surface reactions. 参考答案 1. We studied the performance of different functionals with the size of clusters. 2. We thank Dr T. J. Guiermo for useful discussions. 3. We/l recommend that a triple regimen of antibiotics is given to infants with HIV. 4. Based on our results, we conclude that the measurements on translational cooling in desorption contain information about the dynamics of vibrational energy transfer. 5. We observed no delay in replication. (In a Materials and Methods section, authors may prefer third person or passive voice for this example.) 6. To remove PAH, we constructed transgenic E. coli. (In a Materials and Methods section, authors may prefer third person or passive voice for this example.) 7. We also studied the effect ofMg 2+ and K + concentrations on ATP-pmRNA complex formation: We found that binding is dependent on magnesium concentration showing an optimum at 6 mM and an apparent linear decrease at higher concentrations (Figure 2D). 8. We are investigating genetic drive mechanisms in the laboratory and in the field, including the incompatibility mediated by Wolbachia symbionts, which will allow us to apply this technology for disease control. 9. We predict that the twisted conformation has only one C-F bond in an anomeric position. 10. We propose a mechanism of electrocyclic rearrangements initiated by N-silylation. 11. J. D. Beckerle and colleagues studied vibrational energy relaxation on metals; but in this report, we establish a new class of nonequilibrium surface reactions. 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 ) 相关信息： 《英语科技论文撰写与投稿》：再版面世
如果信息流顺畅，则容易被接收。但是经常会出现句子阻塞的情况，这是因为动词没有紧跟在主语之后。出现在主语与动词间的内容，无论其长度如何，都仿佛是一种干扰，所以要尽量避免。 例 1 ： Dengue virus , a Flavivirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae , which includes over 60 known human pathogens such those causing yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis, is classified into four different serotypes: Types1, 2, 3, and 4. 这句话给读者的理解设置了很大障碍，因为主语 (“Dengue virus”) 与其动词 (“is classified”) 间相隔了 31 个词。看不到动词，读者就不知道主语在做什么，也不知道这句话要表达什么。结果，读者的注意力都集中在寻找动词，而顾不上接收这些插入的信息，尽管它们是最重要的。插入的内容越长，可能表明其携带的信息越重要；但是鉴于其在句子结构上所处的位置，只能被视为插入。 通常，根据其与旧信息或新信息的关系，可以将插入的内容移至句首或句尾。有时，也可以考虑将这部分内容独立成句，甚至全部省略。在例 1 中，插入部分的重要性很难予以评估。如果它是重要的，就应将其安排在能够显示其重要性的位置上。 修改后的例 1 ： Dengue virus is a Flavivirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae , which includes over 60 known human pathogens such as those causing yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis. It is classified into four different serotypes: Types 1, 2, 3, and 4. 另一方面，也许这些插入的内容无关紧要，只会分散读者的注意力。那么就该删除，让读者一目了然地看到重要信息。 修改后的例 1 ： Dengue virus is classified into for different serotypes: Types 1, 2, 3, and 4. 修改后的这两句话哪句更能准确表达作者意图，答案只有作者本人知道。 看到了动词，读者还希望尽快看到句子的宾语。因此，作者应该避免在动词和宾语间插入内容，以免动词与宾语间出现阻断。 例 2 ： We quantitatively compared, using a model-based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) method relying on computer simulations, the different introduction scenarios for the Western European WCR populations. 修改后的例 2 ： Using a model-based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) method relying on computer simulations, we quantitatively compared the different introduction scenarios for the Western European WCR populations. 例 3 ： We conclude, based on very simplified models of solar variability, that solar variability is insignificant. 修改后的例 3 ： We conclude that solar variability is insignificant based on very simplified models of solar variability . 或： Based on very simplified models of solar variability , we conclude that solar variability is insignificant . 练习： 改写下列句子，使动词紧随主语之后，避免两者间出现阻断。 1. Onchocerciasis, with approximately 18 million infected cases worldwide and 80 million more people at risk of infection, is now recognized as one of the major public health and socioeconomic Problems in many tropical countries (Murdoch et al., 1996; OEPA, 1998). 2. Early experiments revealed, as demonstrated by a strong suppression of the transition temperature with impurities (4), the extreme fragility of the superconductivity in the ruthenate superconductor Sr 2 RuO 4 (SRO). 3. Aside from these RNA structures found in bacteria, plants, and fungi, a viral RNA, with a sequence very similar to an ATP binding RNA aptamer, has been found to be able to bind ATP. 4. We recorded, for each detected atom released from the trap, the inplane coordinates x and y and the time of detection t . 5. After a warm spring, female passerines, as a result of phenotypic plasticity, an individual-level response to temperature, often breed earlier than they do after a cold spring. 6. Allosteric ribozymes, which take small molecules as input and whose output makes cascading difficult, as it is a different form than the input, have been shown to perform logical functions (3). 7. The first two members, COF-1 and COF-5(C 9 H 4 BO 2 ), which have rigid structures, exceptional thermal stabilities (to temperatures up to 600 ℃ ), low densities, and exhibit permanent porosity with specific surface areas surpassing those of well-known zeolites and porous silicates, can be synthesized using a simple “one-pot” procedure under mild reaction conditions that are efficient and high-yielding. 8. A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is used to measure, hence mapping the phase anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter, the phase difference between different real-space tunneling directions. 9. We modified, to investigate asymmetric thermal propagation in a suitable 1D inhomogeneous medium, carbon nanotubes and boron nitride nanotubes so that they assumed a non-uniform axial mass distribution (Fig.1.). 10. We reported previously that, in addition to ploy (A) binding protein, a 50 kDa protein, also strongly associated with polysomal mRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae , is involved in the mechanism . 参考答案 1. Onchocerciasis is now recognized as one of the major public health and socioeconomic problems in many tropical countries (Murdoch et al., 1996; OEPA, 1998). There are approximately 18 million cases of onchocerciasis worldwide, and 80 million more people are at risk of infection. 2. Early experiments revealed the extreme fragility of the superconductivity in the ruthenate superconductor Sr 2 RuO 4 (SRO) as demonstrated by a strong suppression of the transition temperature with impurities (4) . 3. Aside from these RNA structures found in bacteria, plants, and fungi, a viral RNA has been found to be able to bind ATP. This viral RNA has a sequence very similar to an ATP binding RNA aptamer . 4. We recorded the in-plane coordinates x and y and the time-of detection t for each detected atom released from the trap . 5. After a warm spring, female passerines often breed earlier than they do after a cold spring (13, 14). This behavior is a result of phenotypic plasticity (14, 15), an individual-level response to temperature . 6. Allosteric ribozymes have been shown to perform logical functions (3). These ribozymes take small molecules as input; their output makes cascading difficult, as it is a different form than the input . 7. COF-1 and COF-5 (CgH4BO2) have rigid structures, exceptional thermal stabilities (to temperatures up to 600 ° C), and low densities. They also exhibit permanent porosity with specific surface areas surpassing those of well-known zeolites and porous silicates . COF-1 and COF-5 can be synthesized using a simple “one-pot” procedure under mild reaction conditions that are efficient and high-yielding. 8. A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is used to measure the phase difference between different real-space tunneling directions. This device allows us to map the phase anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter . 9. To investigate asymmetric thermal propagation in a suitable 1D inhomogeneous medium , we modified carbon nanotubes and boron nitride nanotubes so that they assumed a non-uniform axial mass distribution (Fig. 1). 10. We reported previously that a 50 kDa protein is involved in the mechanism in addition to poly(A) binding protein . This 50 kDa protein is also strongly associated with polysomal mRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae . 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
一般而言，读者希望尽快读到主句中的主语或主题。如果主语显而易见，句子理解起来会更容易。而当一个句子展开后迟迟不见主语或主题，读者就很难明白这句话到底要说什么。因此，要避免使用长的介绍性词语和长主语。 例 1 ： Due to the nonlinear and hence complex nature of ocean currents, modeling these currents in the tropical Pacific is difficult. 修改后的例 1 ： Modeling ocean currents in the tropical Pacific is difficult due to their nonlinear and hence complex nature. 例 1 中， 11 个词之后才现主语。而在修改后的句子中，主语位于句首，从而使句子更容易理解。 例 2 ： The reason for rejection on the part of the biochemists was that the focus of the paper was too broad. 修改后的例 2 ： The biochemists rejected the paper because it was too broad. 多数读者会认为修改后的句子比原句更清楚，因为在修改后的句子中动词的主语是中心人物（生物化学家），该主语短而明确，更加简洁。如果主语不是人物，且毫无理由，读者就会感到困惑。多数读者倾向于中心人物是生动的物而非抽象的词，不过，当与之相应的动词描述一个动作时，概念性词语也可被视为中心人物。 例 3 ： The cells were incubated at room temperature for two days. 该句中 “ 细胞 (cells)” 是主语。这里没有出现任何人物，无论是生物化学家还是实验室技术员，因为他们都不是要讨论的主题，取而代之的是 “ 细胞 ” 。这种选择更多地用在研究论文（或基金申请书）的特定段落中，如 “ 材料和方法 ” 部分。 然而，需要明确的主语一定要清楚地表示出来，否则会给读者在阅读理解上设置障碍。 例 4 ： A decision was made in favor of the use of dyes, nitrofurans, and amidines as disinfectants. 作者可能知道谁做了什么，但是读者不知道，而且他们所需要的帮助远远超出作者的想象。对例 4 可以有不同的解读： 修改后的例 4 ： We decided to use dyes, nitrofurans, and amidines as disinfectants. 或： They/Researchers decided to use dyes, nitrofurans, and amidines as disinfectants. 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
如果信息位置的安排符合读者预期，则读者理解起来更容易、更准确。读者希望在句首（或段首）看到熟悉的信息，这些信息可以起到承上的作用，希望在句尾（或段尾）看到新的信息，在此处新信息得以强化。因此，如果通过合理安置词语来连接信息，文章就会更加流畅。如果作者不理解结构的重要性，读者就会迷惑或错误解读。作者应牢记的总体原则：在下文的新信息出现之前，应给读者提供相应的背景资料。 例 1 ： Macular degeneration is affected by diet . One of the diet components that influences the progression of macular degeneration is vitamin B6 . Although vitamin B6 seems to reduce the risk of macular degeneration, it may have some side effects . 例 1 中位于前一句句尾的信息很好地出现在下一句句首或主题的位置，每个句子的组织呈现为：位于强调位置的新信息在接下来的句子中变身为旧的、熟悉的信息，然后被置于话题的位置。因此，随着文章的继续，读者期望在后续的句子或段落中发现信息 “ 副产品 ” ，因为这些前句话的 “ 副产品 ” 处于被强调的位置，已被引见给了读者。如此，文章就会非常流畅与连贯。 另一个实现流畅与连贯的方法是：整个段落的撰写都围绕同一个旧信息。 例 2 ： Depression in the elderly is thought to affect more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans who are 65 years of age and older. It is considered to be a disorder that is commonly underdiagnosed, undertreated, and mismanaged by pharmacotherapy both in community dwelling seniors and in those residing in nursing facilities. Depression in the elderly has also been closely associated with dependency and disability that presents in both emotional and physical symptoms, thus amplifying the difficulty in diagnosis. Major depression , dysthymic disorder, and subsyndromal depression tend to be higher in persons over 65 who live in a long-term care facility. 例 2 中主题词 “depression” 连续出现在每句话的主题位置，为读者提供了上下文的连接。而新信息总是于句尾出现，因此，虽然作者没有对此进行拓展，但每句话都提供了新信息。所以，如果按照这种方式写作，也可以达到流畅的目的。 如果我们运用新旧信息的原则去撰写或修改文章，很快会发现，有些句子的撰写和修改变得容易了，但有些并非如此。如何恰当地给句子开头就很难，尤其是那些长且复杂的句子。因此，很多时候需要适当地变通，清晰、简洁是王道 例 3A ： Outbreaks of limb deformities in natural populations of amphibians across the United States and Canada, especially in wetland associated with agricultural fields , were evaluated in this study . 例 3B ： We evaluated outbreaks of limb deformities that occurred in natural populations of amphibians across the United States and Canada , especially in wetland associated with agricultural fields . 多数读者不喜欢例 3A ，因为它的主语太长太复杂。而例 3B 却是由简及繁。读者更喜欢开头简单结尾复杂的句子。因此，在构建句子时作者需要考虑词语的长度。 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
练习： 下面的 4 个句子中，评审人所使用的单词近乎一样，但句子结构的不同。哪种表达最能让人认为论文被接受了？ A: Overall, although this manuscript is of interest for structural biologists, a more detailed analysis of ABC should be provided. B: Although a more detailed analysis of ABC should be provided, this manuscript is of interest for structural biologists. C: This manuscript is of interest for structural biologists, but a more detailed analysis of ABC should be provided. D: A more detailed analysis of ABC should be provided, but overall, this manuscript is of interest for structural biologists. 在撰写或修改文章之前，至关紧要的一点是确定单词在句子中的最佳位置，即哪个词重要，哪个词次要，哪个词不重要。写作时以此为前提，强调重要信息，附带次要信息，省略不重要信息。作者应该认识到： 句子的结构会引导读者分辨重要与次要 。 通常， 句子结尾处比开始处更具强调性，主句比从句更具强调性 。因此，主句、独立从句以及可以独立存在的完整句，比依赖于其他句子成分来表达含义的从句更具强调性。 试比较以下各句，体会作者推荐服用 vitamin B6 的程度： A: Although vitamin B6 seems to reduce the risk of macular degeneration, it may have some side effects. B: Vitamin B6 reduces the risk of macular degeneration , but it may have some side effects. C: Taking vitamin B6 may have some side effects , but vitamin B6 also reduces macular degeneration. D: Although taking vitamin B6 has some side effects, vitamin B6 reduces macular degeneration. 相对于独立从句，主句的信息更为重要；相对于句首的信息，句尾的信息更为强调。上述 A-D 中，持肯定态度最高的是句子是 D ( 强调的正面信息既位于主句又位于句尾 ) ， 最低的是 A ： 句 事物位于主句 事物位于句尾 推荐 B6 的程度 (%) A - 否定 - 否定 30 B + 肯定 - 否定 ( 独立从句 ) 40 C 否定 + 肯定 ( 独立从句 ) 60 D + 肯定 + 肯定 70 然而，如果一个单词足够强烈或足够极端，也可以控制读者的注意力。以语气最肯定的 D 为例，如果以一个强烈的短语取替 “side effects” ，效果会如何： Although taking vitamin B6 may result in serious deformities or even death , vitamin B6 reduces macular degeneration. 该句中，无论将 “serious deformities or even death” 放在何处，它都能压制其他词语，即使那些位于被强调位置的词。 练习参考答案 句子的结束位置通常比句首位置更具有强调意义 , 并且主句更具强调意义。因此，第 2 句是论文最有可能接受的陈述。第 1 句表明被接收的可能性最小 . 句子 从句中信息 结束位置的信息 A - 否定 - 否定 B + 肯定 + 肯定 C + 肯定 - 否定 D - 否定 + 肯定 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
单词在句子中的位置十分重要，是读者理解句子所需的绝大部分线索。读者对每个句子的结构有自己的预想，如果事实与预想不符，他们就不得不将精力转向探索文章结构而非内容，如此便会增加错误理解或无法理解的可能性。更糟糕的是，一旦读者无法弄清句子结构，就会失去阅读兴趣。因此，作者需要特别关注词的位置，并精心组织文章结构。 作者的任务不仅是选择正确的词，还要以最有效的方式对单词进行定位，以引导和满足读者的预期，使大多数读者能如作者所愿地理解文章。 例 1: Mosquitoes often carry parasites. 该句中， “mosquitoes” 一词被放在 句子开头即主题的位置 ，而 “parasites” 被放在 句子结尾即被强调的位置 。对多数读者而言，这种结构表明之前作者在谈论 “mosquitoes”( 蚊子 ) ，此后将进入新话题 —— “parasites”( 寄生物 ) 。 同样一句话版本不同强调的内容便不同： 例 2: Parasites are often carried by mosquitoes. 虽然例 2 和例 1 使用的单词相同，但词的位置不同。在 2 中， “parasites” 变为大家熟知的话题出现在句首的位置，而 “mosquitoes” 作为被强调的词放在了句尾，这对读者起到了一种指示作用。作者想通过强调这个词让读者迅速了解文章的重点在蚊子而非跳蚤或老鼠；作者也想通过将 “mosquitoes” 置于句尾 ( 强调的位置 ) 试图让读者领悟到，文章即将进入一个新话题 (mosquitoes) ，以引导读者的注意力。 练习： 改写下面三段文字，注意单词的位置，使读者能够轻松追随信息的逻辑性 A: Vegetative cells are cells that are engaged in active growth and reproduction. Endospores can be produced by some bacteria that can cease vegetative growth. Endospores are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation, unlike vegetative cells. It is possible that the unique structure of the peptidoglycan layer of the spore is in some way associated with resistance. B: Mangrove plantations attenuate tsunami-induced waves and protect shorelines against damage. Human activities on the shorelines most damaged by the great 2006 tsunami had reduced the area of mangroves by 26%. Communities can be buffered from future tsunami events by conserving or replanting coastal mangroves and greenbelts. The conservation of dune ecosystems or green belts of other tree species could fulfill the same buffer as mangroves elsewhere. C: A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure that confines the motion of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons in all three spatial directions. It has a discrete quantized energy spectrum. A small number (on the order of 1-100) of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons are contained in a quantum dot. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are small quantum dots, which can be as small as 2 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to 10 to 50 atoms in diameter. 参考答案 A: Vegetative cells are cells that are engaged in active growth and reproduction . Vegetative growth can be ceased by bacteria that can produce endospores . Unlike vegetative cells , endospores are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation. Resistance may be associated with in some way with the unique structure of the peptidoglycan layer of the spore. B: Mangrove plantations attenuate tsunami-induced waves and protect shorelines against damage. On the shorelines most damaged by the great 2006 tsunami, the area of mangroves had been reduced by 26% through human activities . By conserving or replanting coastal mangroves and greenbelts, communities can be buffered from future tsunami events. The same buffer could be fulfilled elsewhere by the conservation of dune ecosystems or green belts of other tree species. C: A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure that confines the motion of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons in all three spatial directions. It has a discrete quantized energy spectrum. A quantum dot contains a small number (on the order of 1-100) of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons. Small quantum dots , such as colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, can be as small as 2 to 10 nanometers. 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 ) 相关信息： 《英语科技论文撰写与投稿》：再版面世 新书出炉：科技写作与交流 -- 期刊论文、基金申请书及会议讲演
l 行 话 : 行话是某个专业或行业团体所使用的特殊表达方式，圈外人一般听不懂。 应避免使用的行话： Southern blotted 为实验室行话，正确的表达为 …analyzed by Southern blot… Western blotted 与 Southern blotted 类似，也是实验室行话，正确用法为 …subjected to western blot analysis 或 …analyzed by western blot electrophorized 正确用法为 analyzed by or subjected to electrophoresis bugs 表示细菌，千万不要在科技论文中使用 lab 正确用法为 laboratory prep 正确用法为 prepare vet 正确用法为 veterinarian evidenced 以名词 evidence 替代 vortexed vortex 只能以名词形式存在，应改为 was mixed by vortex l 缩略语 : 大量的缩略语会使读者感到困惑，因此要减少使用频率 ; 同样，非标准的缩略语也要避免使用。在一篇论文中不要使用 4 、 5 个以上的缩略语 ; 另外，避免在一段话中同时使用多个缩略语，这会给句子的理解造成困难。 例如： a. MPTP is converted by MAOB to MPP , which reaches SNpc nerve cells via DA uptake systems. b. We assessed non-AGN galaxies, contained in the MUSYC survey in the ECDFS using HST for a target source. 上面两句话对同行而言也许很好理解，但对于大多数读者是无法理解的。 对于必需使用的缩略语，应在其第一次出现时进行定义，或者于文章首页的脚注中予以标注，或两种方式同时采用，这要根据期刊的要求。一旦对缩略语进行了定义，就不要再使用全称，除非该词再次出现时已与前次相隔多页，这时则需要再次提醒读者缩略语的含义。如果在文章题目中使用或定义缩略语（不建议采用此方式），那么请在文中再次定义。摘要中的缩略语也照此处理。如果一篇很长的科技论文需要用到大量缩略语，则考虑在文后以附录的形式列出所有缩略语及其含义。 特殊缩略语 : 一些衍生自拉丁语的缩略语在科技论文中很常用。需要注意的是，虽然下面的缩略语来自拉丁语，但通常并不采用斜体： e.g. = exempli gratia— for example et al. = et alia— and others i.e. = id est— that is l 专业名称与专业术语 科技论文中使用正确的专业名称和专业术语非常重要，可以避免误解。如果对某个词不确定，不要猜测，而应花时间查字典、词典及相关参考书。 表示物种的和所有起源于拉丁语的词都用斜体 (in vivo, Physcomitrella, patens, etc.) 人类基因 : 所有字母大写并斜体 (ADH3, HBA1) 小鼠基因 : 首字母大写，其他小写，全部斜体 (Sta, Shh, Glral) 人类蛋白质 : 大写正体 (ADH3, HBA1) 小鼠蛋白质 : 与基因表示法类似，但不用斜体 (Sta, Shh, Glral) 为了区分具有相同基因符号的同源基因的物种，将物种名称的缩写作为前缀加在基因符号前。比如人类位点， (HSA)G6PD ；同源小鼠位点， (MMU)G6pd ，其中 HAS= Homo sapiens, MMU= Mus musculus 。 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 ) 相关阅读 ： 科技写作漫谈：博文分类阅读
在科技写作中，相当多的词和短语被错用或被混淆。被错用的词可以分为如下几类：带后缀的词、动词、副词、形容词和连词。 -ability ： 如果句中使用了带后缀 -ability 的词，通常都需要改写，用 can 后跟一个更有力的动词替代。 例： Changeability of X occurs when Y is added 改： X can change when Y is added. -ization ： 很多作者喜欢在动词后面加 -ation 或 -ization ，以这种方式创造名词很值得质疑。 例： Metabolization of phosphates was different than expected 改： Phosphates were metabolized differently than expected. -ize ： 很多时候作者会错误地以为在名词或形容词后面加上 -ize 便可以变成动词。 例： Older patients were prioritized . 改： Older patients were given priority . -ized/-izing ： 对词根为 -ized 或 –izing 的形容词也应该保持警惕，并寻找更简洁的词替代。 例： Individualized doses were calculated Nanoscience has a transformatizing impact on various Technologies. 改： Individual doses were calculated Nanoscience has a transformative impact on various Technologies. 或更好的修改： Nanoscience transformas various technologies. -ology ： 以 -ology 结尾的词表示某某学，且为科技领域中的行话，比如： 例： No pathology was found. / Cytology was normal. / Symptomology was severe. / Serology was negative. 改 : No pathologic condition was found. / Cytologic findings were normal. / Symptoms were severe. / Serologic findings was normal. 避免性别歧视 ： 性别歧视包括所有口头或文字表示的男女不平等，或排挤一方支持另一方。虽然可能出于无意，但写作中性别歧视的表现方式很多，有些非常微妙，除非被指明否则作者不一定会注意到。在英语中可以通过使用复数形式的代词 they 和复数动词来避免这一难题。 例 ： Man is not the only host for this parasite. 改： Humans are not the only host for this parasite. 例： A nurse should double-check her IV settings. 改： Nurses should double-check their IV settings. 练习：选择填空 1. like, as: Plasmids were isolated described by Beates(17). Our observations for C1P1-GpP localization were those of Andrews et al. (1989). Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a naturally occurring greenhouse gas formed a product of photochemical reactions. The energy is transferred to the lattice before the electrons heat up to temperatures, they do in Cu. 2. enhance, increase: Metal atoms the relative intensity of the band at 476 nm. Soluble silicon in plants also has an active function in host resistance to plant diseases. 3. while, whereas: Colonies of DH5 alpha cells transformed with the AB construct were able to degrade naphthalene, negative control cells were not. The first enzyme was added the DNA mixtures were incubating at 37℃. Tropical forests growing on highly weathered soils exhibit conservative P-cycling processes, conservative N-cycling properties are more common on younger soils. Temperatures above 20℃ favor the production of the 619 nm species, at 15℃,an increase of intensity of the 476 nm band is observed. 4. varying, various: water levels in a pond are often the result of climate conditions. Each student received concentrations of NaCl solution for the experiment. animals rely on darknness to hide, to catch prey, to mate, or to interact. Different varieties of semiconductors layered in solar cells respond to photons of energies to produce electricity. Electrodes can be of sizes. 5. effect, affect: Nutrition concentration was the most important factor population size. Although the cows were given steroids,the drugs had little . Ozone causes cellular damage inside leaves that adversely plant production. Energy supplies by electrons and ions or chemical reaction (e.g., oxidation) with impurities are just some of the that might be responsible for luminescence via matrix. 6. include, consist of : Her research interests all areas of biochemistry and structural biology. Components of Hyperion’s crust solid H 2 O and CO 2. 7. that, which : Fish live in caves show many adaptations to living in darkness. At one electrode,hydrogen molecules are stripped of their electrons, are then sent through an external circuit to do work. Adaptive immune responses recognize novel viral antigens are not invariant but nevertheless are foreign to the infected organism. 8. represents, is : 25 mg of ketamine an overdose of anesthetic for mice. The Born-Oppenheimer approximation of uncoupled electronic and nuclear motion a standard tool of the computational chemist. 9. infers, implies : Both curves are of an identical shape, which a constant front profile as well as a constant velocity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has been criticized for that climate-envelope models are more precise than they actually are. 10. can, may : It appear that Table 1 contains an essentially complete summary of patterns that occur in electrochemical systems. Huge numbers of species be at risk of extinction from climate change. 参考答案 1. like, as: … as described by Beates (17). … like those of Andrews et al. (1989). … as a product of photochemical reactions … like they do in Cu. 2. enhance, increase: …increase the relative intensity of the band at 476 nm. … enhancing host resistance to plant diseases. 3. while, whereas: …whereas negative control cells were not. … while the DNA mixtures were incubating at 37 ° C. … whereas conservative N-cycling properties are more common on younger soils. … whereas at 15 ° C, an increase of intensity of the 476 nm band is observed. 4. varying, various: Varying water levels in a pond… … various concentrations of NaC1 solution for the experiment. … Various animals rely on darkness to hide, to catch prey, to mate, to interact. … varying energies to produce electricity. … various sizes. 5. effect, affect : … affecting population size. … had little effect . …affect plant production. … effects that might be responsible for luminescence via matrix. 6. include, consist of: …i nclude all areas of biochemistry and structural biology. … include solid H20 and CO2. 7. that, which: Fish that live in caves show many adaptations to living in darkness. … which are then sent through an external circuit to do work. … that are not invariant but nevertheless are foreign to the infected organism. 8. represents, is : 25 mg of ketamine is … … is a standard tool of the computational chemist. 9. infers, implies: … implies a constant front profile as well as a constant velocity. … implying that climate-envelope models are more precise than they actually are. 10. can, may: It may appear that…. … may be at risk of extinction from climate change. 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
例 1 原句： Fractions of 0.8ml were collected, reduced to dryness , and dissolved in 3.75% methanol (v/v) prior to being sequenced. 修改： Fractions of 0.8ml were collected, dried , and dissolved in 3.75% methanol (v/v) prior to being sequenced. 简析： 原句的写作风格有些沉重、繁复。科技论文涉及许多专业术语，正因如此，在其他词汇的选择上就更应该简洁，避免让读者感觉沉重。显然， “dried” 相对于 “Reduced to dryness” 在表达上更简洁。 例 2 原句： There is a large body of experimental evidence that clearly shows that members of the genus Crotalus congregate simultaneouly in cases of prolonged decreased temperature conditions in the later part of the year. 修改： Rattlesnakes come together when it gets cold in the fall. 简析： 由于文化差异，有些作者习惯使用大量华而不实的修饰词以示委婉。但在西方，表达更为直接。因此，英语为第二语言（ ESL ）的作者要特别注意避免过度使用修饰词和修饰短语。要确保读者能够理解，就需要使用简单的词汇。也就是说，除专业术语外，选择那些与朋友交谈时常用的词，如：使用 “ use” 而非 “ utilize” 。 练习：修改以下各句，以更简洁的词语取代下划线部分。 1. The differences in our results compared to those of Reuter et al. (1995) can be accounted for by the fact that different conditions were used. 2. In our opinion, it is not an unjustifiable assumption that the vibrational spectrum of CO 2 is temperature dependent. 3. For the purpose of examining cell migration, we dissected mouse brains. 4. Our results are in accordance with Seuter et al. (1988) who measured iPin the culture medium of Physcomitrella transformed with the agrobacterial isopentenyltransferase gene. 5. We performed a systematic study of the vibrational spectrum of CO 2 using various isotopomers. 6. In Swaziland, the number of HIV infected children increased by an order of magnitude in the past decade. 参考答案 1. are due to (are caused by) different conditions. 2. OMIT OR we believe that... 3. To... 4. fit; agree 5. We studied.., systematically 6. 10-fold 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
时间: 2008-10-15 周三, 13:09 标题: 论文的英文版 http://www.planta.cn/forum/viewtopic.php?t=11810 这是论文的英文版，供参考，请批评指正。 MULTI-DIMENTIONAL VECTOR SPACE AND BAI-LIANG GROUP Ying Q. Liang Bai Jay yingqliang@yahoo.com Tel: 970-495-6823 1906 Corriedale Dr. Fort Collins,CO 80526, U. S. A. Abstract Defined a new combination rule for the vectors of a vector space, obtain a new special group, called Bai-Liang group,which is exchange group, i.e. Abel group. It cab be applied to many fields, including the ecology system. Key Words Multi-Dimentional Vector Space Combination Rule of vectors Group Exchange Group Abel Group Bai-Liang Group Let v(i) be the basic vectors of a multi-dimentionl vector space V, basic vectors are the unit vectors, i=1,2,...m Any vector A of the vector space V, can be expressed as the sum of a(i)v(i), where the a(i)s are the elements of the real number collection R, i=1,2,...m Define the vectors( belong to V ) combination rule by multiplication (including distribution and combination ): v(i)v(j)=v(i) if i=j v(i)v(j)=0 if i,j not the same. i, j=1,2,...m The unit element vector E of the vector space V is: E=v(1)+ v(2)+...+v(m) To any vector A belongs to V , there is AE=EA=A If all the components of a vector are zero, call it O vector of space V . To any vector A belongs to V, there is OA=AO=O Define the reverse vector A(-1) of vector A (belongs to space V) is the sum of v(i), where the a(i)s are the elements of the real number collection R, i=1,2,...m Then AA(-1)=A(-1)A=E To any vector A belongs to V Vector A divided by vector B ( both belong to space V ) is defined as vector A combines to the reverse vector B(-1) of vector B: A/B=AB(-1) The result is a new vector C of space V C=A/B=AB(-1), is the sum of c(i)v(i), where c(i)=a(i) , a(i),b(i),c(i) are the elements of the real number collection R, i=1,2,...m call vector C the ratio vector of A/B. The combination rule of vectors (belong to space V) satisfies combination law and exchange law, for example: ABC=A(BC)=(AB)C=ACB=BAC=... All the vectors of the multi-dimentional vector space V combined by the rule defined above, consist a group, which is an exchange group, i.e. Aber group. Due to the special combination rule for this group, we call it Bai-Liang group, which can be applied to many different fields, such as economical system,`ecology system and stock market system analysis and their trends prediction, and so on. In the applications, the dimentions of the vector space can be changed. When its dimention increases, the old space is the subspace of the new one, and the old group is the subgroup of the new one, vice versa. Reference 白捷 梁应权：植被监测及趋势分析 ——植被数量生态学中几个理论问题的探讨 植物生态学报 2008, 32 (4) 967-976 Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version) _________________
昨天，老师转发给我一篇文章，是HMS的Dr. David E. Clapham写给年轻的博士后，如何在博士后生涯获得成功，对刚刚毕业的我们非常有帮助，与各位同仁共享： David E. Clapham MD, PhD Harvard Medical School Howard Hughes Medical Institute January 13, 2004 A Few Suggestions on Being a Successful Postdoc Before you decide to become a Postdoc: Ask yourself, do you have a burning desire to do experiments and write papers? Are you willing to work harder than 90% of people in the real world? Do you truly enjoy reading and thinking about science? Is being a scientist about the only thing you imagine you would really enjoy doing? Do you enjoy being in the lab doing experiments. If the answer to these questions is no, then don't become a Postdoc! For the most part, academic science is not a field with good working hours, monetary compensation, or security. Before 1850, the only people who could do science were wealthy. On the other hand, it has tremendous freedom, is continually intellectually challenging, and gives you a shot at seeing what no one in history has seen before. The happiest scientists are those who always feel surprised anyone would pay them to do what they do. Cardinal Rules （主要原则） During the Postdoc 1. READ, EXPERIMENT, ANALYZE, DISCUSS, SUMMARIZE a. READ the literature daily or every other day. Don't put it off. Reading will give you new ideas. b. In biological fields, there is no substitute for LOTS of EXPERIMENTs. But only do experiments that have a clearly interpretable outcome. Bad experiments, at best, waste time. c. ANALYZE and organize your data frequently. Scientists can waste months by neglecting the organization of their own data. Organize the data into preliminary figures FREQUENTLY. Don't wait until you are ready to write the paper. If you delay this process until you decide to write a paper, you will often find you are missing critical data. Also, it is much easier to get over "writer's block" if you already have figures in hand that guide your writing. d. Talk to other in the lab and the PI frequently, always with data in hand. Making figures is invaluable in organizing your thoughts, finding mistakes and being objective about the data. It also documents your contributions. Show your figures to others in the lab-this clearly states to others your territory as well as elicits new ideas you may not have thought of. 2. When you find a good result, start thinking then about what data you need to publish it. THEN START ORGANIZING FIGURES. Sketch out the figures that would be needed to reach a conclusion. Chances are, someone, somewhere is working on the same thing. A month of very hard work can prevent the loss of years of work by being scooped. Strike while the iron is hot! 3. Try your own pet experiments, but move on quickly if the results don't seem promising. Don't hesitate to give up a beautiful hypothesis if the data don't support it. Don't waste time on 20% effects for any great length of time. 4. FOCUS-Don't scatter your precious time over many different directions. Make sure efforts in more than one direction complement each other. Neglecting the above accouts for most productivity problems. Other advice: 5. PUBLISH OR PERISH （腐烂，死亡） is the Darwinian Rule of Academia- this rule will not change. This is fair, since Why should taxpayers pay for you to do experiments for your own entertainment? Think of some poor hard-working citizen earning minimum wage at 2 full time jobs (not uncommon). They are giving money to you in hopes you will help solve their kid's, spouse's, parent's disease. The only way anyone knows you are doing anything with your time is if you publish. How much should you expect to publish? An average of one good paper per year (reviews don't count, BBRCs （ Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ， IF ： 2.5 左右） papers may be negative numbers). Two great Cell, Nature, Science , etc papers over a four year period will get you an excellent job if you can speak reasonably well . But other papers that are highly respected will also get you a job, even if not in these journals. Don't be so bent on a Nature paper that you force the beautiful hypothesis into a publication that turns out to be incorrect. Sloppy and strikingly incorrect papers are dominant negatives （ 显性负调控 ） , no matter where they are published. Publications are like your children, they reflect directly on you! If you make good children, they will take care of you later. If you don't publish you can't get grants , a job , or promotion . 6. Give frequent presentations -this will help you organize your thoughts and develop your organizing and speaking skills. These are CRUCIAL skills in academia. Ask for comments on the clarity of your presentation. ALWAYS practice a talk in a friendly but critical audience before giving a talk outside the lab. When talking in public, don't hesitate to admit you don't know something. When you are wrong, admit it. 7. Never speak ill of another person. Find something constructive to say or don't say it (it always gets back to the person). In talking to the PI （ principal investigator ，主要研究者，项目负责人） , focus on data, NOT lab personalities or complaints about other people unless they are completely blocking your progress, abusing your openness, or doing something bad (e.g. illegal). Turf （踢走，扔） all personal incompatibilities to the PI and let him/her handle the problem. 8. Be self-critical. Bias and wish fulfillment are the chief stumbling （阻碍的，绊倒） blocks of human progress! (the earth was thought to be the center of the solar system because we wanted it to be, not because it was). Be critical with others, but only in a constructive way, and focus on data, not personality. Never make an ad hominum attack （人身攻击） . 9. Be a good lab citizen. Take responsibility for getting things fixed that are shared. If you are irresponsible, others will soon recognize that point. Be generous. Generosity is rewarded in kind, and often in excess. 10. Avoid authorship squabbles （ 争吵） Read your university authorship guidelines before even thinking about raising this issue. Authorship fights are very time-consuming and harmful to all. Document what you have done, state it clearly, talk with other coauthors. If a hint of conflict arises, let the PI sort out authorship. If the PI seems unfair, discuss your contributions to the work with the PI, trying to be open-minded and fair. If you cannot reach a reasonable agreement, determine whether the battle is worth the time. If you do, then ask the PI to discuss it with all coauthors. If agreement still cannot be reached, other faculty members can be asked to help sort it out in an impartial way, or the university ombudsman can use the authorship rules of the university to try to arrive at a fair conclusion. Denoting "equal first authors" is a much more efficient route than fighting over small gradations of credit. Be objective, but generous. In general, combativeness and selfishness only work in the short run. 11. Don't waste time on courses and wildly irrelevant seminars; you are no longer in school. Don't get a second job, research is a full, 60-80 hour a week occupation. If you are lucky or a genius, you may be able to never work on weekends. Most successful postdocs work 6 days. But don't forget to take time off to rest. Have fun in the lab; make it enjoyable for all. ( If you think it will get better as an assistant professor, you are wrong ). 12. Don't dwell endlessly on what is not possible due to the lack of a piece of equipment, a reagent, etc. Dwelling on roadblocks is the sign of a person who doesn't really want to do something anyway. Really productive postdocs go around or over roadblocks . Volunteer to solve problems once in a while. 13. Don't hit the ball into another person's court and expect anything to happen. If you are relying on somebody else to get something done, you will probably have to bother that person several times (unless you are offering money). Collaborations only work with frequent interchange, deadlines, and clear expectations. 14. Resist jealousy ! It is destructive to your psyche, and leads you down "me too" paths! 15. Frustration and depression . Science is a manic-depressive （躁狂 - 抑郁） business. There are long periods of frustration followed by frenetic （发狂的） periods of success and elation （得意） . As happens the first year after the coursework in graduate school, there is a period when nothing works and all seems hopeless. Talk over frustrations and experimental problems with your labmates and PI. Often talking about the problem either helps you see a solution, elicits （引出） some good suggestions, or at least gives you a humorous perspective. Clinical depression is not uncommon-be willing to seek help from the PI and health services if it happens. The pioneering scientists, Georg Cantor （康托， 23 岁获博士学位，以后一直从事数学教学与研究。他所创立的集合论已被公认为全部数学的基础。 1918 年 1 月 6 日，康托在一家精神病院去世 ） and Kurt Goedel （爱因斯坦的一个朋友、奥地利数学家库尔特 · 戈德尔） both became clinically depressed working on the impossible continuum hypothesis （ 连续统假设） for many years. Those who are fixed on the idea that their hypothesis must be right, or unwilling to "cut their losses" are the most susceptible. The hardest problem of all is deciding when to jettison 放弃，抛弃 ） idea that does not seem to be working out (persistence vs. retreat). There is no good answer to this dilemma-some scientists succeed by persistence, others by trying many separate projects. If you have a lot of data that seems to be going nowhere, cut your losses and publish whatever is useful from it. Then MOVE ON to new ideas. Many are reluctant to admit defeat, or reluctant to give up on lost time and data. Remember that you have not really "lost" the time, but don't keep digging the same hole. Have faith-if you try many approaches, keep reading, analyzing, and thinking, you will hit on something new. If you keep doing experiments and are open to the unexpected, you will discover new results. It often does not turn out to be the hypothesis you had in mind, but that is the fun part of science. 16. Don't slavishly follow anyone's advice, including mine . Science is freedom ! JUST DO IT! “Nature may be subtle but it is not malicious”.
对于玛雅人（the Maya）来说，蓝色是神的颜色。为了宗教目的、艺术品和壁画，他们使用“玛雅蓝”（Maya blue）——一种寓意了勇敢、美丽和坚韧的无可匹敌的颜料。“玛雅蓝”是用嵌在一种特殊的被称为坡缕石（palygorskite）的粘土矿物中的靛蓝（indigo）制成的。 一支由西班牙巴伦西亚大学的Antonio Doménech教授领衔的研究团队，发现一些玛雅黄（Mayan yellow）颜料都基于相似的化学组分。正如他们在国际著名刊物 Angewandte Chemie 所报道的，玛雅人似乎早已研发出了一种制备技术，不只限于玛雅蓝的制备，而且领先于现代的有机—无机杂化材料合成技术。 玛雅蓝是很迷人的。它有一种特殊的亮度和非凡的色彩，从亮蓝绿色到深绿蓝色，色彩很丰富。这种色彩到底是源于独特的有机成分，还是独特的分子结合，抑或是独特的生产工艺？Doménech教授及其团队检验了这些假设。他们猜测，这种色彩是由靛蓝（indigo）和脱氢靛蓝（dehydroindigo，indigo的氧化态）之比决定的，而这一比例依赖于玛雅人“加热他们反应方程式”的时间长短。这一工艺允许有不同种类的，始于靛蓝化合物及矿物质的加合化合物（addition compound）的形成。研究者进一步猜测，玛雅人还能够从靛蓝基颜料出发生产黄色和绿色的颜料。综合运用光谱、电化学等现代分析技术和其它微观分析技术进行系统的研究，证实了如上判断。 (2,2'-Bis(2,3-dihydro-3-oxoindolyliden), Indigotin) Reference: From Maya Blue to "Maya Yellow": A Connection between Ancient Nanostructured Materials from the Voltammetry of Microparticles A. Doménech, M. T. Doménech-Carbó, M. L. Vázquez de Agredos-Pascual, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011 . DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100921
《What Do You Really Want from Us?》 When we were the sick man of Asia, we were called the yellow peril. When we are billed to be the next superpower, we are called the threat. When we closed our doors, you smuggled drugs to open markets. When we embrace free trade, you blame us for taking away your jobs. When we were falling apart, you marched in your troops and wanted your fair share. When we tried to put the broken pieces back together again, free Tibet you screamed, It was an invasion! When tried communism, you hated us for being communist. When we embrace capitalism, you hate us for being capitalist. When we have a billion people, you said we were destroying the planet. When we tried limiting our numbers, you said we abused human rights. When we were poor, you thought we were dogs. When we loan you cash, you blame us for your national debts. When we build our industries, you call us polluters. When we sell you goods, you blame us for global warming. When we buy oil, you call it exploitation and genocide. When you go to war for oil, you call it liberation. When we were lost in chaos and rampage, you demanded rules of law. When we uphold law and order against violence, you call it violating human rights. When we were silent, you said you wanted us to have free speech. When we are silent no more, you say we are brainwashed-xenophobes. “Why do you hate us so much﹖”we asked. “No,” you answered, “we don't hate you.” We don't hate you either, but, do you understand us? “Of course we do, ”you said, “We have AFP, CNN and BBC's ……” What do you really want from us? Think hard first, then answer, Because you only get so many chances. Enough is enough, enough hypocrisy for this one world. We want one world, one dream, and peace on earth. This big blue earth is big enough for all of us. 附中文解读： 美国纽约州立大学水牛城分校退休华裔物理学荣誉教授林良多(Duo-Liang Lin)在美国《华盛顿邮报》上发表了一首英文诗《你们究竟要我们怎样生存？》，随后在互联网上热传并引起中西方网友热议。这首诗表达了许多美籍华人长期以来内心的压抑和愤慨，因此被评论为是多年来受到双重标准困扰的海外华人向西方偏见“射出的一记利箭”。该诗全文翻译如下： 你们究竟要我们怎样生存？ 林良多 当我们是东亚病夫时，我们被说成是黄祸； 当我们被预言将成为超级大国时，又被称为主要威胁。 当我们闭关自守时，你们走私鸦片强开门户； 当我们拥抱自由贸易时，却被责骂抢走了你们的饭碗。 当我们风雨飘摇时，你们铁蹄入侵要求机会均等； 当我们整合破碎山河时，你们却叫嚣“给西藏自由”。 当我们推行马列救国时，你们痛恨我们信仰共产主义； 当我们实行市场经济时，你们又嫉妒我们有了资本。 当我们的人口超过十亿时，你们说我们摧毁地球； 当我们限制人口增长时，你们又说我们践踏人权。 当我们一贫如洗时，你们视我们低贱如狗； 当我们借钱给你们时，你们又埋怨使你们国债累累。 当我们发展工业时，你们说我们是污染源； 当我们把产品卖给你们时，你们又说造成地球变暖。 当我们购买石油时，你们说我们掠夺资源、灭绝种族； 当你们为石油开战时，却说自己解救生灵。 当我们动乱无序时，你们说我们没有法治； 当我们依法平暴时，你们又说我们违反人权。 当我们保持沉默时，你们说我们没有言论自由； 当我们敢于发声时，又被说成是洗过脑的暴民。 我们不禁要问：“为什么你们这样憎恨我们？” 你们回答说：“不，我们不恨你们。” “我们也不恨你们，只是，你们了解我们吗？” “当然了解，我们消息多的是，有法新社、美国有线新闻网、还有英国广播公司……” 你们究竟要我们怎样生存？ 回答之前请仔细想一想，因为你们的机会是有限的。 够了，这个世界已经容不下太多的伪善。 我们要的是同一个世界，同一个梦想，太平盛世。 这个辽阔的蓝色地球, 容得下你们，也容得下我们。
I'm sitting here in the boring room It's just another rainy Sunday afternoon I'm wasting my time I got nothing to do I'm hanging around I'm waiting for you But nothing ever happens and I wonder I'm driving around in my car I'm driving too fast I'm driving too far I'd like to change my point of view I feel so lonely I'm waiting for you But nothing ever happens and I wonder I wonder how I wonder why Yesterday you told me 'bout the blue blue sky And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon-tree I'm turning my head up and down I'm turning turning turning turning turning around And all that I can see is just another lemon-tree I'm sitting here I miss the power I'd like to go out taking a shower But there's a heavy cloud inside my head I feel so tired Put myself into bed While nothing ever happens and I wonder Isolation is not good for me Isolation I don't want to sit on the lemon-tree I'm steppin' around in the desert of joy Baby anyhow I'll get another toy And everything will happen and you wonder I wonder how I wonder why Yesterday you told me 'bout the blue blue sky And all that I can see is just another lemon-tree I'm turning my head up and down I'm turning turning turning turning turning around And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon-tree And I wonder, wonder I wonder how I wonder why Yesterday you told me 'bout the blue blue sky And all that I can see, and all that I can see, and all that I can see Is just a yellow lemon-tree http://ting.blog.gougou.com/ting?cid=541EAEC72A7FCD3AB3DA6E637E4C1C956FC963C8tit=lemon%20treesinger=fool's%20gardenti=1rid =
标签: Yellow
