Now close the windows Robert Frost Now close the windows and hush all the fields: 现在就关上窗子，让周围安静 If the trees must, let them silently toss; 如果树林也必需静下来，那让它们慢慢地摇 No bird is singing now, and if there is, 鸟们现在也不再歌唱？如果还有鸟留下来？ Be it my loss. 那么，请我的失落重新回来 It will be long ere the marshes resume, 我的失落出现在那湿地形成之前 It will be long ere the earliest bird: 它甚至先于那些古老的鸟儿而生 So close the windows and not hear the wind,因此关上窗子吧！不要再听那风声 But see all wind-stirred. 但观它们被风卷起在空中
在材料科学领域，控制聚合物的结构形态以达到某种预设的性质或特征，一直是一个重要的研究目标。 一支来自美国GIT（the California Institute of Technology）的，由Robert H. Grubbs教授领衔的研究团队，挑战了这一难题，成功合成了一种大环有机纳米结构。论文在线发表在2011年5月的 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 期刊上（2009年IF=11.848）。 他们从各种各样的大单体（macromonomers）出发，利用一种能够促进环扩张转位聚合（ring expansion metathesis polymerization，REMP）的钌基催化剂（如下图），制备出了超高分子量的环形刷子聚合物（cyclic brush polymers，CBPs）。产物用静态LS及GPC-LS作了表征，同时用AFM技术进行了成像测定，表明直径大约有100-180 nm大小。 Reference : Synthesis and Direct Imaging of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Cyclic Brush Polymers , Yan Xia, Andrew J. Boydston, Robert H. Grubbs, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011 . DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101860
Lessons Learned from Robert Maxwell’s International Fraud Case California CPA magazine: January/February 2008 Damien B.M. English Brian D. Rowbotham, principal with Rowbotham Company LLC, spent 14 years investigating the international fraud case of Robert Ian Maxwell. Maxwell was born in Czechoslovakia, changed his name three times, and was dubbed the “Bouncing Czech” by British tabloids because he managed to embezzle more than 1 billion in British pounds dur-ing his professional career. It started with Maxwell Communication Corporation, which became the flagship enterprise for his numerous ventures— most with questionable beginnings. Immediately after his death in 1991, a number of Maxwell’s loans went into default, forcing his public and private enterprises into bankruptcy. It turned out that embezzled funds were used to acquire investments and set up an illegal share support scheme. While the big banks recovered most of their loans, the professional advisers and bankers hired by Maxwell didn’t have a high success rate. The following QA with Rowbotham details his experiences with the case, as well as provides some lessons learned. Q: Describe your entrée into the Maxwell case. How would you describe working on such a high-profile assignment? A: After Maxwell’s corporate empire went into bankruptcy, there were private and institutional creditors for public compa-nies and subsidiaries in Europe and the U.S.; privately owned companies; U.K. pen-sion plans; and private foundations. In total, assets were approximately $2 billion and liabilities $4 billion. Initially, Price Waterhouse, (now PwC), was in charge of the investigation and bankruptcy proceedings for Arthur Andersen (post-Enron and EY), Robson Rhodes (London) and Rowbotham. Initially, there was in excess of 200 professionals working on the Maxwell fraud and bank-ruptcy actions in the U.K. in the early 1990s. We were referred by an international bank due to the firm’s international experience. Maxwell commingled the funds of all groups, in part to deceive the auditors and outside regulators. We had many meetings with representatives of the other creditor groups, and we all had to work cooperatively to determine how and where the missing funds were misappropriated. There were intense negotiations over the ownership of assets in the various groups since each firm represented a different creditor group. Working on the engagement was a challenge due to constant negotiations. On one occasion, I flew to New York with our European counsel to meet with a law firm that had assisted Maxwell with past acqui-sitions. The law firm had documents that would help with our tracing of the funds. After they escorted us to a large conference room with several partners, instead of giving us documents as promised, they served us with a summons. Unknown to us, they had filed a lawsuit against Maxwell companies for back fees since I was representing several companies that had still owed the law firm. In New York, a lawyer has a lien over original client documents if their fees are not paid, a quaint New York custom to say the least. I recall a meeting in London where all the parties had to discuss and agree on how to divide the proceeds from the sale of one of the Maxwell companies. Title was clouded so each party came with their own documents to prove ownership. The lead British attorney for one of the creditor groups had a very confrontational manner. There were huge egos arguing over huge sums. The British negotiate with great theatrics, which most Americans find uncomfortable. Over time, negotiations became a routine and the intimidation tactics became less upsetting and more entertaining and predictable. We also crossed swords with the British barristers defending Ian and Kevin Maxwell against criminal charges. They hired the top white-collar criminal defense firms in London. Because the barristers would not help us with docu-ment requests, we likewise would not assist them. The key things I learned during these negotiations included: • Do your homework so nobody can shake your confidence about the facts. • Try to map out the outcome you want. • Don’t take things personally and try to be pleasant and cooperative. • However, if someone is inappropriate with their comments, feel free to shoot back; doing nothing encourages disrespect. In negotiations, the worst thing you can do to the other party is to walk out. We did this in one instance and attitudes immediately turned around. • When you’re heading into lengthy negotiations, there’s safety in numbers. If negotiations last several days, you’ll tire out, and those with bigger teams will wear you down and prevail. • In negotiations where several parties are involved, it’s impor-tant to include everyone in the process. If someone is bypassed or not copied on key correspondence, you can bet that they will throw a wrench into the works to make the point that they can’t be overlooked. • Do the best you can. Q: What was it like working with forensic accountants and legal advisers in other countries? A: Cultural differences played a big part in the process. Working with French lawyers turned out to be very time con-suming and a lot of patience was required. Americans tend to want to move quickly. In general, the French don’t like the way Americans work. I would define the French lawyers as more of a society unto themselves not withstanding the urgent needs of the clients. During litigations against large law firms in New York there was a tendency for shouting and intimidation tactics similar to the British. Since the fraud was principally committed in the U.K., most of the work took place in London. In the U.K., accounting firms are generally appointed to oversee bankruptcy actions. They have a similar role as a U.S. trustee in bankruptcy in the U.S., but with a much broader range of duties. As a result, the insolvency practices in the U.K. are very profitable. Q: It seemed Robert Maxwell had enough money to transcend the rules. Why is that able to happen and can it be stopped? A: Maxwell was able to manipulate people and institutions with a variety of tactics. • He was a physically large and intimidating person. • He was extremely confident and grand with his style. • He was viewed as being very successful because he courted others who were successful. • He hired the same professionals and used the same investment bankers, so professional fees were inducements to look the other way. • He confused people with elaborate holding structures and by using companies with similar names. This tactic was similarly used with Enron where the analysts didn’t understand the numbers. • Maxwell had complete control of cash transactions where fraud was being committed. • Lack of internal controls was a huge problem. Had auditors and regulators insisted on changes, the magnitude of the fraud would have been less devastating. • Warning signs of problems went unheeded. People don’t want to rock the boat. Q: You quote the Department of Trade and Industry as saying that both the audit and the regulatory functions failed in this case “due to poorly trained staff.” Is this a problem specific to this case, or more widely spread? A: Government agencies are strapped for proper resources and there is often turnover of more experienced people. To some extent, they need to rely on independent accountants, however, accountants don’t audit for fraud. Q: What, in your opinion, has been SOX’s impact oncurbing fraud? Is there something missing in theseefforts? A: The following is effective: 1. Boards more involved with audit process. 2. Diversification of advisers. 3. Lawsuits keep accounting firms on the watch, such as when it comes to internal policing. 4. Rotating partner responsibility on large jobs. 5. Criminal sanctions for executive officers. Ineffective under SOX includes: 1. Audit committee members are not chosen by the board. The CEO and CFO still select audit committee members for the board to approve, so the audit committees are still friends of the executive team. 2. Audit committee members are supposed to be independent under SOX. However, many audit committee members still own options or company shares. Q: What do CPAs need to consider in terms of fraud? What advice would you give them? A: Experience in past engagements on high-pressure jobs with competing interests and not being afraid to ask tough questions is helpful. Q: How have the roles of corporate gatekeepers, such as controllers, CFOs, internal CPAs, etc. changed as a result of the various corporate accounting scandals and resulting regulations? A: The ultimate victims of major frauds are often the employees of the defrauded companies. Careers and finances of many mid- and senior-level employees can be destroyed for life. Big frauds are orchestrated at the top for the benefit of the owners or senior management, not for the employees. The biggest defense may be an educated workforce, so employees are their own watchdogs. Damien B.M. English is CalCPA’s managing editor. You can reach him at damien.english@calcpa.org . http://www.calcpa.org/Content/24898.aspx
Laptops, workstations, PlayStations, iPhones--they would all be impossible without Robert Dennard's invention of DRAM By Sally Adee/May 2009 PHOTO: David Yellen Ask Robert Dennard about the invention of DRAM, and he will probably do three things. First, he will show you the patent notebooks IBM encouraged its inventors to keep, which hold all his ideas about dynamic random-access memory, meticulously dated and witnessed by other people, ”to make sure we had proof of our inventions.” He stores these pristine notebooks in an armoire under a wall crowded with his awards. Second, he will spend half an hour showing you how he had the revolutionary idea of substituting a single transistor and a single capacitor for the memory technology then being usedmagnetic rings, like miniature Cheerios, each of which stored one bit based on the polarity of its magnetic field. He will draw the circuit diagram for the one-transistor DRAM, including every amplifier, data line, and inverter. Finally, he will comment on a certain online article that suggests that Intel engineers, rather than Dennard and IBM, should be credited with the invention of DRAM. Intel released a three-transistor DRAM in 1970, three years after Dennard entered the one-transistor DRAM into his patent notebook. The misattribution annoys Dennard to no end: ”They asked someone from Intel who worked on the chip, ’Did you invent DRAM?’ And he said, ’We don’t care about inventions. We care about products.’ ” Dennard pauses. ”A lot of people think Intel invented DRAM, because they were the first to come out with something labeled dynamic RAM,” he says. Just about everywhere else, Dennard is credited as the father of DRAM, and for that achievement he is being awarded this year’s IEEE Medal of Honor. The wrestling over who gets credit is no hopelessly irrelevant teapot tempest. Random-access memory inhabits pretty much everything that has electrons coursing through it: your laptop, car, game console, digital camera, and cellphone. The amount of RAM in these devices might even be taken as a kind of shorthand for their approximate level of performance. That’s because ever-increasing memory capacity is one of the key factors driving the evolution of most electronics. Semiconductor memory is now a large extended familyincluding EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and NAND flasheach category with different drawbacks and benefits. But dynamic random-access memory is an important ancestor. ”Random access” means what it says: A microprocessor can withdraw any stored ”word” (8 bits of data) from this memory in any order. In Dennard’s one-transistor DRAM, each bit of data is stored separately inside its own capacitor. A single transistor controls both reading and writing. A charged capacitor means ”1,” and an uncharged capacitor means ”0.” The word dynamic in the name derives from the fact that the act of reading the bit discharges it and it must be rewritten back into memory. A capacitor’s charge eventually wanes, so the memory must be reinfused with fresh charge several times per second to prevent it from losing information. That fact led one researcher to joke that Dennard had won prestigious awards not for his invention but rather for having the temerity to refer to such a thing as ”memory.” Amazingly, in an industry defined by its constant advances and compulsory forward movement, the one-transistor DRAM has endured for 40 years. In 1958, when Dennard walked into IBM’s still-unfinished Thomas J. Watson Research Center for his first day at work, he didn’t know exactly how a transistor worked. In those days, not too many engineers actually did. Dennard, fresh out of Pittsburgh’s Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University), had just earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering after completing undergraduate and master’s work in EE at Southern Methodist University, in Dallas. But what he recalls most fondly is his first educational experience, one from a bygone era. ”At the National Inventor’s Hall of Fame, a bunch of us guysall very successfulwere having a conversation, and we found out that all of us went to one-room schoolhouses,” he says. ”That was the common denominator.” Growing up in a 5000-person farm community near the Louisiana border of Texas, that’s all there was. No Baby Einstein classes for Dennard, no Mozart symphonies on a phonograph. The Depression was just ending; his community hadn’t been electrified. ”We survived just fine,” he says, adding that the secret to his success was that he had a lot of spare time as a child. ”I learned everything very slowly and concentrated deeply,” he recalls. In those days, he wasn’t interested in science or engineering at all. ”I had a crystal radio,” he declares, ”but I never got that thing to work.” What he loved was science fiction; he devoured old anthologies that included authors like Edgar Rice Burroughs and H.G. Wells. ”One story really influenced me,” he recalls. ”It was about probability.” The short story, ”Inflexible Logic,” by Russell Maloney, was published in 1940. To test the theory that patterns would emerge out of randomness, a man assembled six monkeys and set them to typing, to see if they would come up with anything rational or intelligible. After quite a short time, the monkeys began to write some very familiar prose. The man shared the results with his friend, a professor. ”And the monkey was coming up with great stuff, and was walking around scratching his head and thinking, It couldn’t have happened so soon.” Dennard pauses and laughs uproariously. ”So he shoots the monkey!” Science fiction was as close as he got to an interest in science until he took physics classes at SMU, which he attended on a dual academic/band scholarship as a French horn player. He liked his physics classes, particularly the emerging field of semiconductor physicsso much so that he decided to pursue a doctorate in electrical engineering, which was then an interesting discipline that in some ways hadn’t quite found itself. ”I had some advanced physics courses, solid-state materials, and so forth,” he says, ”but I still didn’t understand exactly how a transistor operated.” Armed with his Ph.D., he followed some friends to IBM, which was on a research-scientist hiring binge. He figured he’d stay for a few years. Fifty-one years later, he’s still there. He started as a staff engineer in the applied research group, studying what were then brand-new metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designs and circuit applications. Then one day in the fall of 1966, he attended an internal IBM Research review conference. One project was an attempt to commercialize magnetic core memory, the standard at the time. The magnetic rings were strung together on a mesh of wire, forming a grid perhaps 30 centimeters on a side. ”The truth is, it probably wouldn’t have worked,” Dennard says. ”But it looked good. It was still big, but they had put lots of bits in there.” Dennard went home that night wondering if he could replace the magnetic ring with a small capacitor to store charge. So for the next couple of months he worked on the problem every day and every night. ”The first thing I did was put a transistor in series with a capacitor. Then you could write the charge into the capacitor and turn it off.” But how to read it? After months of hair pulling, Dennard was seized with his great eureka moment: a single field-effect transistor and data line could both read and write the charge stored in the capacitor. So in 1967 he detailed his invention in his standard-issue IBM patent notebook, and so was born the one-transistor dynamic random-access memory. DRAM, like almost all great inventions, has many fathers. Three years before Dennard drew his circuit diagram in his notebook, fellow IBMers Arnold Farber and Eugene Schlig had created a memory cell with two transistors and two resistors. A year later, in 1965, IBM researchers refined that idea into a 16-bit monolithic memory array. Also that year, J.D. Schmidt developed a semiconductor random-access memory, but he used six MOSFETs per memory cell, inflating both the footprint and power consumption. Dennard’s patent for a one-transistor DRAM was awarded in 1968, but IBM didn’t turn it into a product. Instead it shipped computers that used six-transistor SRAM, a technology the company considered less risky. Then, in 1970, Intel released the first commercially available DRAM memory chip, the three-transistor 1103, which could store 1024 bits . But that’s not what people mean when they speak of DRAM today, Dennard insists. ”That’s why they don’t call it ’one-transistor DRAM,’ ” he says. ”It’s just DRAM.” Dennard also conceived the scaling theory of MOSFETs, which predicted that the speed of any chip would increase in direct proportion to the decrease in size of its transistors. This theory is commonlyand erroneouslyfolded into Moore’s Law, which actually predicted only the continuing size decreases, not the associated performance increases. ”Bob Dennard was the person who correlated scaling with performance, and it’s as important as DRAM,” insists Juri Matisoo, who worked on magnetic memory at IBM in the 1960s before Dennard wiped out the competition with semiconductor memory. Matisoo went on to become vice president of technology at the Semiconductor Industry Association. ”Moore was projecting the timescale; the IBM people described how to actually do it.” The sprawling T.J. Watson research complex in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., is 61 kilometers north of New York City, but it borrows the city’s grid layout, with 40 numbered alleys on each of its three levels. You can’t get lost. The Watson campus architecture, finished in 1961, rejected the caste system of corporate ambition: No offices have windows. Instead, architect Eero Saarinen crafted an enormous communal corridor with a three-story wall of windows overlooking rolling hills and leafy greenery in the summer, bare branches under ice and snow in winter. That bucolic view is available to Nobel Prize winners and postdocs in equal measure. Dennard’s window view is a bit of a cheat. He doesn’t actually have a window. But his door does open directly onto the magnificent corridor; his is one of only three offices with that luxury. For all the spartan egalitarianism, Saarinen designed the offices in a bright spectrum of cheery colors. Dennard’s office is as brash and upbeat as a Piet Mondrian print. Big color blocks of built-in filing cabinets cover an entire wall. Dennard spent the majority of his career in a blue office buried in the center of the building; the first-among-equals office he has now is a happy lime green. The IEEE Edison Medal hanging on the wall behind his desk squeezes in next to a row of IBM awards, which in turn rub elbows with a Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award. On the armoire beneath, haphazard stacks of plaques suggest that at some point Dennard gave up the 40-year jigsaw puzzle of fitting all the honors onto a single wall. Soon Dennard will need to reorganize again to make room for his 2009 additions: the Charles Stark Draper Prizean annual US $500 000 award conferred by the National Academy of Engineeringand the IEEE Medal of Honor. ”They’re not making it any easier,” he says, laughing, as he examines his favorite, the heavy bronze National Medal of Technology awarded to him in 1988 by President Ronald Reagan. ”We just didn’t imagine how far it would go,” he says, of the one-transistor cell, ”how much it would totally change computing.” The wall opposite the awards is almost completely filled by a chalkboard that hasn’t been erased in months, or maybe years. Its runes are of different sizes, with some squeezed into the spaces between previous scribblings. There is a small patch of equations with signs for high-k metal dielectrics. In another corner, barely visible under some fresher chalkings, is an equation for measuring capacitance. Dennard preserves them all as artifacts of the part he likes most about his role at IBM, which is mentoring incoming employees. ”It’s not official mentoring; it’s more like being a professor at a university,” he explains. ”I work with the new people. I work with them on projects, helping define them, monitor progress, and develop the people. Some of them like it. Others want to stay well away,” he laughs. Ghavam Shahidi, who is also an IBM Fellow, says he benefited from Dennard’s perspective when he started at the company as a postdoc 20 years ago. ”I knew of him for years before I came to IBM,” he says. ”I only knew of his accomplishments, and that was very intimidating at first. I thought, Here’s the man who invented DRAM. This guy is famous.” But Shahidi says Dennard was so approachable, down-to-earth, and humble that the impression did not last. ”He was not the way I imagined him at all.” Shahidi, who is credited with the development of silicon-on-insulator semiconductor technology at IBM, says many of his epiphanies were born out of long talks with Dennard. ”He’s great to sit down with and just throw out ideas. He has a broad perspective that he applies to narrow problems.” Dennard applies his perspective liberally, including to the recurring ”the end is near” refrain that plagues the semiconductor industry. ”The first paper warning of the end of scaling was published by RCA before I even got into this business,” he grouses. ”You can always find a reason things can’t be done.” ”That’s the thing about the future,” he exclaims. ”It’s totally unexpected. It’s been the same for 50 yearswe could never see anything more than three years down the road.” Photo: David Yellen Robert Dennard Most Recent Awards: Charles Stark Draper Prize, IEEE Medal of Honor Date of Birth: 5 September 1932 Birthplace: Carthage, Texas Family: wife, Jane Bridges, software consultant and teacher; two adult daughters from a previous marriage, each with two children Pets: Two Scottish terriers, Bonnie and Ferguson Favorite Leisure Activity: Scottish country dancing, two nights a week, and choral singing Mantra: ”Attitude is everything.” Current Title: IBM Fellow Favorite Movie: ”I don’t watch movies. They’re too loud. The last one I loved was La Ronde , which I saw in graduate school 55 years ago.” Dennard Video Interview: See the video profile of Robert Dennard on ieee.tv. PAGE 1 2 // View All TAGS: DRAM // Medal of Honor // Robert Dennar http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/memory/thanks-for-the-memories/0
现在就关上窗户 鲍海飞 译 2011-1-7 美国诗人 Robert Frost 的诗歌，总是很独特。每个人的心中都有着不宁静的时候，看看，领略一下他的感受，我们的内心深处是不是也常常有这种感觉。 关上窗户，让大地静悄悄； 若树如此，让其默默地摇； 林中无鸟放歌喉，如果有， 是我之失。 沼泽处处，盈盈还需时日， 鸟儿群群，鸣鸣为时尚早， 所以关窗，莫听风生喧闹， 却见风搅。 附原诗： Now close the windows Robert Frost Now close the windows and hush all the fields: If the trees must, let them silently toss; No bird is singing now, and if there is, Be it my loss. It will be long ere the marshes resume, I will be long ere the earliest bird: So close the windows and not hear the wind, But see all wind-stirred.
金色年华 鲍海飞 译 当你知道她的时候，她已经不在了；当你回头看的时候，你再也看不到了。 Robert Frost的这首诗歌,Nothing gold can stay,岁月流金,不知道有多少个翻译版本. 看看,是否想起了什么. Nothing Gold Can Stay --Robert Frost Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower ； But so only an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So Eden sank to grief ， So dawn goes down to day. Nothing gold can stay. 自然初绿是金，最难持留如新， 初现叶儿是花，却只绽放一瞬， 一叶一叶凋零，伊甸落寞伤心， 黎明渐至白昼，没有永存之金。 这里的伊甸是指美好的乐园，曾经亚当和夏娃的乐园。 那雨后的彩虹，那大地的新绿，那金色的年华，还有那么多，那么多
Robert C. Gallo, M.D. Director, Institute of Human Virology and Division of Basic Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine 科学研究生涯与学术成就： http://f1000medicine.com/member/6622613538609988 http://www.ihv.org/about/bios/gallo.html 主要论著与被引用情况： http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=enq=Robert+C.+GallobtnG=Searchas_sdt=2000as_ylo=as_vis=0 Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma pnas.org , PA Bunn, JD Minna, RC Gallo - Proceedings of the , 1980 - National Acad Sciences BERNARD J. POIESZ*, FRANCIS W. RUSCETTI*, ADIF. GAZDARt, PAUL A. BUNNt, JOHN D. MINNAt, AND ROBERT C . GALLO *t *Laboratoryof Tumor Cell Biology,Building 37, National Cancer Institute and tNational Cancer Institute-Veterans Administration Oncology Branch, ... Cited by 3291 - Related articles - All 10 versions Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS aliveandwellsf.org RC Gallo , SZ Salahuddin, M Popovic, GM Shearer, M - Science, 1984 - sciencemag.org References and Notes 1. Centers for Disease Control Task Force on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, N. Engl. J. Med. 306, 248 (1982). 2. JPHanranhan, G. P. Wormser, CP Ma- quire, LJ DeLorenzo, G. Davis, ibid. 307, 498 (1982). 3. JW Curran et al., ibid. 310, 69 (1984). 4. ... Cited by 2703 - Related articles - All 13 versions Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS aliveandwellsf.org M Popovic, MG Sarngadharan, E Read, RC Gallo - Science, 1984 - AAAS Cited by 2688 - Related articles - All 12 versions Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III Papas, J Ghrayeb, NT Chang, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal - 1985 - nature.com The complete nucleotide sequence of two human T-cell leukaemia type III (HTLV-III) proviral DNAs each have four long open reading frames, the first two corresponding to the gag and pol genes. The fourth open reading frame encodes two functional polypeptides, a large ... Cited by 1664 - Related articles - All 4 versions Continuous growth and differentiation of human myeloid leukaemic cells in suspension culture SJ Collins, RC Gallo , RE Gallagher - 1977 - nature.com ATTEMPTS to develop long-term suspension cultures of human myeloid leukaemic cells have met with limited success. Lymphoblastoid lines carrying the EpsteinBarr virus genome occasionally arise during such attempts but these lymphoid cells originate from contaminating B ... Cited by 1692 - Related articles - All 4 versions Identification of RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells , AL DeVico, A Garzino-Demo, SK Arya, RC Gallo , P - Science, 1995 - sciencemag.org Mutant receptors that fail to bind ethyl- ence 269,1712 (1995). (USDA) grant 9403009, and the DOE-NSF-USDA ... REFERENCES AND NOTES Suresh K. Arya, Robert C . Gallo ,*t Paolo Lussot ... 1. FB Abeles, PW Morgan, ME Saltveit Jr., Ethyl- ... For expression of the NH2-terminal ... Cited by 1915 - Related articles - All 12 versions Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide and other polar compounds pnas.org Ruscetti, RE Gallagher, RC Gallo - Proceedings of the , 1978 - National Acad Sciences ... STEVEN J. COLLINS, FRANCIS W. RUSCETTI, ROBERT E. GALLAGHER, AND ROBERT C . GALLO * Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Communicated by Charlotte Friend, February 21, 1978 ... Cited by 1294 - Related articles - All 10 versions Human c -myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells pnas.org , J Erikson, D Patterson, RC Gallo , - Proceedings of the , 1982 - National Acad Sciences ... (somatic cell hybrids/Southern blotting technique/recombination/cancer) RICCARDO DALLA-FAVERA*, MARCO BREGNI*, JAN ERIKSONt, DAVID PATTERSONf, ROBERT C . GALLO *, AND CARLO M. CROCEt *Laboratory ... Cited by 985 - Related articles - All 9 versions The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection , P Markovits, DM Markovitz, MH Kaplan, RC Gallo , M - Science, 1986 - sciencemag.org Cells with properties characteristic of mononuclear phagocytes were evaluated for infectivity with five different isolates of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III/LAV. Mononuclear phagocytes cultured from brain and lung tissues of AIDS patients harbored the virus. In vitro-infected ... Cited by 1313 - Related articles - All 5 versions 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy- pnas.org , MH St Clair, SN Lehrman, RC Gallo , - Proceedings of the , 1985 - National Acad Sciences 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): An antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro ... (inhibition of human T-lymphotropic virus type mI/thymidmne analogue/acquired immune deficiency ... Cited by 1086 - Related articles - All 11 versions Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS , M Popovic, L Bruch, J Schupbach, RC Gallo - Science, 1984 - AAAS Cited by 938 - Related articles - All 9 versions Isolation of a new type C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with Sezary T-cell leukaemia , FW Ruscetti, MS Reitz, VS Kalyanaraman, RC Gallo - 1981 - nature.com Retroviruses have been isolated from many animal species and several have been shown to be the aetiological agents of naturally occurring leukaemias, lymphomas and sarcomas (for recent reviews see ref. 1). There is evidence that these viruses or components of them are ... 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大爱无疆 鲍海飞 2010-8-2 树高千丈叶落归根，总能让我们涌动一份思乡之情，那是绿叶对根的情义。然而，你再看看那奔腾的大海和绵延的海岸，那海水无尽的奔腾、汹涌澎湃，浪里来，浪里去，潮来朝往，海水击打海岸，卷起的何止千堆雪!那大海和海岸千万年的相守、磨砺，一动一静，一唱一和。任海水澎湃，那弯弯曲曲的海岸有多宽广的胸怀！谁能说还有比这更大的挚爱、忠诚和奉献。 挚爱 Devotion Robert Frost The heart can think of no devotion Greater than being shore to ocean - Holding the curve of one position, Counting an endless repetition. 心难道出有何爱， 能够胜过岸对海 - 固守持一绵绵延， 默数无尽浪打拍。 其实，那是多少的砺炼无尽浪打拍。
暂避 鲍海飞 译 2010-7-12 山雨欲来风满楼，你看在那花园上，风和雨又凑到了一起。他们要干什么？你听雨说： Lodged --Robert Frost ? The rain to the wind said, ? 'You push and I'll pelt.' ? They so smote the garden bed ? That the flowers actually knelt, ? And lay lodged--though not dead. ? I know how the flowers felt. 雨对云说， ?你来推我急降。 ??他们就这样重创了花床 , ??竟使花儿都跪到了地上， ??卧在那里不动 ---虽没死亡。 ??我知道花儿的感觉怎样。 不过，你再听一遍，雨又是怎样说的： 雨对风说， 你尽摧来我尽泼。 花床恶遭风雨祸， 花儿无力腰都折， 没死僵卧身哆嗦， 花之心境我知何。 (花之心境我知觉。) 那些花本来是被风吹倒而跪下。不过我更相信那些花宁折不屈，虽折而不断。暴风骤雨过后，那些花在篱下喘息，花儿会一直这样吗？她会挺起腰杆来吗？ 从 Robert Frost的一贯风格看来，他大部分的诗歌的结局都不是给出一个正面或者完整的答案，都是让读者自己去思考那应该是一个什么样的结局。因此，我觉得I know how the flowers felt。还是花之心境我知何。可能要比花之心境我知觉。会更好一些。
无锁之门 鲍海飞 2010-6-29 我的那扇门本来就是敞开的，已经敞开多少年了，我记不清了；上面没有锁在锁，其实根本就没有锁。在一个荒凉的夜晚，忽然响起了敲门声，这一声也许来得太迟，让我等得太久，我早已经没有心里准备。这一突如其来的敲门声却让我惊慌失措，我赶紧吹灭了灯。当又一敲门声响起来的时候，竟然把我吓得跳窗而走。然而，我还是念念不忘那是谁或者什么在敲打着我的门。我怀着恐惧还是把他请进来。或许，我早就习惯那一个人的生活。 然而就这一声，从此，我便离开了那个无锁之门，跳入了红尘，在尘世中又继续躲藏起来。 这就是 Robert Frost的又一篇名作，The lockless door《无锁之门》。 其实，那个小房本来就在世间，本来就在红尘。 也许是谁在敲打着一颗痛苦的心，尘世的声音既让人感到亲切，又让人感到生疏可畏。在怕什么那？在躲藏什么？ 难道每个人都在躲藏、遮掩着什么？ 难道这是每个人孤独和恐惧的写照吗？ 无锁之门 The lockless door Robert Frost It went many years, But at last came a knock, And I thought of the door With no lock to lock. 时过多少年，敲门声忽响， 我知那门上，本无锁在锁。 I blew out the light, I tip-toed the floor, And raised both hands In prayer to the door. 我急吹灭灯，踮脚地板上， 举起手一双，对门祷告忙。 But the knock came again My window was wide; I climbed on the sill And descended outside. 敲门声又响，窗户本大敞； 慌把窗台上，急忙跳出窗。 Back over the sill I bade a Come in To whoever the knock (whoever,whatever) At the door may have been. 又从窗后返，随即喊进来， 也不管是谁，把那门敲响。 So at a knock I emptied my cage To hide in the world And alter with age. 就这一声响，从此空蜗房， 世间把身藏，岁月浸风霜。
雪尘 鲍海飞 译 走在冬天的旷野里，恰好看见一只栖息于树上乌鸦。仰着头，看着那乌鸦，不曾想那只乌鸦，正在抖动，树上的雪随之而落，洒落到地上和身上。 就在那一刻，心为之一振，不禁松了一口气。 长青树虽然被雪覆盖，然而却傲然挺立于冬雪之中；那乌鸦独立于枝头，是在凝望，还是欲展翅待飞？振落的雪尘在天空中飘飘洒洒、漫天飞舞。那雪尘、那乌鸦、还有那长青树（铁衫树），更加鲜明，尽显尽透生命。在那空旷的天地间，在那一瞬间，抖落的雪尘让绿色生机重现，让雪花飞舞，让世间的生机焕发活力。 Robert Frost的这首诗 Dust of Snow《雪尘》 ，也许会给我们带来别样的感觉。 挺立的长青树、枝头的乌鸦、曼舞的雪尘，还有旁立的我 . 生命在冬天里，冬天里的生命 Dust of Snow Robert Frost The way a crow Shook down on me The dust of snow From a hemlock tree Has given my heart A change of mood And saved some part Of a day I had rued. 雪尘 长青树上，乌鸦轻动， 抖落雪尘，洒落我身。 我心方醒，情为之动， 整日伤悲，些许释容。
一片残雪 鲍海飞 译 2010-6-7 ??那是圣洁的雪，晶莹、洁白，世界是那么美丽！怎么，忽然发现，在那一个角落里，现在只剩下一片雪，随着时间的流逝，表面污渍沉积；就像一张报纸被风被雨吹过来，混合着泥土，蜷缩在那角落里。美丽洁白的雪已经不见，就和那些曾经读过的新闻一样，也一并忘却了。 Robert Frost所写的这样一首简短的小诗，也引来人们无数的猜测和遐思。美好的事物真的就这么容易让人忘怀吗？ ?? A Patch of Old Snow --Robert Frost There's a patch of old snow in a corner ?? That I should have guessed ?? Was a blow-away paper the rain ?? Had brought to rest. ??角落里有一片残雪 ??我原以为那是 ??一张随雨而飘至的报纸 ??在那暂时歇息。 ?? It is speckled with grime as if ?? Small print overspread it, ?? The news of a day I've forgotten - ?? If I ever read it. ??上面点点污渍好似 ??印满了的小字， ??我早忘记是哪天的新闻 - ??即使我曾读过(毕)。
荒漠之地 鲍海飞 2010-5-24 世间什么最荒凉？是那空旷的原野？还是不尽的星空？那空旷的原野也许并不能把人吓倒，不尽的星空也许不会让人感觉孤独。天宇中，哪颗星会投下灿烂的光辉？照耀着大地是否也能照耀到你？孤独也许不能把人吓倒。然而有一种恐惧、一种荒凉却让人不寒而栗，那是什么？看看， Robert Frost的这首著名的诗歌，他也许会告诉你点点滴滴. Desert Places Robert Frost Snow falling and night falling fast, oh, fast In a field I looked into going past, And the ground almost covered smooth in snow, But a few weeds and stubble showing last. 夜落雪飘急又急， 独步原野望天际； 漫天飞雪罩大地， 唯有杂草残梗遗。 The woods around it have it - it is theirs. All animals are smothered in their lairs. I am too absent-spirited to count; The loneliness includes me unawares. 森林白雪空寂寂， 无奈走兽穴中息； 心不在焉不再想， 不意我亦空孤寂。 And lonely as it is, that loneliness Will be more lonely ere it will be less - A blanker whiteness of benighted snow WIth no expression, nothing to express. 孤寂独处雪夜地， 未到尽时更凄迷； 落地白雪岂能知， 无言无语无思绪。 They cannot scare me with their empty spaces Between stars - on stars where no human race is. I have it in me so much nearer home To scare myself with my own desert places. 天际之间无人迹， 空旷天宇我不惧； 天地尽在我心宇， 心之荒地更恐惧 。
一只小鸟 鲍海飞 译 2010-5-5 A minor bird Robert Frost I have wished a bird would fly away, And not sing by my house all day; 愿鸟展翼，快快飞走， 不要整天，房前啾啾； Have clapped my hands at him from the door When it seemed as if I could bear no more. 有时似乎，难以忍受， 站在门前，向它拍手。 The fault must partly have been in me. The bird was not to blame for his key. 几分过错，应该在我， 无可指责，鸟儿歌喉。 And of course there must be something wrong In wanting to silence any song. 自然内里，必有缘由， 只想静寂，莫闻鸣啾。
雪夜林阻 鲍海飞 译 2010-4-26 Robert Frost的每一首诗，几乎都充满着深深的哲理和对人生的探讨，《Stopping by Woods on a snowy Evening》这首诗歌我在中学的时候就读过，但今天也许才领会其中的一点点滋味。 深夜的森林隐藏着恐惧，但是作者并不恐惧。因为作者知道这片森林是属于谁的，他与自然是和谐的，统一的。他并不孤单，他有一个伴侣是小马。他凝望着着这片森林，他喜欢森林，空大远深，融入其中。看似平静的一首小诗,但却意味深长。森林意味着什么?大雪又意味着什么？作者还要踏上一个什么旅程？所有的一切都是未知。 Stopping by Woods on a snowy Evening Robert Frost Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. 谁家森林我知道， 林中就有其住房； 不晓我会停这里， 飞雪漫林遥遥望。 My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. 我的小马心生疑， 驻足身边无农房； 一年当中最黑夜， 森林冰湖两茫茫。 He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. 小马轻摇铃铛响， 试问有何不妥当； 但见漫漫雪花舞， 但闻徐徐微风唱。 The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promise to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. 森林可爱幽又深， 但我诺言要遵守， 睡前要赶几里长, 睡前要赶几里长。
找水去 鲍海飞 译 这里也发生了干旱，我多想和他们一起，在那一个月朗星稀的夜晚，提桶携缸，穿过田野，穿过森林，去找到那甘甜的溪水。 Going for water Robert Frost (18741963). A Boys Will. 1915. The well was dry beside the door, And so we went with pail and can Across the fields behind the house To seek the brook if still it ran; 门边水井已枯干， 提桶携罐房后穿。 穿田越野欲前寻， 小溪是否清水淌。 Not loth to have excuse to go, Because the autumn eve was fair (Though chill), because the fields were ours, And by the brook our woods were there. 早就想找借口去， 只因秋日黄昏美， 只因田园透芬芳， 森林家园小溪旁。 We ran as if to meet the moon That slowly dawned behind the trees, The barren boughs without the leaves, Without the birds, without the breeze. 飞奔好似见月亮， 月亮慢慢爬树上， 树上无叶枝干秃， 没有鸟栖没风扬。 But once within the wood, we paused Like gnomes that hid us from the moon, Ready to run to hiding new With laughter when she found us soon. 一入丛林把步停， 似有精灵帮我们， 悄悄藏起躲月亮， 发现大笑再躲藏。 Each laid on other a staying hand To listen ere we dared to look, And in the hush we joined to make We heard, we knew we heard the brook. 彼此关照手相牵， 仔细听来再敢瞧， 悄无声息拢上前， 听见小溪轻声唱。 A note as from a single place, A slender tinkling fall that made Now drops that floated on the pool Like pearls, and now a silver blade. 叮叮咚咚溪水唱， 似有音符从天降， 池塘一条银练展， 犹如珍珠浮水上。
未选择的路 鲍海飞 译 2010-3-29 一幕一幕的悲剧，年轻人为什么这么悲观， 三思而后行啊！很多人生的重大决择是靠直觉，直觉是由心而发的。即使是后悔选择了错误的道路，那就重新选择另一条路！人未必胜得了天，但应该相信事在人为，尽管有时事与愿违。我们走的每一步都是由自己决定的，错过的一切难道就是命运的安排？应该好好珍惜得到的，我们还有父母还有朋友啊。人一生多么短暂，要知道珍惜。把这首 Robert Frost的诗献给年轻的学者和每个人。 The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; 黄树林，岔路口， 只遗憾，难两走， 一行旅，站立久， 一路望，尽远瞅， 林重重，路悠悠。 Then took the other, as just as fair And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same, 择另路，不可否， 也许有，好理由， 草丛丛，把人诱， 细思量，此处过， 所磨砺，无薄厚。 And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. 那天早，两路口， 落叶满，无人走， 另一条，留以后 ! 虽然晓，路遥遥， 我担忧，难回头。 I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference 轻声叹，往事道， 多年前，在某处， 人在旅，岔路口， 择一路，少人走， 所不同，终造就。
标签: Robert
