http://scienceblog.com/ Effects of loneliness mimic aging process, boost heart disease risk Study exposes ‘arms race’ between male and female mating traits Why underweight babies become obese: Hypothalamus is to blame Awake mental replay of past experiences critical for learning Email ‘vacations’ decrease stress, increase concentration How much money parents give to college-age kids North Americans lived with extinct giant beasts Genes may explain why some people turn their noses up at meat Too many years in school turns off science Ph.D. interest in faculty jobs A new understanding of Alzheimer’s trigger Coelacanth find rewrites history of the ancient fish Plant study points to dangers of a warming world Black Hole Caught Red-Handed in a Stellar Homicide Prenatal choline may ‘program’ healthier babies Regular jogging shows dramatic increase in life expectancy
Accurate Control of Multishelled ZnO Hollow Microspheres for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency All reagents were analytical grade and purchased from Beijing Chemical Co. Ltd., and used without further purification. Hydrated zinc nitrates Zn(NO3)2·6H2O were used as metal precursors. Taking triple-shelled ZnO hollow microspheres with close double shells in the interior as an example, the typical synthesis process is described as follows. Carbonaceous microspheres were synthesized through the emulsion polymerization reaction of sugar under hydrothermal conditions as described elsewhere. Briefly, newly prepared carbonaceous microspheres (0.6 g) were dispersed in zinc nitrate solution (30 mL, 5 M) with the aid of ultrasonication. After ultrasonic dispersion for 15 min, the resulting suspension was aged for 6 h at room temperature, filtered, washed, and dried at 80 ℃ for 12 h. The resultant composite microspheres were heated to 500 ℃ in air at the rate of 1 ℃ min−1, with holding of the temperature at 400 ℃ for 30 min. Triple-shelled ZnO hollow microspheres were subsequently formed as a white-powder product. Aerographite: Ultra Lightweight, Flexible Nanowall, Carbon Microtube Material with Outstanding Mechanical Performance CVD-Synthesis : Basic Aerographite confi guration (hollow, with closed graphitic shells) can be gained by placing ZnO templates in the maximum temperature zone of a two zone split tube furnace (quartz tube; l = 1300 mm; d = 110 mm): At a constant temperature profile of 200 ℃ in injection zone and 760 ℃ in main zone under Ar gas flow (0.02 L min −1 , atmosphere pressure), injection of toluene (99% Alfa Aesar) at 5.5 mL h −1 is started. At start of the injection by a syringe pump, gas fl ow rates are changed to 0.2 L min −1 Ar/0.02 L min −1 H 2 for 120 min. A subsequent 45 min pure H 2 (0.6 L min −1 ) gas flow without injection is followed by a 120 min mixed atmosphere Ar/ H 2 (0.2 L min −1 / 0.02 L min −1 ) with injection of toluene. A final pure hydrogen treatment with 0.6 L min −1 was conducted for 20 min until cooling down under pure Ar purge flow of 0.6 L min −1 . Synthesis depends on template surface area and time depended variations of gas flow rates or temperatures. For example, the parameters for the ultra lightweight, hollow-framework variant are given by a decreased 2 mL h −1 toluene injection for 4 h with a 0.06 L min −1 H 2 and 0.2 mL min −1 Ar gas flow at 760 ℃ and a 1 h post-treatment with no injection and pure H 2 flow of 0.09 L min −1 at 800 ℃ . The formation of the Aerographite can be revealed by stopping the synthesis in an intermediate state. The growth of carbon nano layers on the outside and the simultaneous removal of the inner ZnO template are shown in figure 2 e-h (Figures S7-S10). Simultaneously with the carbon deposition a controlled hydrogen gas flow enables a continuous reduction of ZnO to Zn and thus the template removal. The metallic Zn is transported downstream through the CVD exhaust system where it precipitates as metallic thin film on cold areas. This hydrogen etching exhibits a clear preference on crystallographic orientations of the ZnO crystals. Interestingly, decomposition leads to an axial and radial vanishing of template sections. Massive blocks of remaining ZnO are held in place only by the partly grown carbon nano layers, Figure 2f-h (Figures S7-S9). Furthermore, the atomic structure of these layers can be controlled by the CVD growth parameters reaching from a substantially graphitic to a predominantly amorphous to glassy state . This is in contrast to other growth processes for carbon materials which form either highly ordered graphene and graphite like materials or pyrolytic low ordered structures , therefore Aerographite might be also described as ‘pyrolytic graphite’. Besides EELS spectra, also energy filtered TEM (EFTEM) elemental mapping ensures us of the absence of oxygen and confirms the sp²-hybridization state for both arrangements. An amorphous carbon state occurs at higher template decomposition rates, e.g., as induced by higher temperatures and higher hydrogen concentration. As our model proposes, initial deposition of small carbon nucleation belts on template surfaces and in-plane biaxial growth of carbon leads to the variety of possible sp 2 -hybridized layers: For fully enclosing, smooth graphitic layers template etching and growth has to be in equilibrium. A slightly faster template removal by changing CVD-parameters leads to a higher ratio of amorphous to graphitic carbon. Further: A quicker removal of surfaces before enclosing shells can develop (high hydrogen concentration and increased temperatures of 900 ℃ creates amorphous carbon ribbons, which assemble in a hierarchical hollow framework of high mechanical strength (Figure 1e-h, S16).
沈斌、欧阳华兵． Research on the intelligent process planning technology based on STEP-NC. 2011 3 rd International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, Chongqing, China, January 21-23,2011:v2-221~225, EI ： 20120314682977
Evolution of deformation-induced texture and surface microstructure of nickel coating under deep cup-drawing process S.G. Long, Z.S. Ma , X.B. Zhang, Y. Pan, Y.C. Zhou The deformation texture and surface microstructure of nickel coating induced by deep cup-drawing were studied by X-ray diffractometry and SEM. The steel sheet with nickel coating was firstly punched to designed degree of cup shapes. Then the texture of the coating was determined by XRD and the surface microstructure was observed by SEM. The results indicate that, the nickel coating material includes three kinds of textures, i.e. Ni (111), Ni (200) and Ni (220). After cup-drawing deformation, there doesn’t appear new texture component for nickel coatings but the change of the intensity of the deformation textures. In the cup-deformation process, the two kinds of main textures Ni (111) and Ni (200) increase in the first and second cup-drawing procedures and then reduce quickly in the third and fourth drawing procedure. However, for the Ni (220) texture, it always increases in whole cup-drawing procedures. With the increase in the drawing, there are some cracks to be found, but not delamination. This shows that nickel coating and the substrate have a good combinable performance. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China , 17, (2007) s823–s826. Evolution of deformation-induced texture and surface microstructure of nickel co.pdf
Author Disambiguation: A Nonparametric Topic andCo-authorship Model Andrew M. Dai,University of Edinburgh In Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on Applications for Topic Models: Text and Beyond , Whistler, Canada, 2009. 将基于层次Dirichlet过程的主题模型与合作关系结合起来，提出一个产生式模型。该模型不依赖于作者的个数。
Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function , that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. Curve fitting can involve either interpolation , where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing , in which a "smooth" function is constructed that approximately fits the data. A related topic is regression analysis , which focuses more on questions of statistical inference such as how much uncertainty is present in a curve that is fit to data observed with random errors. Fitted curves can be used as an aid for data visualization, to infer values of a function where no data are available, and to summarize the relationships among two or more variables. Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the observed data, and is subject to a greater degree of uncertainty since it may reflect the method used to construct the curve as much as it reflects the observed data.
Drug design , also sometimes referred to as rational drug design or structure based drug design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target . The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule which activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient . In the most basic sense, drug design involves design of small molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the biomolecular target to which they interact and therefore will bind to it. Drug design frequently but not necessarily relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of modeling is often referred to as computer-aided drug design . The phrase "drug design" is to some extent a misnomer . What is really meant by drug design is ligand design. Modeling techniques for prediction of binding affinity are reasonably successful. However there are many other properties such as bioavailability , metabolic half-life , lack of side effects , etc. that first must be optimized before a ligand can become a safe and efficacious drug. These other characteristics are often difficult to optimize using rational drug design techniques.
Since I have been Sydney two weeks ago, nearly everything is unknown for me, I need to change and broaden myself to adapte the new word, so that to quickly get a ecological inche for me and make sure the upcoming learning fitness, that is might be the “evolution”process. During those days, several training items have ocurred on me. Firstly, I need to follow the new work and rest timetable. We have three hours’s time difference between Sydney and China, that I will start to work whereas all Chinese friends are still in sleep. Three hours is not so much, but forget a long term time rhythm and set up a new one is not so easy, so much Chinese news and things always remind me that it is not time to work and not time to sleep, I always go to sleep very late althouth I am very tired. The second items is the food, not only the food content, but the food habit. People here do not pay so much on lunch but the dinner, that is opposite to China. For lunch, teachers and students do not eat very much. There is a Kitchen in the research building, professors and students could cook their lunch there for free. That is a good way to save time and money, I like it. boys with a hamburg and few yoghourt, girls with some fruit, somebody even have nothing given not being so hungery. They generally do not have specific rest time at noon. By contrast, their dinner time will be very colorful, and eat too much. I do not adapt this absolutely at the beginning, and I always need to eat too much for lunch so that to delay the afternoon hungery time, and will be very tired aftern the dinner time. The third training item relates to the traffic. This is an very important item to broaden living space, and is also the priority to control time. The straight proximity from my temporay rent house to research building was 2.5 km, but I need to walk nearly 4 km. I need to choose the most convenient bus and train line. Bicycle is impossible here, from one aspect, there is no space for bicycle, few person ride bicycle, from another aspect, there is specific for bicycle, you need to wear helmet and specical bicycle dress, otherwise you will be fired. Train here is convenient, but the management system is so different,they have so many different train lines, and each line is consistent with specific platform, you need to know your traveling plan from traffict websit of New South Wales (131500.com). From this website, you could control your travelling time presise to minutes, I have be good at this now. Up to now, the daily training has been finished, I have adjust myself to the new world now. I could control my daily work and life time, and know where I should go if I what to buy something, I also know how to prepare the lunch food so that to join in the students at noon. Next step for me is science traning, keep going. Lunch time. The girl is laura, a volunteer from germany. The boy is one Ph.D candidate.
《Automatic Protocol Conformance Checking of Recursive and Parallel BPEL Systems》 , Andreas Both and Wolf Zimmermann, Sixth European Conference on Web Services ,2008 Abstract Today model checking of Web Services formulated in BPEL is often reduced by transforming BPEL-processes to Petri nets. These can be model checked using traditional approaches. If recursion is present in the BPEL model this approach hides some possible violations of the wished behaviour. We present an approach which allows the Web Service developer to formulate more properties of the required usage of the Web Service and provide a tool that checks whether these requirements are satisfied in a Web Service based system. We use finite state machines to specify permitted sequences of receivable interactions and call them service protocols. In this paper we will show that it is possible to use BPEL representations and service protocols to check if a sequence of receivable interactions that violates a service protocol can occur. We achieve this result by translating BPEL to Process Algebra Nets (introduced by Mayr ) and applying the approach of Mayr for model checking Process Algebra Nets. Our approach computes counterexamples even for recursive and parallel programs including synchronization. 个人点评： 没看懂，印象是： 用Process Algebra Nets形式化BPEL,先分解再综合 看了SCI index: 4, 都是自引用 Automatic Protocol Conformance Checking of Recursive and Parallel BPEL Systems.pdf beamer_Automatic_Protocol_Conformance_Checking_BPEL.tex beamer_Automatic_Protocol_Conformance_Checking_BPEL.pdf
前一篇博文写到了MRF在视觉中的应用，它实际是对问题建立graphical model, 然后用bayesian probabilistics的方法做Inference。在建立图模型前，要首先定义vertex/edge/neighborhood,而后续的estimation和inference是基于建立好的图模型的，所以如果一个问题中，vertex(也可以说object)是变化而不是固定的（此时的图模型变了），MRF变得不再实用。 然而，point process(也称为object process,因为它是面向对象的）能对number不固定、shape可变化的对象建模，所以能很好的解决视觉中的某些inverse problems,如object extraction/texture synthesis。Point process率属于随机过程理论，能把prior geometry information用概率来建模，但它与MRF不同在于，它把随机理论用到estimation中，所以Object的数量、参数是随着求解过程变化的。虽然概率模型和MRF中的概率一样是definite的，可是求解中的stochastics使得points in the distribution 更flexible.(MRF中的points，也就是objects,是固定的)。 point process涉及到测度理论和随机过程，当应用到视觉中时，常用gibbs energy 来描述这个point process。接下来就是求最小能量，常用的方法是RJMCMC外加simulated annealing 策略，为了加快收敛速度，在高温使用jump策略，低温使用diffusion. 目前看到的point process的成功案例是其在图像特征提取中的应用，法国的一个研究所INRIA在这方面做了大量的工作。 下面是一些资料： RJMCMC: Reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo computation and Bayesian model determination ， PJ Green - Biometrika, 1995 stochastic geometric models: Stochastic geometry models in high - level vision, AJ Baddeley, 1993 PAMI 2010: geometric feature extraction by a multi-marked point process, florent lafarge, 2010
Unit process（单元过程）是LCA中最常用的基本概念之一。很尴尬的是，这次我在日本开会才发现我的理解一直是错误的，幸好我的理解对这次会议的主题（Global Guidance for LCA database）也很重要，大家也顾不上嘲笑我，算是“因祸得福”吧。 先看这个让人晕死的ISO定义： ISO14040:2006 3.34 unit process: smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis for which input and output data are quantified 大家的标准解释： 1）能有自己的量化的输入输出，这当然是指process（过程）。同一个标准中，Process的定义为3.11 process: set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs （我觉得改为model of activities with quantified inputs into outputs更好，即process是activity的模型） 2) 大家都认同（除了我不知道）： 一个life cycle inventory(LCI) analysis中所有的process都是unitprocess，它的对立面是LCI results ，即各个unit process之和。这也意味着：当这个LCI results用到另一个LCI个案时，它又变成unit process了。 按照上面的解释，生命周期模型中所有的process都是smallest，并没有bigger process或biggestprocess，所以smallest其实是多余的。事实上，我能错这么多年而未发觉，按照PE的Martin的说法，意味着unit process根本不可能被用错——任何时候你看见生命周期模型中的任何一个框（box）称其为unit process，你都是对的。这其实是个多余的概念，直接称其为process就可以了。 我以前就是被smallest误导了，一直在想，smallest是与谁相比？比的是什么？所以我提了一个不同的解释： 1）当第一次各种原始数据Raw data经过计算被处理为一个清单数据集（dataset）时，这时对应的process是unit process。 2）之后，unit process dataset只能不断与其它datasets汇总（aggregation），而得到的都是aggregated process dataset。 3）随着汇总次数的增加，这个dataset所代表的人类活动的范围（scope of activity）在不断增大。从这个意义说，unit process是smallest！ 我这样解释unit process的时候，Ecoinvent的Bo告诫我“I like your idea, but don't challenge ISO!”（他说不定就是当初写ISO定义的家伙?）郁闷中，我重新细看ISO的定义（见上），然后惊奇地发现......ISO只为LCI analysis个案研究定义了unit process，但并没有说数据库中各个清单数据集（dataset）对应的过程（process）应该叫什么！ 这一天是2011.2.3，兔年新年，在去横滨中国城吃晚饭的车上我给Bo说：“在数据库里，dataset对应的process既不是unit process也不是LCI results”，他马上说：“Or, can be both.”（这就是我喜欢Bo的原因，他是LCA里最聪明的人之一）。 这意味着我们彻底解放了。既然我们现在讨论的只是数据库，ISO的定义并不适用（事实上，ISO压根就没考虑数据库的事）。所以，我们需要考虑：与LCI和LCA个案研究相比，数据库开发的特点是什么？需要什么样的基本概念和指南？ 在我的解释中，区分了三个概念：raw data - unit process dataset - aggregated process dataset 1) raw data并未与process的参照流（reference）成线性比例，必须经过数据处理过程才能得到unit process dataset。这其实就是我们天天在做的数据收集工作。 2）unit process dataset是 第一次 被处理为 一组 相互成线性关系的清单数据（a set of input and output data related to the same reference of a process，所以称为dataset），它来自raw data，但尚未经历过汇总计算；尽管这里也称为unitprocess，但其实与ISO的unit process无关。 3）aggregated process dataset是由existing datasets汇总得到的，汇总的计算方法与普通LCI计算方法是一样的，即找到各过程的比例系数（scaling factor），调整比例后相加即可。 由此，数据库中清单数据集的开发被划分为两步： 1）从raw data - unit process dataset 2）从unit process dataset - aggregated process dataset 两步的数据来源、计算规则都完全不一样，所以需要完全不同的指南。这更清楚地界定了指南的各章之间的边界: 我所在的组负责从raw data - unit process dataset的指南，国际钢铁协会Clare的组负责从unit process dataset - aggregated process dataset的指南。 以Ecoinvent数据库为例，其中的systemdataset是通过建立生命周期模型计算得到的结果（按ISO定义，在那个模型中，这个system dataset是LCI results）；然后这个system dataset放到Ecoinvent数据库中（这时ISO的术语失效了），Ecoinvent自己取了一个名字叫System dataset（在Global guidance中称为aggregated process dataset）；当这个dataset被用到另一个生命周期模型中时（ISO术语生效了），它对应的process应该被称为unit process。所以我说：“既不是unit process也不是LCI results”，而BO说：“Or, can be both.” 现在不幸的是，ISO是用unit表示“大小”（最小），Global guidance用unit表示dataset汇总的历史（无汇总），放在一起仍然是混淆的，此unit不是彼unit。虽然挑战ISO的前景是很不光明的，但还是忍不住要彻底清算一下:-D -----问题背景----- * LCA中主要有“LCI/LCA模型”、“数据库”两种语境/上下文（context）； * 在两种语境中，都会涉及process和dataset两个重要对象，dataset是process的属性。 * process之间（及其dataset之间）有各种差异，可能需要用不同的术语（名称）区分。 * 定义术语的关键问题在于：有哪些差异？哪种差异更重要，值得定义一个术语以示区别？ -----具体问题----- 在上面关于unit process术语的讨论中，出现了两种差异：大小的差异，汇总(aggregation)的差异 1）大小的差异：按照ISO定义，一个模型中，最小的是unit process，与其对立的是life cycle/product system，但并不存在中间大小的东西。上述定义有两个问题： A. ISO没有说明是process的“什么”的大小。从unit process与life cycle的对立来看，ISO应该是指process所描述的activity的boundary的大小。但这种差异在LCA工作中几乎没有什么意义，例如我们不会比较一个炼钢的process与一个炼铜的process的大小，也不会比较中国炼钢的process与欧洲炼钢的process的大小。唯一有意义的情况是：用采矿、炼铁、炼钢等process汇总生成一个钢铁生产process，这种“大小差异”其实是由“汇总差异”造成的。如果一定要区分这种差异，记录“汇总历史”即可，完全用不着“大小”的概念！ B.而且，life cycle与unit process其实是整体与组成部分的关系，并非最大与最小的关系。ISO不该用smallest，也不该定义术语unitprocess，直接称呼process就可以了。 2）汇总差异：从dataset的汇总历史看，“从raw data转变来的dataset（无汇总）”与“从dataset汇总得到的新dataset”是完全不同的事情，非常需要术语区别。这次的Global guidance中用unit process (dataset)和aggregated process (dataset)加以区分。 -----结论----- 1）“大小”只是浮云，汇总历史才是关键； 2）在各种语境中，区分unit process (dataset)和aggregated process (dataset)即可；无需区分汇总历史的时候，称为process （dataset）即可； 3）aggregated process dataset可以再细分各种差异，例如vertical/horizontal aggregated process, LCI result/partialy terminated process, cradle-to-gate/cradle-to-grave/(gate-to-gate,也可能是unit process)等等 -----经验教训----- 1）LCA是人为定义的统计方法，不严密的地方是存在的。讨论问题的时候，应该小心那些含糊的概念，说不定需要重新定义概念才行。 2）找到具体的问题多交流讨论。不说出来，就不知道自己是错的。 3）不要浪费问题。一个看似简单的问题可能发展为很深入的讨论。 4）我之后又看了一遍ISO，乖乖隆个冬，里面几乎一句都没提数据库的事，全部都是在讲LCI和LCA，说不定还有这种好事等着我们？
Telomerase reverses ageing process http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101128/full/news.2010.635.html Published online | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2010.635 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2010.635 http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/2?WEB01wfch4uc0t42qI3I1I00h001000j100200010 1,547 documents semantically analyzed top author statistics 1 2 Top Years Publications 2003 139 2008 137 2004 137 2010 128 2002 121 2009 120 2005 118 2007 114 2006 104 2000 91 2001 85 1998 70 1999 69 1997 56 1996 31 1995 15 1994 3 1992 3 1991 2 1990 2 1 2 1 2 3 Top Countries Publications USA 619 United Kingdom 143 Japan 126 Germany 100 China 63 Canada 56 Spain 56 France 39 Italy 37 South Korea 35 Australia 32 Russia 18 Denmark 15 Austria 12 Israel 12 Switzerland 12 Belgium 11 Sweden 10 Netherlands 9 Taiwan 8 1 2 3 1 2 3 ... 16 Top Cities Publications Dallas 50 Madrid 47 Baltimore 46 Boston 39 Los Angeles 33 New York City 32 London 32 Houston 29 Bethesda 27 Seoul, South Korea 27 Tokyo 24 Newcastle upon Tyne 22 Cardiff 22 Berkeley 22 San Francisco 20 Menlo Park 19 Stanford 19 Philadelphia 18 Glasgow 16 Montreal 15 1 2 3 ... 16 1 2 3 ... 28 Top Journals Publications Mech Ageing Dev 46 Exp Gerontol 43 Oncogene 40 Exp Cell Res 36 J Biol Chem 31 Biochem Bioph Res Co 25 P Natl Acad Sci Usa 24 Cancer Res 22 Aging Cell 21 Mol Cell Biol 20 Cell Cycle 19 Ann Ny Acad Sci 18 Embo J 17 Science 16 Circ Res 16 J Immunol 15 Nature 14 Rejuvenation Res 14 Nucleic Acids Res 13 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 12 1 2 3 ... 28 1 2 3 ... 311 Top Terms Publications Telomerase 1,519 Humans 1,268 Telomere 1,178 Cell Aging 1,097 chromosome, telomeric region 1,082 Aging 1,053 senescence 808 positive regulation of telomerase activity 768 regulation of telomerase activity 745 telomerase activity 738 negative regulation of telomerase activity 725 Animals 702 DNA 502 Neoplasms 458 Chromosomes 456 cell aging 452 Cell Division 437 Proteins 428 Cells, Cultured 399 Genes 397 1 2 3 ... 311 1 2 3 ... 260 Top Authors Publications Shay J 59 Wright W 47 Blasco M 39 Harley C 22 Mattson M 19 Reddel R 15 Greider C 15 DePinho R 14 Holt S 14 Lansdorp P 14 Hornsby P 14 Kipling D 14 Effros R 13 Rudolph K 13 Weng N 13 Von Zglinicki T 12 Hahn W 12 Ide T 12 Hodes R 11 Oshimura M 11 1 2 3 ... 260 publications over time
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标签: process
