MIT researchers have found a way to improve the energy density of a type of battery known as lithium-air (or lithium-oxygen) batteries, producing a device that could potentially pack several times more energy per pound than the lithium-ion batteries that now dominate the market for rechargeable devices in everything from cellphones to cars. The work is a continuation of a project that last year demonstrated improved efficiency in lithium-air batteries through the use of noble-metal-based catalysts. In principle, lithium-air batteries have the potential to pack even more punch for a given weight than lithium-ion batteries because they replace one of the heavy solid electrodes with a porous carbon electrode that stores energy by capturing oxygen from air flowing through the system, combining it with lithium ions to form lithium oxides. The new work takes this advantage one step further, creating carbon-fiber-based electrodes that are substantially more porous than other carbon electrodes, and can therefore more efficiently store the solid oxidized lithium that fills the pores as the battery discharges. "We grow vertically aligned arrays of carbon nanofibers using a chemical vapor deposition process. These carpet-like arrays provide a highly conductive, low-density scaffold for energy storage," explains Robert Mitchell, a graduate student in MIT's Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE) and co-author of a paper describing the new findings in the journal Energy and Environmental Science . During discharge, lithium-peroxide particles grow on the carbon fibers, adds co-author Betar Gallant, a graduate student in MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering. In designing an ideal electrode material, she says, it's important to "minimize the amount of carbon, which adds unwanted weight to the battery, and maximize the space available for lithium peroxide," the active compound that forms during the discharging of lithium-air batteries. "We were able to create a novel carpet-like material — composed of more than 90 percent void space — that can be filled by the reactive material during battery operation," says Yang Shao-Horn, the Gail E. Kendall Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering and senior author of the paper. The other senior author of the paper is Carl Thompson, the Stavros Salapatas Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and interim head of DMSE. In earlier lithium-air battery research that Shao-Horn and her students reported last year, they demonstrated that carbon particles could be used to make efficient electrodes for lithium-air batteries. In that work, the carbon structures were more complex but only had about 70 percent void space. The gravimetric energy stored by these electrodes — the amount of power they can store for a given weight — "is among the highest values reported to date, which shows that tuning the carbon structure is a promising route for increasing the energy density of lithium-air batteries," Gallant says. The result is an electrode that can store four times as much energy for its weight as present lithium-ion battery electrodes. In the paper published last year, the team had estimated the kinds of improvement in gravimetric efficiency that might be achieved with lithium-air batteries; this new work "realizes this gravimetric gain," Shao-Horn says. Further work is still needed to translate these basic laboratory advances into a practical commercial product, she cautions. Because the electrodes take the form of orderly "carpets" of carbon fibers — unlike the randomly arranged carbon particles in other electrodes — it is relatively easy to use a scanning electron microscope to observe the behavior of the electrodes at intermediate states of charge. The researchers say this ability to observe the process, an advantage that they had not anticipated, is a critical step toward further improving battery performance. For example, it could help explain why existing systems degrade after many charge-discharge cycles. Ji-Guang Zhang, a laboratory fellow in battery technology at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, says this is "original and high-quality work." He adds that this research "demonstrates a very unique approach to preparing high-capacity electrodes for lithium-air batteries." http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/better-battery-storage-0725.html
Single nanowires provide unique tool for nanoscale battery diagnosis ( Nanowerk Spotlight ) Traditionally, battery materials have usually been studied with bulk quantities in a complex environment with both active electrode components and many other supporting materials such as polymer binders and conductive additives. Although nanomaterials have been found to be able to improve battery performance, the complexity has made it hard to tell clearly about their advantages. Moreover, it is difficult to know whether fast capacity fading is due to the intrinsic nature of the transport property changes of active nanomaterials or an extrinsic reason from their interactions with the supporting materials, if all of them are studied together. The goal to understand the intrinsic reason of active material capacity fading has motivated a group of researchers to design single nanowire electrochemical devices as an extremely simplified model system to push the fundamental limits of the nanowire materials for energy storage applications. The result is a powerful and effective diagnostic tool for property degradation of lithium ion based energy storage devices. In the September 10, 2010 online edition of Nano Letters ( Single Nanowire Electrochemical Devices ), they report a study of vanadium oxide based cathode and silicon based anode at the single nanowire level and demonstrated that a single nanowire electrode can work as a versatile platform to study the correlation between material structure changes, transport property, and electrochemical property. In our work, the electrical transport property evolution of the single nanowire under charging/discharging test has been reported for the first time, Liqiang Mai tells Nanowerk. By designing single nanowire electrode devices, our findings show that conductivity of the nanowire electrode decreased reversibly for vanadium oxide nanowire by shallow discharge/charge or irreversibly for vanadium oxide nanowire by deep discharge/charge, or silicon nanowire during the electrochemical reaction, which limits the cycle life of the devices. Schematic diagram of a single nanowire electrode device design. A single vanadium oxide nanowire or silicon nanowire is the work electrode, and HOPG or LiCoO 2 nanofilm is the counter electrode. The electrolyte is the PEO-LiClO 4 -PC-EC polymer. (Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society) This first all-solid-state single nanowire electrochemical device, designed by Mai, a professor at the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing at Wuhan University of Technology (WUT), and advanced research scholar at the Lieber Research Group at Harvard University, together with Yajie Dong, a graduate student of the same Harvard group, and their collaborators from the WUT-Harvard Joint Nano Key Lab, is a unique and versatile platform for in situ probing the intrinsic mechanism for electrode capacity fading, which is one of the biggest challenges in Li ion based energy storage devices. The insight gained from our study could help understand why the capacities of lithium ion batteries fade during their life time and provide scientific basis for designing, diagnosing and optimizing high performance lithium ion based energy storage devices says Dong. Restraining the conductivity decrease of battery electrode materials is a key issue for improving the performance of lithium ion batteries. The team has reported on their work on using chemical prelithiation to improve cycling performance of nanostructured electrode materials in a previous publication ( Improved cycling stability of nanostructured electrode materials enabled by prelithiation ). The electrode device in this research was configured with one vanadium oxide nanowire with a length of 10-45 m and a diameter of 20-100 nm as cathode, and one flake of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite as anode. Dong explains that during battery charge or discharge, Li + ions move out or into the cathode materials, oxidizing or reducing it to different states. This process was usually studied ex situ after disassembling the battery. So far, only in situ XRD or NMR could provide some indirect hint on materials structure changes during the battery test. Our single nanowire battery design provides a unique advantage to study this in situ without disturbing the battery components. In addition, such a single nanowire electrochemical device could also find applications in providing the potential power needs of nanodevices in future self-powered nanosystems. Designed as a nanoscale electrical energy storage device, it could be combined with nanowire-based solar cells, nanogenerators, etc for powering nanodevices in the fields of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics or biosensing. Mai notes that the research and development of lithium ion based energy storage devices has been focused in two directions. On one hand, in the areas of electric vehicles and other large grid scale energy storage devices, these batteries are becoming bigger and bigger. On the other hand, in the areas of microelectronics or even self-powered nanosystems, they are becoming smaller and smaller. In either direction, when the size scales start to diverge from traditional batteries by orders of magnitude, the old battery design won't be efficient enough to achieve high energy, power density and long cycle life with satisfactory safety features. Novel efficient design based on deep understanding of battery behaviors, such as the intrinsic reasons of energy storage device performance degradation studied in our work, will be important for tomorrow's energy storage devices Mai concludes. By Michael Berger. Copyright 2010 Nanowerk http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=18211.php
密苏里大学出了一个简报，该校的Kwon J. W.教授在物理应用快报上报道了最新的关于微型核电池的结果，这种新型的二次电池概念在能源领域研究比较少，但是由于能量密度比一般锂电池高几个数量级，所以在某些特殊环境下应用很有希望，如纳米卫星。核电池的提法比较吓人，但并不是我们通常所想的发生核裂变的链式反应输出能量，而是利用被辐射后的高能同位素衰变时逐步释放出的能量。Kwon在这个新工作中主要贡献在于利用金属硒作为能量接受体，避免了固体半导体材料在高能辐射下因为晶格发生畸变而失效。具体的工作原理是同位素硫35释放出高能beta射线激发半导体硒中处于价带的电子，造成电荷分离，半导体硒和金属电极形成肖特基势垒促进了电子和空穴的分离，当外电路加上载荷时，电子就会经由外加载荷奔向空穴结婚，灯亮了。Kwon目前得到的能量转换效率仅有1.2%，功率在nW级。 这种利用核辐射来制备电池是不是为核废料处理提供了一种能源回收的策略？ MU Researchers Create Smaller and More Efficient Nuclear Battery Mizzou scientist develops a powerful nuclear battery that uses a liquid semiconductor Oct. 07, 2009 Story Contact(s) : Kelsey Jackson, JacksonKN@missouri.edu , (573) 882-8353 COLUMBIA, Mo. Batteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems. While scientists are finding ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are much larger and heavier than the devices themselves. University of Missouri researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient. To provide enough power, we need certain methods with high energy density, said Jae Kwon, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at MU. The radioisotope battery can provide power density that is six orders of magnitude higher than chemical batteries. Kwon and his research team have been working on building a small nuclear battery, currently the size and thickness of a penny, intended to power various micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (M/NEMS). Although nuclear batteries can pose concerns, Kwon said they are safe. People hear the word nuclear and think of something very dangerous, he said. However, nuclear power sources have already been safely powering a variety of devices, such as pace-makers, space satellites and underwater systems. His innovation is not only in the batterys size, but also in its semiconductor. Kwons battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solid semiconductor. The critical part of using a radioactive battery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the radiation energy can damage the lattice structure of the solid semiconductor, Kwon said. By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem. Kwon has been collaborating with J. David Robertson, chemistry professor and associate director of the MU Research Reactor , and is working to build and test the battery at the facility. In the future, they hope to increase the batterys power, shrink its size and try with various other materials. Kwon said that the battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair. Theyve also applied for a provisional patent. Kwons research has been published in the Journal of Applied Physics Letters and Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . In addition, last June, he received an outstanding paper award for his research on nuclear batteries at the IEEE International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems in Denver (Transducers 2009). (谁找到第二篇文章和我说一声)
The timelineTimeline A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable.... of solar cellSolar cell A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified.... s begins in the 1800s when it is observed that the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable. The last world record achieved in solar cell efficiency appears in bold. arex Corp.(Enron/Amoco)v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest. Discussion Ask a question about 'Timeline of solar cells'Start a new discussion about 'Timeline of solar cells'Answer questions from other usersFull Discussion Forum Encyclopedia The timelineTimeline A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable.... of solar cellSolar cell A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified.... s begins in the 1800s when it is observed that the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable. The last world record achieved in solar cell efficiency appears in bold. Timeline 1800s 1839 - Alexandre Edmond BecquerelA. E. Becquerel Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel was a France physicist who studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity, and optics. He is known for his work in luminescence and phosphorescence.... observes the photoelectric effectPhotoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic wave such as x-rays or visible light.... via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light. 1873 - Willoughby SmithWilloughby Smith Willoughby Smith was an English electrical engineer who discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium. This discovery led to the invention of photoelectric cells, including those used in the earliest television systems.... finds that seleniumSelenium Selenium is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature.... is photoconductive. 1877 - W.G. Adams and R.E. Day observed the photovoltaic effect in solid seleniumSelenium Selenium is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature.... , and published a paper on the selenium cell. 'The action of light on selenium,' in Proceedings of the Royal Society, A25, 113. 1883 - Charles FrittsCharles Fritts Charles Fritts was an American inventor credited with creating the first working solar cell in 1884.Fritts coated the semiconductor material selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold.... develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency. 1887 - Heinrich Hertz investigates ultraviolet light photoconductivity. 1887 - James Moser reports dye sensitised photoelectrochemical cell. 1888 - Edward WestonEdward Weston (chemist) Edward Weston was an English chemist noted for his achievements in electroplating and his development of the electrochemical cell, named the Weston cell, for the voltage standard.... receives patent US389124, Solar cell, and US389125, Solar cell. 1894 - Melvin Severy receives patent US527377, Solar cell, and US527379, Solar cell. 1897 - Harry Reagan receives patent US588177, Solar cell.. 1900-1929 1901 - Nikola TeslaNikola Tesla Nikola Tesla was an inventor and a mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. Tesla was born in the village of Smiljan near the town of Gospic, in Croatia .... receives the patent US685957, Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy, and US685958, Method of Utilizing of Radiant Energy. 1902 - Philipp von Lenard observes the variation in electron energy with light frequency. 1904 - Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein Albert Einstein was a Germany-born theoretical physics. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass?energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2.... publishes a paper on the photoelectric effect. Wilhelm Hallwachs makes a semiconductor-junction solar cell (copperCopper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.... and copper oxideCopper oxide Copper oxide can refer to*Copper oxide , a red powder;*Copper oxide , a black powder.... ). 1913 - William CoblentzWilliam Coblentz William Weber Coblentz was an United States physicist notable for his contributions to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy.... receives US1077219, Solar cell. 1914 - Sven Ason Berglund patents methods of increasing the capacity of photosensitive cells. 1916 - Robert MillikanRobert Millikan Robert Andrews Millikan was an United States experimental physics, and Nobel Prize for Physics in physics for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.... conducts experiments and proves the photoelectric effect. 1918 - Jan CzochralskiJan Czochralski Jan Czochralski was a Poland chemistry who invented the Czochralski process, which is used to grow single crystals and is used in the production of semiconductor wafers.... , a Polish scientist, produces a method to grow single crystals of metal. Decades later, the method is adapted to produce single-crystal silicon. 1920s - Solar water-heating systems, utilizing flat collectors (or flat-plate collectors), relied upon in homes and apartment buildings in FloridaFlorida Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast.... and southern CaliforniaCalifornia California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... . 1930-1959 1932 - Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in Cadmium selenideCadmium selenide Cadmium selenide is a solid, binary compound of cadmium and selenium. Common names for this compound are cadmium selenide, cadmium selenide, and cadmoselite .... (CdSe), a photovoltaic material still used today. 1946 - Russell OhlRussell Ohl Russell Ohl was an American engineer who is generally recognized for patenting the modern solar cell . Ohl was a notable semiconductor researcher prior to the invention of the transistor.... receives patent US2402662, Light sensitive device. 1948 - Gordon TealGordon K. Teal Gordon Kidd Teal invented a method of applying the Czochralski method to produce extremely pure germanium single crystals used in making greatly improved transistors.... and John Little adapt the Czochralski method of crystal growth to produce single-crystalline germanium and, later, silicon. 1950s - Bell LabsBell Labs Bell Laboratories is the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone Telegraph Company .Bell Laboratories has had its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and it has research and development facilities throughout the world.... produce solar cells for space activities. 1953 - Gerald Pearson begins research into lithiumLithium Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft alkali metal with a silver-white color. Under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.... -siliconSilicon Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. The atomic mass is 28.0855.... photovoltaic cells. 1954 - Bell LabsBell Labs Bell Laboratories is the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone Telegraph Company .Bell Laboratories has had its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and it has research and development facilities throughout the world.... announces the invention of the first modern silicon solar cell. Shortly afterwards, they are shown at the National Academy of Science Meeting. These cells have about 6% efficiency. The New York Times forecasts that solar cells will eventually lead to a source of limitless energy of the sun. 1955 - Western ElectricWestern Electric Western Electric Company was an United States electrical engineering company, the manufacturing arm of American Telephone Telegraph from 1881 to 1995.... licences commercial solar cell technologies. Hoffman Electronics-Semiconductor Division creates a 2% efficient commercial solar cell for $25/cell or $1,785/Watt. 1957 - ATT assignors (Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller) receive patent US2780765, Solar Energy Converting Apparatus. They refer to it as the solar batteryBattery (electricity) In electronics, a battery or voltaic cell is a combination of one or more electrochemical cell Galvanic cells which store chemical energy that can be converted into electric potential energy, creating electricity.... . Hoffman Electronics creates an 8% efficient solar cell. 1958 - T. Mandelkorn, U.S. Signal Corps Laboratories, creates n-on-p silicon solar cells, which are more resistant to radiation damage and are better suited for space. Hoffman Electronics creates 9% efficient solar cells. Vanguard I, the first solar powered satellite, was launched with a 0.1W, 100 cm² solar panel. 1959 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 10% efficient commercial solar cell, and introduces the use of a grid contact, reducing the cell's resistance. 1960-1979 1960 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 14% efficient solar cell. 1961 - Solar Energy in the Developing World conference is held by the United NationsUnited Nations The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, Social change, human rights and achieving world peace.... . 1962 - The TelstarTelstar Telstar was the first active communications satellite, and the first satellite designed to transmit telephone and high-speed data communications.... communications satellite is powered by solar cells. 1963 - Sharp CorporationSharp Corporation is a Japanese electronics manufacturer, founded in 1912.It takes its name from one of its founder's first inventions, the Ever-Sharp mechanical pencil, which was invented by Tokuji Hayakawa in 1915.... produces a viable photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells. 1964 - Farrington DanielsFarrington Daniels Farrington Daniels , an American physical chemist, is considered one of the pioneers of the modern direct use of solar energy.... ' landmark book, Direct Use of the Sun's Energy, published by Yale University PressYale University Press Yale University Press is a book publisher 1908 in literature by George Parmly Day. It became an official Academic department of Yale University 1961 in literature, but remains financially and operationally autonomous.... . 1967 - Soyuz 1Soyuz 1 Soyuz 1 was part of the Soviet Union's space program and was launched into orbit on April 23, 1967, carrying a single astronaut, Colonel Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov, who was killed when the spacecraft crashed during its return to Earth.... is the first manned spacecraft to be powered by solar cells 1967 - Akira FujishimaAkira Fujishima is a Japanese chemist, professor emeritus, University of Tokyo.He is known for his significant contributions in discovery and research of photocatalytic and superhydrophilic properties of titanium dioxide.... discovers the Honda-Fujishima effect which is used for hydrolysisHydrolysis Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions.... in the photoelectrochemical cellPhotoelectrochemical cell Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells which generate electrical energy from light, including visible light. Each cell consists of a semiconducting photoanode and a metal cathode immersed in an electrolyte.... . 1970 - First highly effective GaAsGaas Gaas is a Communes of France in the Landes Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France.... heterostructure solar cells are created by Zhores Alferov and his team in the USSR. 1971 - Salyut 1Salyut 1 Salyut 1 was the first space station of any kind, and the first Soviet space station. It was launched on April 19, 1971. Its first crew launched in Soyuz 10 but was unable to board it due to a failure in the docking mechanism; its second crew launched in Soyuz 11 and remained on board for 23 productive days.... is powered by solar cells. 1973 - SkylabSkylab Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit, and the second space station ever visited by a human crew. The 100 ton space station was in Earth's orbit from 1973 to 1979, and it was visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974.... is powered by solar cells. 1974 - Florida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy Center The Florida Solar Energy Center is the largest and most active state-supported renewable energy and energy efficiency research, training, testing and certification institute in the United States.... begins . 1974 - J. BaldwinJ. Baldwin James Tennant Baldwin is an American industrial designer and writer. Baldwin was a student of Buckminster Fuller; Baldwin's work has been inspired by Fuller's principles and has popularized and interpreted Fuller's ideas and achievements.... , at Integrated Living Systems, co-develops the world's first building (in New Mexico) heated and otherwise powered by solar and wind powerWind power Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8 gigawatts.... exclusively. 1976 - David Carlson and Christopher Wronski of RCA Laboratories create first amorphous silicon PV cells, which have an efficiency of 1.1%. 1977 - The Solar Energy Research InstituteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... is established at Golden, ColoradoGolden, Colorado The historic City of Golden is a Colorado municipalities#Home_Rule_Municipality that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, Colorado, United States.... . 1977 - President Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.... installs solar panelPhotovoltaic module In the field of photovoltaics, a photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells.... s on the White HouseWhite House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., it was built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the late Georgian architecture and has been the executive residence of every U.S.... and promotes incentives for solar energy systems. 1977 - The world production of photovoltaic cells exceeded 500 kW Late 1970s: the Energy Crisis1979 energy crisis The 1979 oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Amid massive protests, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled his country in early 1979, allowing Ayatollah Khomeini to gain control.... ; groundswell of public interest in solar energy use: photovoltaic and active and passive solar, including in architecture and off-grid buildings and home sites. 1980-1999 1980 - The Institute of Energy Conversion at University of Delaware develops the first thin-film solar cell exceeding 10% efficiency using Cu2S/CdS technology. 1982 - Spherical solar cell was developed. 1983 - Worldwide photovoltaic production exceeds 21.3 megawatts, and sales exceed $250 million. 1984 - 30,000 SF Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Roof completed for the Intercultural Center of Georgetown University. At the time of the 20th Anniversary Journey by Horseback for Peace and Photovoltais in 2004 it was still generating an average of one MWh daily as it has for twenty years in the dense urban environment of Washington, DC. 1984 - Amoco Oil pulled factory loan to takeover of Solarex Corporation factory in Frederick, Maryland. 1985 - 20% efficient silicon cells are created by the Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering at the University of New South WalesUniversity of New South Wales The University of New South Wales, also known as UNSW or colloquially as New South, is a university situated in Kensington, New South Wales, a suburb in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.... . 1986 - 'Solar-Voltaic DomeTM' patented by Lt. Colonel Richard T. Headrick of Irvine, CA as an efficient architectural configuration for building-integrated photovoltaics ; Hesperia, CA field array. 1988-1991 AMOCO/Enron used Solarex patents to sue ARCO Solar out of the business of a-Si, see Solarex Corp.(Enron/Amoco)v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest. ) 1989 - Reflective solar concentrators are first used with solar cells. 1990 - The Cathedral of MagdeburgCathedral of Magdeburg The Evangelical Church in Germany Cathedral of Magdeburg , officially called the Cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice , is one of the oldest Gothic architecture cathedrals in Germany.... installs solar cells on the roof, marking the first installation on a church in East Germany. 1991 - Efficient Photoelectrochemical cells are developed; the Dye-sensitized solar cell is invented. 1991 - PresidentPresident President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, company, trade unions, university, and country. Etymology, a president is one who Wiktionary:Preside, who sits in leadership .... George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Bush held a variety of political positions prior to his presidency, including Vice President of the United States in the administration of Ronald Reagan and Director of Central Intelligence under Gerald R.... directs the U.S. Department of Energy to establish the National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... (transferring the existing Solar Energy Research Institute). 1992 - University of South Florida fabricates a 15.89-percent efficient thin-film cell 1993 - The National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... 's Solar Energy Research Facility is established. 1994 - NREL develops a GaInP/GaAs two-terminal concentrator cell (180 suns) which becomes the first solar cell to exceed 30% conversion efficiency. 1996 - The National Center for Photovoltaics is established. Graetzel, cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausannecole polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne The ?cole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne is one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology and is located in Lausanne, Switzerland.... , LausanneLausanne Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French language-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva , and facing ?vian-les-Bains and with the Jura mountains to its north-west.... , Switzerland achieves 11% efficient energy conversion with dye-sensitized cells that use a photoelectrochemical effect. 1998 - August and September University of New South Wales made premiere offering of on-line 'Advanced Photovoltaics Short Course' 1998 - Historic Joint Agency Rulemaking into the Role of the Utility Distribution Company in Distributed Generation before the California Public Utilities Commission 98-12-015 and 99-10-025; California Energy Commission 99-DIST-GEN(1) and 99-DIST-GEN(2); California Oversight Board 99-1-A-DG 1999 - Total worldwide installed photovoltaic power reached 1000 megawatts. 2000 2002 President George W. Bush installed a 9 kW 'building-integrated photovoltaics' panel on the roof of a grounds maintenance building at the White House for the National Parks Service. Also installed were two solar water heating systems. 2004 March California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposed Solar Roofs Initiative for one million solar roofs in California by 2017. June 1 Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius issued a mandate for 1,000 MWp renewable electricity in Kansas by 2015 per Executive Order 04-05 2006 Polysilicon use in photovoltaicsPhotovoltaics Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting sunlight directly into electricity.... exceeds all other polysilicon use for the first time. January 12 California Public Utilities Commission approved the California Solar Initiative (CSI), a comprehensive $2.8 billion program that provides incentives toward solar development over 11 years. December 5 New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology - New Solar Cell Breaks the 40 Percent Efficient Sunlight-to-Electricity Barrier. 2007 Investors begin offering free installation in return for a long term Power Purchase AgreementPower Purchase Agreement A Power Purchase Agreement is a legal contract between an electricity generator and a host site owner or lessor. The host site owner or lessor purchases energy or capacity from the PPA Provider .... (PPA). April 23 Start of construction of Nellis Solar Power PlantNellis Solar Power Plant The Nellis Solar Power Plant is the largest solar photovoltaic system in North America, and is located within Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada, Nevada, on the northeast side of Las Vegas, Nevada.... , a 15 MW PPA installation. 5 MW began operation on October 12, and the final third was completed in December. May The Vatican announced that in order to conserve Earth's resources they would be installing solar panels on some buildings, in a comprehensive energy project that will pay for itself in a few years. June 18 GoogleGoogle Google Inc. is an United States public company, earning revenue from AdWords related to its Google search, Gmail, Google Maps, Google Apps, Orkut, and YouTube services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the Google Search Appliance.... solar panel project begins operation . July 30 University of Delaware claims to achieve new world record in Solar Cell Technology without independent confirmation - 42.8% efficiency. December 18 NanosolarNanosolar Nanosolar is a developer of solar power technology. Based in San Jose, California, CA, Nanosolar has developed and commercialized a low-cost printed electronics solar cell manufacturing process.... ships the first commercial printed CIGSCopper indium gallium selenide Copper indium selenide redirects here.Copper indium gallium selenide is a I-III-VI compound semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium.... , claiming that they will eventually ship for less than $1/WattWATT WATT is a radio station broadcasting a News radio-Talk radio-Sports radio format. Licensed to Cadillac, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1945.... . However, the company does not publicly disclose the technical specifications or current selling price of the modules. 2008 August 13. New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Efficiency: Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... (NREL) have set a world record in solar cell efficiency with a photovoltaic device that converts 40.8 percent of the light that hits it into electricity. The inverted metamorphic triple-junction solar cellMultijunction photovoltaic cell Multijunction photovoltaic cells are a sub-class of solar cell or photovoltaic cell developed for higher efficiency. These multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films produced using molecular beam epitaxy and / or Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy.... was designed, fabricated and independently measured at NREL. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Timeline_of_solar_cells http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_time_1900.html http://knol.google.com/k/william-pentland/solar-energy/1g0rrsoesmjko/2?version=113 #
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