在PLOS ONE 刊登了一篇有关高山生态的文章: The 50 Most Important Questions Relating to the Maintenance and Restoration of an Ecological Continuum in the European Alps 作者列出了与保护和恢复欧洲阿尔卑斯山生态环境有关的50个最重要的问题. 这对我们从事生态研究的科研人员有很大的借鉴意义. 签于此,我将50个问题进行了翻译.由于本人不是生态学专业的, 翻译得不当之处,敬请批评指正! 01 Which landscape elements and land use types enhance or moderate gaps in connectivity? 哪些景观要素和土地利用类型能够增加或者减轻景观连通性之间的间隙 ? 02 How are corridors best implemented; with clearly spatially defined borders or as functional units integrated in wide ecological continuums? 应该采用什么样的最佳廊道布局 ? 廊道应该具有明确的空间边界抑或只是作为一个功能单元整合到广域的生态连续体中 ? 03 How do major land use changes affect ecological connectivity across the Alps? 主要的土地利用类型怎样影响阿尔卑斯山的生态连通性 ? 04 What is the relative importance of climate/land-use change to changes in the ecological continuum of Alpine regions? 气候变化和土地利用变化在阿尔卑斯山地区生态 连续体的变化中的相对重要性 ? 05 Which indicators reflect the changes in connectivity that result from climate or human induced changes in Alpine landscapes? 哪些指标能够反映气候变化和人类活动所造成的阿尔卑斯山景观改变所带来的生态连通性的变化 ? 06 How important is connectivity in maintaining key ecosystem services? 生态连通性在保持生态系统的关键服务功能中的重要性 07 How can ecological connectivity maintain the adaptive capacity of ecosystems in the face of environmental change? 在面临环境变化时 , 生态连通性如何保持生态系统的适应能力 ? 08 Which of the habitat types important for landscape connectivity are most affected by climate change? 在对景观连通性具有重要性的栖息类型中,哪些栖息类型受气候变化的影响最大 ? 09 How does alternative energy production impact on connectivity and natural habitats? 替代能源的生产会如何影响生态连通性和生态栖息地 ? 10 What is the best method to design corridors for multiple species? 为多个物种设计廓道的最佳方法有哪些 ? 11 How severe is the current lack of connectivity between populations of alpine species? 高山物种群落之间缺乏连通性的严重程度 12 What are indicators for a multi-species continuum? 多物种连续体的指标有哪些 ? 13 what impacts do various seasonal leisure activities (including low-impact practices) have on ecological connectivity across the Alps? 各种季节性休闲活动 ( 包括影响度低的活动 ) 对整个阿尔卑斯山生态连通性的影响 14 How can wilderness areas (wildlife, recreation, tourism) contribute to ecological connectivity? 荒野地区 ( 野生生物 , 休憩 , 旅游 ) 如何贡献于生态连通性 ? 15 What is an effective set of indicators (i.e., for species and habitats) that can be used to evaluate and monitor ecological connectivity at difference scales 能够评估和监测不同尺度生态连通性的一套有效的指标 ( 如物种 , 栖息地 ) 16 How does the return of large carnivores affect ecosystems in the Alpine ecological network? 大型食肉动物的回归会怎样影响阿尔卑斯山生态网络中的生态系统 ? 17 What is the impact of gene flow through an ecological continuum on genetic adaptation to climate change? 生态 连续体中 基因流 对气候变化遗传适应性的影响 18 How does the ecological continuum allow shifts in species distribution to keep pace with climate change? 生态 连续体如何根据气候的变化而呈现物种分布的变化 ? 19 Are artificially engineered ecological networks a threat or a benefit to endemic species? 人工工程生态网络对本地特有物种是有利还是有害 ? 20 What are the consequences for both genetic and species diversity if the system of natural barriers changes? 如果天然屏障系统发生了变化，遗传多样性和物种多样性会发生什么样的变化 ? 21 How will future changes in species distribution affect connectivity and fitness among interacting species? 物种分布的未来变化将如何影响相互作用的物种之间的连通性和适应性 ? 22 How much gene flow fostered by connectivity is beneficial to populations and species without disrupting local adaptations? 因连通性而形成的基因流在不打破本地适应性的情况下， 对群落和物种的有利影响有多大 ? 23 How can the spread of invasive species and disease be minimized, while ensuring connectivity for native species? 怎样在确保本地物种的连通性的同时， 使外来入侵物种和入侵病源菌的扩散达到最小 ? 24 How do elements of the ecological network affect human welfare and perception? 生态网络元素如何影响人的福利和人的观念 ? 25 How can agricultural and silvicultural land use be optimized in order to promote and conserve ecological connectivity? 如何优化农业和林业用地，使之能够保持并且促进生态系统的连通性 ? 26 How can connectivity for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation become and be managed as a public good? 如何将生物多样性和生态系统保护变成一件对公众有利的好事？ 27 How do demographic changes in the Apls affect the future ecological continuum? 人口变化会对阿尔卑斯山未来的生态连续体会造成怎样的影响 ? 28 How do the aims of ecological connectivity and tourism conflict? 生态连通性的目标与旅游业发展会产生什么样的矛盾冲突 ? 29 What is the most effective way to employ the different categories of protected areas to ensure connectivity and the provision of ecosystem services in the Alps? 利用不同级别的保护区确保阿尔卑斯山的连通性和生态系统服务功能的最有效方法有哪些 ? 30 How can we use and integrate existing instruments and programmes to enhance trans-sectoral funding for ecological connectivity? 如何利用和整合现有法律条文和计划，促进多个部门对生态连通性的资金支持 ? 31 How can ecological connectivity be integrated into spatial and infrastructural planning and legislation at various administrative levels? 如何在各级行政部门的空间规划和立法以及基础设施规划和立法中综合考虑生态连通性？ 32 How can legal and conceptural tools stimulate the development of trans-border connectivity? 法律手段和 概念工具 (??) 如何刺激跨境间的连通 ? 33 How is it possible to harmonize contradictory, competing spatial sectoral policies in order to enhance connectivity? 如何使有矛盾冲突的、竞争性的部门政策之间能够相互调和，从而促进连通？ 34 Which policy-measures are necessary to safeguard the ecological network beyond protected areas? 在保障保护区以外的生态网络方面，哪些政策措施是必需的？ 35 Which of the existing sectoral funding systems have a positive and which have a negative effect on connectivity? 现有的行业资助体系中，哪些对生态连通是有利的，哪些是不利的？ 36 What incentives for agriculture and forestry are needed to maintain and restore ecological connectivity in different Alpine areas? 要保持和恢复阿尔卑斯山不同区域的生态连通性，需要对农业和林业采取哪些刺激政策？ 37 Which strategy, integration or segregation, is more appropriate for promoting ecological connectivity in different alpine areas? 哪些（整合的或者独立的）战略对促进阿尔卑斯山不同区域的生态连通更合适？ 38 How can we effectively manage areas heavily affected by tourism in order to maintain their function within an ecological continuum? 我们该如何有效地管理受旅游业严重影响的区域，保持它们在生态 连续体中的功能？ 39 How can we enhance sharing of theoretical and empirical good practices knowledge amongst and between sectors? 如何促进行业内部和行业之间共享理论上和经验上的好的实践知识？ 40 How can the management of protected areas better incorporate functional relationships with surrounding areas? 如何将保护区的管理与周边区域的功能关系进行良好的融合？ 41 Which specific restoration measures can increase connectivity? 哪些具体的措施能够提高连通性？ 42 What kind of monitoring is needed to evaluate the long-term efficiency of connectivity measures in the face of dynamic anthropogenic change? 当面临人类活动引起的动态变化时，需要使用哪些监测手段来评估所采取的连通措施的长期效果？ 43 How can an alpine-wide, accessible and effective connectivity data platform be created? 如何创建可接入的、有效的、覆盖整个阿尔卑斯山的数据平台？ 44 How can databases for existing or emerging bio- and geo-data be improved for the promotion of connectivity projects in the Alps? 为了推进阿尔卑斯山连通项目，如何对已有的和不断涌现的生物数据和地理数据进行完善？ 45 What is the effectiveness of different methods (e.g. sensor data) to monitor the consequences of structural connectivity or its elements across different spatial and temporal scales? 在监测结构连通性或者其元素在不同时空尺度上的结果方面，各种监测方法（如传感器数据）的有效性怎样？ 46 What is the effectiveness of different methods to record the effectiveness of functional connectivity or its elements across different spatial and temporal scales? 在记录功能连通性或者其元素在不同时空尺度上的有效性方面，各种方法的有效性怎样？ 47 How can we use evidence-based education to increase public awareness of ecological networks? 我们如何利用基于证据的教育，增进公民对生态网络的意识？ 48 How can methods of conflict resolution be adapted and/or used to mitigate concerns and obstruction to ecological networks? 如何利用解决冲突的方法，消除（公众）对生态网络的担心和阻挠？ 49 How should we integrate spatial and temporal dynamics into the realization of the Alpine ecological continuum? 如何结合时空动态实现阿尔卑斯山生态连续体的形成？ 50How can the species and habitat approaches to designing ecological connectivity be integrated into the process of landscape planning? 如何将生态连通设计上的物种和栖息地方法与景观规划过程相结合？
阿尔卑斯山的巨型褶皱 坚硬的山石就像上帝手中揉得皱皱巴巴的一团面，曲里拐弯的，抛到地球上就形成一条条巨型的山脉。朋友，随地质学家乘飞机从空中看阿尔卑斯山吧！ 山顶平卧的是褶皱 全部照片来自这本新书《阿尔卑斯山的航空地质图片集》，仅供欣赏。 GEOLOGICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE ALPS A Visual Homage to the Awe Inspiring Geology of an Incredible Mountain Range www.alpengeologie.org The Alps are the most famous, geologically active moutain range on Earth and bear an unbelievable wealth of geological highlights of unparalleled teaching potential, scientific interest, historical significance and sheer beauty. Although some of these have been made World Heritage sites by UNESCO, many of these highlights have not received attention outside a small community of Earth scientists and climbers. In part, this is because many geological features are only to be seen in inaccessible regions: in vertical rock faces, on the summits of high peaks or simply too large in scale to be appreciated from the ground. As such, aerial photography is the only way to do these features justice. In this project geologically oriented aerial photography of the Alps is presented and explained for the geologists and interested layperson alike.
标签: 阿尔卑斯山
