随想:“人类智能”与“人工智能” 人类的“智能”是客观存在的。 在《圣经•创世纪》里, 神说,我们要照着我们的形像,按着我们的样式造人,使他们管理海里的鱼,空中的鸟,地上的牲畜,和全地,并地上所爬的一切昆虫。 于是,我们可以自欺欺人地且理直气壮地认为人类比“ 海里的鱼,空中的鸟,地上的牲畜,和全地,并地上所爬的一切昆虫 ”更有智能。 到底人类具有怎样的智能? 霍华德•加德纳(Howard Gardner)提出 的“多元智能理论”认为人类的智能至少可以分成下述多种类型: 1. 语言(Verbal/Linguistic) 2. 数理逻辑(Logical/Mathematical) 3. 空间(Visual/Spatial) 4. 身体-运动(Bodily/Kinesthetic) 5. 音乐(Musical/Rhythmic) 6. 人际(Inter-personal/Social) 7. 内省(Intra-personal/Introspective) 8. 自然探索(Naturalist,加德纳在1995年补充) 9. 存在(Existentialist Intelligence,加德纳后来又补充) 另外,有人从内省智能分拆出“ 灵性智能 ”( spiritual intelligence)。 这样,“人工智能”可以用机器实现上面的智能,至少是里面的某些能力。 因此,“图灵测试 The Turing test ” 是一种相当片面的观念和方法 。 人类的思维能力,至少有六种: 抽象逻辑思维、形象思维、动作思维、直觉、灵感、顿悟,等。 所以, 创新的途径是多元的,人工智能也是多样的。 “人工智能”没有明确定义,也许并不妨碍“人工智能”的发展。 如,人类数学多少年了?现在还没有公认的对【数学】的所做的定义 。 根据“国家精品课程”《数学文化》的负责人说: 现有 16种对【数学】下的定义,都不全面。 其中恩格斯的定义“ The science of quantitative relations and spatial forms in the real world .”,最具说服力,争议最小。 感慨: 尽管没有数学的定义,似乎没有妨碍人类数学的进步。 担心: 超级人工智能或许会把人类变成机器的奴隶! 因为加德纳说过:“ 我不认为所有孩子都有成为天才的可能,但是每个孩子都有自己的长项。 ” 相关链接: 杨正瓴. 人脑有多复杂?《百科知识》, 1997, 7(总第216期): 39-40. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-BKZS199707022.htm 杨正瓴,林孔元. 人类智能模拟的“ 第2 类数学(智能数学)”方法的哲学 研究,《哲学研究》,1999, (4): 44-50. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZXYJ199904005.htm Theory of multiple intelligences, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences 多元智能理论,百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/1704606?fr=aladdin 图灵测试_百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95/1701255?fr=aladdin Turing test, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test Mathematics. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Mathematicsoldid=23895 The science of quantitative relations and spatial forms in the real world. Being inseparably connected with the needs of technology and natural science, the accumulation of quantitative relations and spatial forms studied in mathematics is continuously expanding; so this general definition of mathematics becomes ever richer in content. mathematics | Definition History | Britannica.com https://www.britannica.com/topic/mathematics Mathematics, the science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation, and its development has involved an increasing degree of idealization and abstraction of its subject matter. Since the 17th century, mathematics has been an indispensable adjunct to the physical sciences and technology, and in more recent times it has assumed a similar role in the quantitative aspects of the life sciences. 2017-10-23, 启示录:人类可 能在这6种技术灾难中灭亡_搜狐科技_搜狐网 http://www.sohu.com/a/199595218_99950936 搜狐,2016-02-26, 重新认识“多元智能”——孙云晓对话美国教育心理学家霍华德·加德纳 http://www.sohu.com/a/60662254_247541 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
许先生博客转载新浪健康讯 全球第一个可植入人工肾脏在美国问世 , 如属实本是一个医学界的一件大事。但该篇译文有严重疏漏。原文: An artificial kidney that would be implanted inside the body and work as well as a living organ is just around the corne r, scientists have revealed. U.S researchers have just unveiled the first prototype model of the device, that could eliminate the need for dialysis. It would include thousands of microscopic filters to remove toxins from the blood and a bioreactor to mimic the metabolic and water-balancing roles of a real kidney. The kidney is being developed in a collaborative effort by engineers, biologists and physicians led by Dr Shuvo Roy at the University of California San Francisco. - from DailyMail.co.uk, First implantable artificial kidney could remove demand for dialysis and donor organs ,on 7th September 2010 其实该产品离真正植入人体还有很长的路要走,根本谈不上问世,该产品仅仅是bioreactor原型。比如几个简单问题: - 驱动该人工肾脏的能源何来? - 动物实验结果? Shuvo Roy博士的专长是MEMS (microelectromechanical systems)technology技术,可植入设备尚有太多东西要搞清楚。