就是这个会议有点晚。 Dear Yuxian Liu, On behalf of the Organization Committee of the International Conference on Innovative Methods for Innovation Management and Policy (IM2012), I am pleased to inform you that your abstract has been accepted. ID: IM013005957 Title: ... Congratulations and welcome to IM2012, which will be held in Beijing, May 21-24, 2012. (See the attachment for more information). We kindly ask you to: - Register for the conference to ensure your participation and pay the registration fee as soon as possible; - Inform your co-authors, as only first author will receive this notification; - Confirm that you will submit the extended abstract before April 10, and please use your paper ID and E-mail address: ... when you submit the extended abstract; - If you submit a full paper (not required), we would also like you to prepare PowerPoint slides and give a presentation. If you are submitting a full paper (or poster – as you have chosen when submitting your abstract), please do so before April 10. Templates can be downloaded from http://www.aaaa.org.cn/im2012/paper.php/ . - Please prepare your full paper ( if you have) to ensure it can be published. For further information on conference registration, hotels, and other questions, see http://www.aaaa.org.cn/im2012/ or email: imconference@bit.edu.cn . We sincerely hope that you will join us in making our conference a success. We look forward to welcoming you to China and to IM2012. Best regards Yours sincerely, ...... Conference Chair
Ralph M. Steinman，1943年出生于加拿大蒙特利尔。在麦吉尔大学学习生物学和化学。1968年从哈佛医学院获得医学博士学位。自1970年开始他一直在洛克菲勒大学工作，1988年开始成为免疫学教授，并担任免疫学和免疫疾病中心主任。 学术论著 Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. from ukpmc.ac.uk …, RM Steinman - Nature, 1998 - ukpmc.ac.uk UK PubMed Central (UKPMC) is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Cited by 9385 - Related articles - Cached - BL Direct - All 26 versions The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity from rockefeller.edu RM Steinman - Annual review of immunology, 1991 - annualreviews.org Abstract Dendritic cells are a system of antigen presenting cells that function to initiate several immune responses such as the sensitization ofMHC-restric ted T cells, the rejection of organ transplants, and the formation of T dependent antibodies. Dendritic cells are found in ... Cited by 3704 - Related articles - All 10 versions Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. from rupress.org …, S Ikehara, S Muramatsu, RM Steinman - The Journal of …, 1992 - jem.rupress.org Summary Antigen-presenting, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-rich dendritic cells are known to arise from bone marrow. However, marrow lacks mature dendritic cells, and substantial numbers of proliferating less-mature cells have yet to be identified. The ... Cited by 2502 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 6 versions Tolerogenic dendritic cells* from rockefeller.edu RM Steinman , D Hawiger… - Annual review of …, 2003 - annualreviews.org ▪ Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) have several functions in innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, there is increasing evidence that DCs in situ induce antigen-specific unresponsiveness or tolerance in central lymphoid organs and in the periphery. In the ... Cited by 1693 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 7 versions Proliferating dendritic cell progenitors in human blood. from rupress.org …, PO Fritsch, RM Steinman … - The Journal of …, 1994 - jem.rupress.org Summary CD34 § cells in human cord blood and marrow are known to give rise to dendritic cells (DC), as well as to other myeloid lineages. CD34 § cells are rare in adult blood, however, making it difficult to use CD34 + ceils to ascertain if DC progenitors are present in the circulation ... Cited by 1499 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 6 versions Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells from rupress.org MV Dhodapkar, RM Steinman … - The Journal of …, 2001 - jem.rupress.org Immunostimulatory properties of dendritic cells (DCs) are linked to their maturation state. Injection of mature DCs rapidly enhances antigen-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell immunity in humans. Here we describe the immune response to a single injection of immature DCs ... Cited by 1090 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 8 versions Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. …, RM Steinman - Cell, 2001 - jbioleng.org 1. Cell. 2001 Aug 10;106(3):255-8. Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. Mellman I, Steinman RM . Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. ... Cited by 1279 - Related articles - All 5 versions Dendritic cells induce peripheral T cell unresponsiveness under steady state conditions in vivo from rupress.org …, M Rivera, JV Ravetch, RM Steinman … - The Journal of …, 2001 - jem.rupress.org Dendritic cells (DCs) have the capacity to initiate immune responses, but it has been postulated that they may also be involved in inducing peripheral tolerance. To examine the function of DCs in the steady state we devised an antigen delivery system targeting these specialized ... Cited by 1051 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 11 versions Vaccination with mage-3A1 peptide–pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in … from rupress.org …, EB Brcker, RM Steinman … - The Journal of …, 1999 - jem.rupress.org Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to be promising adjuvants for inducing immunity to cancer. We used mature, monocyte-derived DCs to elicit resistance to malignant melanoma. The DCs were pulsed with Mage-3A1 tumor peptide and a recall antigen, tetanus toxoid ... Cited by 1081 - Related articles - All 6 versions Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice: I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution from nih.gov RM Steinman … - The Journal of experimental medicine, 1973 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov During the course of observations on the cells of mouse spleen that adhere to glass and plastic surfaces, it was clear that this population was quite hetero- geneous. In addition to mononuclear phagocytes, granulocytes, and lympho- cytes, we noticed a large stellate cell with distinct ... Cited by 1062 - Related articles - All 7 versions http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=enq=RM+Steinman+btnG=Searchas_sdt=0%2C5as_ylo=as_vis=0 北京时间10月3日下午5点30分，2011年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓，美国、法国三位科学家因在免疫学方面的发现获奖。其中一半的奖金归于 Bruce A. Beutler 和 Jules A. Hoffmann ，获奖理由是“先天免疫激活方面的发现”；另一半奖金归于 Ralph M. Steinman ，获奖理由是“发现树枝状细胞及其在获得性免疫中的作用”。 今年的诺奖得主发现了免疫系统激活的关键原理，从而彻底革新了我们对免疫系统的认识。 免疫应答作为一种能帮助人类与其它动物抵御细菌及其它微生物的生理过程，长久以来，科学家们一直在寻找它的“守护者”。Bruce Beutler和Jules Hoffmann发现了能识别微生物并激活先天性免疫的受体蛋白质，从而揭示了身体免疫应答过程的第一步。Ralph Steinman则发现了免疫系统中的树突状细胞，以及其可激活并控制获得性免疫的功能，从而完成身体免疫应答过程的下一步，即将微生物清除出体内。 三位诺奖得主的发现揭示了免疫应答中的先天性免疫和获得性免疫是如何被激活，从而让我们对疾病机理有了一个新的见解。他们的工作为传染病、癌症以及炎症的防治开辟了新的道路。 加拿大总理哈珀3日发表声明，代表全体加拿大人对加拿大科学家拉尔夫·斯坦曼获得2011年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖表示祝贺，同时对他在3天前因病逝世深表遗憾。
What kind of committee would make such a demand for super short abstracts? I had an abstract of 800 words. (Yes, I know it is too long.) So, I just spent 30 mins to shorten it to less than 160 words. Here it is. ON THE EASTWARD SHIFT OF THE ARABIAN SEA OXYGEN MINIMUM ZONE Observations indicate that the upper part of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (ASOMZ; above 400 m) appears to the east of most productive regions along the western boundary of the Arabian Sea. There is no consensus about what causes the so-called “eastward shift.” We use a coupled biological/physical model to investigate the processes that determine the “eastward shift.” The physical component of the model is a variable-density, 6 1/2-layer model, with each layer corresponding to a distinct dynamic regime or water-mass type. Its biological component consists of a set of advective-diffusive equations in each layer that determine nitrogen concentration in five compartments, namely, nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and two size classes of detritus. In addition, the model contains an oxygen compartment that reacts to production and consumption of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the biological system. We will show the relative roles of physical versus biological processes in generating the so-called “eastward shift” in the upper ASOMZ.
2011 EU-China Workshop on Complexity Science Talk Abstract TAIPEX —An Online ExperimentalPlatform to Study Market Behavior Sai-Ping Li Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan The TAIPEX , which is one of the existing prediction market platforms in the world, was first set up in early 2004 in Taiwan as an experimental toolto study the voting behavior of the people in Taiwan. After the first successful experimental launchon this platform, it was soon realized that one couldin fact study financial market behaviors by using this platform. In subsequent years, that is, from early 2004 till theend of 2010, eight experiments have been carried out onthis prediction market platform. These include: three presidential elections (2 from Taiwan and one from the US), one parliamentary election, three city mayor elections and one on bird flu. From the results of these experiments, we have observed many stylized facts that are known to exist in everyday financial markets. For example, Figure 1 shows the probability density of normalized price returns of TAIPEX in the 2004 Taiwan parliamentary election with different time lagsequal to 55(red), 148(black), 403(yellow), 1097(green) and 8103(blue) minutes. The figure illustrates two interesting features. The firstfeature is the heavy tails onthe two ends ofthe curves. One can see this easily when compared to a Gaussian distribution as shown in the figure. Heavy tails of price returns in financial markets arestylized facts that are knownto market practitionersfor a long timeand our experiments also exhibitsuch a feature. Another feature that we can observe in this figure is the universality of different time lag curves. One can see that the different time lag curves can indeed be represented by a single distribution curve. We also observe that other well known stylized facts also appear in our prediction mark Figure 1. Probability density of normalized price returns with time lag equal to 55(red), 148(black), 403(yellow), 1097(green) and 8103(blue) minutes. The dashed line was obtained from a Cauchy distribution and the dotted line is a Gaussian distribution of unit variance. Aside from the already well known stylized facts, we have further uncovered many features that are likely to exist but are unable to be detected in financial markets. Take, for example, we can construct a trading network of the traders from the data of the experiment on this prediction market platform . The same kind of networkis unlikely to be constructed due to the lack of data availabilityin real financial markets. Figure 2 is an illustration of a trading network among traders of our experiment on the 2006 Taipei Mayor Election. The network is based on the data from Day 3. The number of traders and the trading network grew sincetherewere more registered players to do trading on the platformas the experiment continueduntil the dayof the election. Figure 2. The trading network on Day 3 of the 2006 Taipei Mayor Election experiment. The network consists of 40 interconnected nodes. isolated nodes are not shown here . In this talk, we will first give abrief introduction of the historical development and the current status ofprediction markets. As an example of how prediction markets work, we will give details of doingtrading on our prediction market platform. Results of our previous experiments will be summarized and presented, including the most recent experiment done by the end of 2010. Possible future work will beproposed and discussed. Most importantly, collaborations on this prediction market platform are welcome. References: http://socioecono.phys.sinica.edu.tw/ K.J. Arrow et.al., Science 320(2008)877-8 G. Tziralis and I. Tatsiopoulos, “Prediction Markets: An Extended Literature Review”, TheJournal of Prediction Markets 1(2007)75-91. S.C. Wang et.al., “Statistical Properties of an Experimental Political Futures Market”, Quantitative Finance 9(2009)9-16. S.C. Wang et.al., “Network Topology of an Experimental Futures Exchange”, European Physical Journal B62(2008)105-111. Piecewise Smooth Lyapunov Function for a Nonlinear Dynamical System Yan Gao Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China email:gaoyan@usst.edu.cn In this paper, stability and attraction for a nonlinear dynamical system with nonsmooth Lyapunov function are studied. The previous results on stability and attraction with a max-type Lyapunov function are extended to the case where Lyapunov function is piecewise smooth. A condition, under which stability and attraction is guaranteed with a piecewise smooth Lyapunov function, is proposed. Taking two certain classes of piecewise smooth functions as Lyapunov functions, related conditions for stability and attraction are developed. Key Words. Nonlinear dynamical system, stability, region of attraction, Lyapnov functions, nonsmooth analysis, piecewise smooth function. Hurst Exponents for Short Time Series 短时间序列的分形指数 Jingchao Qi, and Huijie Yang Biz School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, A new concept, called balanced estimator of diffusion entropy, is proposed to detect scaling in short time series. The effectiveness of the method is verified by means of a large number of artificial fractional Brownian motions. It is used also to detect scaling properties and structural breaks in stock price series of Shanghai Stock market. PACS ： 05.45.T, 89.75.D, 05.40.F, 05.40 Keyword(s); short time series; scaling; diffusion entropy Global Compact Representation of Continuous Piecewise Linear Functions and Its Application Xin-Ye Li Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China Critical point and critical cluster distribution of explosive site percolation in random network Yu-gang Ma 1) and Ding-ding Han 2) 1 Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China 2 School of Information Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 2000241, China Recently a new kind of percolation, named explosive percolation was proposed. By introducing a proper competitive mechanism, it was first found by Achlioptas, D'Souza, and Spencer and was subsequently studied intensely by other scientists that the bond percolation in random networks became discontinuous. Such kind of percolation has a delayed transition point but still maintain a power-law critical cluster distribution with yet the exponent different from the classical one, indicating the absence of universality in sense of different percolation strategies. However further numerical and theoretical studies have provided evidences that the bond explosive percolation in random network is actually continuous in the thermodynamics limit except for the global competitive case in which all the links in network participate in the selection. Although the argument still exists, explosive percolation has brought new insights to the percolation theory. However the two most important properties, namely the location of the critical point and the critical cluster distribution have not been studied systematically. Previous studies presented the related results only for their special models, which neither provide any general conclusions nor help to understand the possible universal behavior. In this letter, we focus on this problem instead of just studying the continuity of explosive percolation. By introducing a best-of-m competitive rule the explosive site percolation in ER network is studied. We prove that the critical point tc(m, k) has a nontrivial limitation Tc(k) 1 as m = N →∞. By developing a finite size scaling method, Tc(k) is found to scale asymptotically as . The result is further generalized by for all m with approximated by an arctan function. The critical cluster distribution is found to be power law with exponent about -2.5 regardless of m, leading to a conjecture that the universality remains in sense of different percolation strategy. The continuity of the percolation is also discussed. The present results basically generalize the classical conclusion to adapt to a large class of explosive percolation. Key words: explosive percolation, random network, critical point, critical cluster distribution Fluctuation scaling in complex networks Ding-ding Han School of Information Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China Fluctuation is a universal phenomenon in complex networks. Since L.R.Taylor’s influential paper on natural populations was published in 1961, a scaling relationship has been observed in a wide range of disciplines, ranging from population dynamics through the Internet to the stock market. The original law exhibits that for any fixed species there is a power-law scaling between fluctuations in the size of a population (characterized by standard deviation) and the average population, namely In this paper, brief introduction about fluctuation scaling is given. The fluctuation can be divided into temporal fluctuation scaling and ensemble fluctuation scaling. Besides, we have investigated the evolution of the download network for the rank-ordered papers which were listed in Zhang’s Econophysics web page. From 2004 to 2007, the download distribution shows the change of the exponents even though the rank-ordered distribution still keeps scale-free feature, reflecting the change of traffic on nodes which represent the given downloaded papers. Further, we give a quantitative analysis for the average download rates per day, which shows day-by-day fluctuation. The average flux shows a fast exponential decay as a function of the rank, while the dispersion does not show an obvious dependence of the rank. Interestingly, the dispersion of the download rate distributions shows power-law scaling behavior with its average flux, namely . In different time windows ranging from about 6.5 months to 31 months in which the download distributions are accumulated, the scaling parameter changes with the time windows, namely from 0.60 to 0.89. The origins are qualitatively interpreted by two models. Future work on quantitative model simulation and a possible -scaling of network fluctuation is in progress. Key words: Fluctuation scaling; complex netwrks; random walker model; fluctuation exponent; time window Long division unites - long union divides, A model for cultural evolution J. Jiang, R. Wang, Michel Pezeril, and Q.A. Wang One of the historical phenomena in the time evolution of cultural, national and economic systems is the transition between union and division of one or several entities. In this work, we propose a union-division model based on the maxim "long union divides and long division unites" in order to investigate the long time behaviors of the networks composed of nodes representing the above mentioned entities. Each node is characterized by several quantities such as identity, ingredient, richness, and age. The time evolution of the network is probabilistic depending on the above quantities and on the interaction between the neighboring n nodes. This work offers a long term view on the apparently periodic dynamics of an ensemble of cultural entities. Self-organization and Preconditions of Efficient Markets You-Gui Wang Department of Systems Science, School of Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, Email: ygwang@bnu.edu.cn Most of economists have devoted themselves into proving the existence of “invisible hand” in marketing systems. Traditional approaches claim that an efficient market lies on three presuppositions: rationality of individual market participants, complete information and equilibrium of the market. These presumptions result from the static postulations of mainstream economics. In this talk, I will show that from dynamic perspective a market can achieve an efficient state without those strong assumptions. The patterns of self-organization of an evolutionary market are displayed where the premises of individual rationality, single price as well as equilibrium are abandoned. Keywords: Market efficiency, Self-organization, Rationality, Market equilibrium, Dynamic structure. Accelerating growth and size-dependent distribution of human online activities Zhang Jiang Department of Systems Science, School of Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, Research on human online activities usually assumes that total activity T increases linearly with active population P, that is, T ∝ P^γ (γ = 1). However, we find examples of systems where total activity grows faster than active population. Our study shows that the power law relationship T ∝ P^γ (γ 1) is in fact ubiquitous in online activities such as microblogging, news voting, and photo tagging. We call the pattern “accelerating growth” and find it relates to a type of distribution that changes with system size. We show both analytically and empirically how the growth rate γ associates with a scaling parameter b in the size-dependent distribution. As most previous studies explain accelerating growth by power law distribution, the model of size-dependent distribution is worth further exploration. Statistics and Evolution of Donations for 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Qinghua Chen ( 陈清华 ), Yajing Wu ( 吴亚晶 ), Jinzhong Guo( 郭金忠 ), Yougui Wang( 王有贵 ) Department of Systems Science, School of Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China qinghuachen@bnu.edu.cn (86-10-58802732) Based on the data of individual donations from Chinese Red Cross Foundation , this paper analyzes and discusses the distribution of individual donations and evolutions of some statistical properties over time. The results show: 1) individual donations distribution has shown some power law characters, and some donation numbers are preferred; 2) the growths of person times and total donations obey Logistic growth, and the growth of person times is ahead of another; 3) the trend of average donations amount is that, firstly decreases and then increase, with large donations coming at a subsequent time or stage . This paper proposes a multi-agent model to simulate donations’ evolution based information diffusion. Figure 1. Zipf’s plot of donations Figure 2. Pareto’s plot of donation Figure 3. The growths of donations amount and person times, and the fitting of Logistic curve Figure 4. The daily average of the accumulated donations amount Keywords : individual donations, power law, logistic growth Perspectives of several directions in recent complex system research Bing-Hong Wang Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, 230026, China and The Research Center for Complex Systems, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China bhwang@ustc.edu.cn Study of the evolutionary games on complex networks We study the evolutionary games on complex networks, including the prisoner's dilemma game and the public goods game. Our research focus is how the clustering structure, social diversity and aspiration-induced migration affect the cooperative behavior. We find that the higher clustering coefficient enhances the cooperation in spatial public goods game. Due to the existence of social diversity, the influence of different individuals is different. The influence of an individual is defined as the power of its degree, where the power exponent is an adjustable parameter. During the evolutionary process, every individual chooses one of its neighbors as a reference with a probability proportional to the influence of the neighbor. It is found that for the fixed value of the temptation to defect, there exists an optimal value of , leading to the highest level of cooperation. We propose an aspiration-induced migration in which individuals will migrate to new sites provided that their payoffs are below some aspiration level. It is found that moderate aspiration level can best favor cooperative behavior. Cooperation percolation in spatial evolutionary games is specially considered. We study the dynamical organization of cooperator clusters in prisoner’s dilemma game on regular and complex networks. It has been found that when the initial concentration of cooperators in the systems exceeds a threshold, there is a phase transition characterized by the emergence of a giant spanning cooperative cluster of the order of network size. Depending on the network structure and the temptation to defect, the phase transition appears to belong to different universality classes of percolation, including regular percolation, invasion percolation and other unreported classes. Transportation Dynamics on Mobile Node Network Most existing works on transportation dynamics focus on the networks of a fixed structure, but networks whose nodes are mobile have become widespread, such as cell-phone networks. We introduce a model to explore the basic physics of transportation on mobile networks. Of particular interest are the dependence of the throughput on speed of agent movement and communication range. Our computations reveal a hierarchical dependence for the former, while for the latter we find an algebraic power law between the throughput and the communication range with an exponent determined by the speed. We develop a physical theory based on the Fokker-Planck equation to explain these phenomena. Our findings provide insights into complex transportation dynamics arising commonly in natural and engineering systems. Reference: Phys.Rev.E 83.016102(2011) Newsbag, an adaptive model for news recommendation Dott. Giulio Cimini Uni Fribourg and Univ. Rome, Italy We propose an adaptive recommendation model which combines similarities in users' rating patterns with epidemic-like spreading of news on an evolving social network. Our system has high filtering efficiency and robustness against malicious behavior, and outperforms other widely adopted recommendation methods. The model also sheds light on who people do follow in social communities and where they do search for good information sources. Agenetic perspective on citation networks Dott. Stanislao Gualdi Uni Fribourg and Univ. Rome, Italy we develop an analytical framework to asses genetic relations between papers. We show that such framework can be used both to highlight papers which play a fundamental role in the development of a research field both to build a recommender system which filters relevant literature for a given interest. The spectral analysis for biology networks Jiao Gu （ 辜姣） Central China Normal University ， Wuhan ， P.R.China We constructed the protein network and domain networks from the database. Baced on the analysis ofspectrumof normalized Laplacian matrix, we could classify the networks and find phylogenetic information from these networks. Statistical Mechanics of Social Tagging Networks: Structure, Dynamics and Function Zike Zhang （张子柯） University of Fribourg, Switzerland In this talk, I would introduce our recent progress on the study of social tagging netowks, including the structure of how to describe and measure it, the dynamics of how it evolves and it application in recommender systems. It is expected to give a general picture of Social Tagging Networks and possible research topics, as well as challenges. Potentials of sino-european cooperations in complexity sciences Jian-Wei Zhang University of Hamburg ， Hamburg ， German European and China cooperation opportunities in Complexity Sciences Jeff Johnson Open University, London, UK Complexity of systems with respect to the economy and society Dr. Fred von Gunten International Strategy and Competition University of Fribourg ， Switzerland “Complexity research as an interdisciplinary undertaking is concerned with the question how orders, structures, chaos and break downs can be created by the relationships of many elements of a complex system… The object of complexity research is to identify and understand chaos, tensions and conflicts in complex systems (molecules in materials, cellules in organisms or human beings in markets and organisations) so as to acquire new knowledge for the potential of establishing new orders.” Mainzer, 2008, Komplexitt, p. 10). When this definition is applied to the economy and society then a number of difficulties have to be overcome. In this contribution one attempts to explain how three basic propositions contribute to improving the situation. First, market or state capitalism must be identified as organised socio-economic systems. Second, these systems must be presented as three level economies instead of only two level economies. Third, in the end, “pure analysis” in the economic and social sciences must be integrated with the other sub-systems of the nation-state, at the international level with international organisations. That way the degree of complexity of systems with respect to the economy and society can be positively influenced
研究人员从水稻籼稻品种93-11中克隆并鉴定了控制水稻籼粳分类的基因并将其命名为PHR1。转基因功能互补实验证明PHR1是区分水稻籼粳分类的基因。在水稻中抑制或过量表达PHR1，得到具不同抗病虫害能力的转基因水稻，表明可以利用基因工程技术调控该基因从而调节植物抗性。 Yanchun Yu,Tian Tang, Qian Qian, YonghongWang,Meixian Yan,Dali Zeng, Bin Han, Chung-IWu,Suhua Shi, and Jiayang Lia,Independent Losses of Function in a Polyphenol Oxidase in Rice: Differentiation in Grain Discoloration between Subspecies and the Role of Positive Selection under Domestication.The Plant Cell, 2008.Vol. 20: 2946–2959, Phenol reaction phenotype（PHR）表现在籼稻中，而在粳稻中缺失，籼稻和粳稻在收获时通常都是金黄色，因此籼稻经过phenol处理会变成褐色或者在储存的过程中会变身；粳稻则不会变色。并且PHR是由单个gene控制，phr1 gene是引起PHR的原因。paper中phr1 gene的clone过程如下： 1、初步定位：应用PHR-positive indica cv MH63 和PHR-negative japonica cv CJ06 构建一个非常大的作图群体，杂交得到5589个F2群体（分离比3:1；PHR-positive4203：PHR-negative 1386）。前期研究phr1定位在4号染色体，应用新的PCR-based marker S100与S115在水稻遗传图谱phr1的两端。然后应用这两个标记扫描所有的PHR-negative 植株。phr1 gene定位到S100和S115之间，遗传距离9.3cM 与8.5cM之间。 2、精细定位：获得66个phr1与S100之间的重组个体以及40个phr1与S115之间的重组个体。
How to write abstract and introduction for a paper/conference paper: The abstract of a paper or a conference paper is normally one paragraph with 100-400 words. It is normally structured into several sentences. Each sentence should be able to answer the following questions: 1. what is this paper about- a general problem statement 2. Why is this important- what is the significance. This, on the other hand, explains why you conducted the research 3. What has been done before: state-of-the-art. 4. what is the shortcoming in what has been done before, why that is not good 5. What you have done in this research? 6. how that (what you have achieved) improved related to the state-of-the-art Following the above six points, and in this logical order, you should be able to present a very excellent abstract As for the title of the paper: The title of a paper should not be too long, and should not be too specific. it normally has 7 words, (not counting 'of', 'the','a',etc) How to write an introduction: An introduction is an extended version of an abstract, so it should be formulated the same way as the abstract. Instead of stating each of the above-mentioned questions in one or two sentences, an introduction should be able to give more detailed information and provide a profound discussion. For an 8 pages conference paper, the introduction part is normally one page long with 4 paragraphs. to put the answers to the above 6 questions into 4 paragraphs, you need to: v in the first paragraph: what is this paper about general problem background introduction why is this important-this states the significance of you research v in the second paragraph: What has been done before- state-of-the-art. why that is not good enough, the shortcoming The second paragraph in the introduction is actually the literature review. As for how to write a good literature review, I need to learn further more and then come up with some good 'how to', and this part can be in one paragraph or if too much information, then 2 Normally, a paragraph in a formal paper is around 10 lines in a single column A4 paper. A sentence, starting from one full stop until the following next full stop is no longer than 4 lines. you can always use comma ',' to break the sentence (as to where to put the comma, you follow your own feeling when read through it, normally, a adverb clause, phrase, etc), so that readers or reviewers could have a (puff) rest when they find difficulty in absorbing the too-much information in the long sentence. two-line is the normal length, but on the other hand, do not keep all the sentences in two-line length, try to use long and short sentences alternatively (this is not the right word, I am afraid) and use various sentence structures. v in the third paragraph: based on the literature review in the second paragraph, identify the research question, and state what you have done in this study what you have found (your result, contributions what is good about your work) and how that improves/ relates to the current start-of-the-art v In the fourth paragraph: state the organisation/ strucuture of the paper/ framework/outline/or whatever you name it, such as: the reminder of this paper is organised as follows: How to write a conclusion: Most of the time, you will see people put conclusions all in one single paragraph. It is suggested that emphasize each aspect in separated paragraphs or using bulleted list. In conclusion, you do not need to state the general problem again, you can start with a introduction of what you have done in this research, and then use bulleted dots to present the significance of your research, its contributions to the practical problem, the advantages of the proposed method, the superior performance of the model, etc. Start a new paragraph stating the future work or further study. Research never stops at wherever you achieved. Further work shows the continuing work and also the significance of your study, otherwise, there is no point if you will stop doing this topic after this paper. What else can be done to further improve or can this method be applied somewhere else. This should be the final paragraph of the entire paper and it is suggested that you conclude with very strong point, so that the readers or the reviewers finish reading with very good impression. Another point worth mentioning is that always use up the full page limit for a conference, put as much information as you can as long as you can keep the consistence and the cohesion. Keep your paper as a logic story.
what's the difference between abstract and introduction? This afternoon, one of my students asked me a question about the graduate theses: what's the difference between abstract and introduction? It's a common and complex question for the beginners, esp. for the undergraduates. Here, wecan find some suggestions for this question: At first glance, it might seem that the introduction and the abstract are very similar because they both present the research problem and objectives as well as briefly reviewing methodology, main findings and main conclusions. However, there are important differences between the two: Introduction: an introduction leads the reader into the subject of study by giving the state of art of knowledge in the area, the lacunae, and reasons for undertaking the present study. it should be short, but does not have a word limit; Main purpose is to introduce the research by presenting its context or background. Introductions usually go from general to specific, introducing the research problem and how it will be investigated. Abstract: An abstract is a sort of summary of the entire paper. It should be specific about the main findings and not vague. It will also specify what was the aims and goals of the study. so, It has a maximum word limit; It is a summary of the whole research; Its main purpose is to summarize the research--particularly the objective and the main finding/conclusion, Not to introduce the research area.
标签: abstract
