在对我们研究进行的叙述过程中,利用证据和实例来阐释说明是一个重要组成部分。的确,作者在论文中所提供的说明,表意明确的话,能够帮助作者强化研究结论的准确性;而不恰当的表达,反而可能让读者对文章的研究结论心生怀疑。因此, 使用适当且符合逻辑的句子引导读者理解论文的研究内容,是撰写论文时十分必要的能力。 1. 利用证据和实例的最佳时机 证据和实例为我们的说明打下一个稳定的基础。没有实例辅助的话,论文的结论缺乏可信度。不论是流水帐般的实例验证,还是无法提供任何材料或信息的来源,二者其实都一样糟糕的。因此,当你介绍实例时,需要确保适时睿智地挑选证据,并使用适当和清楚的句子来说明这个实例能够论证你的结论。当你在写作论文有以下几种需要时,你应该要介绍你的实例论证: 说明“非普遍知识”的内容时 ; 根据某个数据来引导结论、推论或说明涵义时; 需要澄清一个先前的叙述,使用范例说明能够更加清楚的时候; 需要找出某个类别的代表性范例; 想要区分概念时; 想要利用某个情况来强调某个特点时。 2. 相关句型使用建议 以下是根据功能的不同,我们列出了几个句型,虽然这个列表并不详尽,但至少能提供几个可以使用的短语类型。 2.1 目的 stating information that is not “common knowledge” 介绍性句型 As indicated/stated/discovered According to , 范文 As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . . According to Marks and Peters . . . 2.2 目的 drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data 介绍性句型 suggests as evidenced/suggested/indicated by based on can be seen/observed when as seen in which is made apparent when is demonstrated by/through/when hinges on 范文 The strong negative correlation suggests that . . . As evidenced/suggested/indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . . Based on self-reported survey results . . . This phenomenon can be seen/observed when wind speeds exceed . . . As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . . The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . . The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . . This conclusion hinges on . . . 2.3 目的 clarifying a prior statement 介绍性句型 for example for instance by way of illustration as an example to clarify to explain further namely to be specific that is, in other words, 范文 This occurrence is rare. For example , only one in twenty . . . It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance , several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . . By way of illustration , less than 20% of new matriculants feel prepared for . . . As an example , when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . . To clarify , not all government-funded facilities provide . . . To explain further , large doses of Agent O can trigger . . . Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely. To be specific , bull markets can . . . That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . . In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . . 2.4 目的 identifying representative examples of a category 介绍性句型 for example/instance such as* e.g. one/another example like* excluding including an example being *NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed. 范文 Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/instance . The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps. The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish ( e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish). One/another example of this exception is . . . I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising. All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age. All stars, including our sun, . . . Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . . 2.5 目的 distinguishing concepts 介绍性句型 in a similar case unlike the case of in the same way as a case in point in a typical situation in a normal scenario 范文 In a similar case , a male patient with arthritis . . . Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias. Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way : through careful editing. As a case in point , let's look at the situation in which . . . In a typical situation , marsupials would . . . In a normal scenario , cortisol suppressant effects . . . 2.6 目的 emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation 介绍性句型 for example indeed in fact notably markedly as a case in point 范文 Nocturnal marsupials, for example , have . . . Indeed , since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact , have . . . High carbon steel alloys, notably , undergo a transformation when . . . Markedly , the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . . As a case in point , the last known male northern white rhinoceros . . . 我们不定期分享英文写作学习资源,想要了解更多,请至 Wordvice官网 博客查阅。
英论阁 Enago 博文目录 连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。合理的使用连词可以让文章看起来更加丰满一些。如果一篇文章假设都是用 if ,转折都是用 but ,那么读起来会觉得干巴巴的。在英语中能够表示相同意思的连词都有好几个,比如表示尽管的时候,可以选择有 although , even if , however , while 等,轮换使用这些词,可以让文章看起来更加生动一些,句式看起来更加复杂、灵活一些。 连词分成两种,一种是表示并列的语句的连接,还有一个是从属关系的语句的连接。下面就把一些常用的连词给总结一下,写文章还不是很熟练的时候,轮着使用这些词也是一个不错的方法。 (1) 对于并列语句的连词,首先是表示并列关系的连词。在中文里面有:和、跟、与、既、同、及、而且等。在英文文章里面,经常使用的有: and, or, both and, as well as ,还有一些不是经常用到的 either... or, neither... nor, not only... but also 。 (2) 其次是表示转折或者对比的连词。在中文里面有:却、虽然、但是、然而、只是、不过等。在英文里面,则可以使用 but , yet , while , not...but 。其中 but 跟 while 用的最多, but 表示转折, while 表示对比。 (3) 还有表示因果关系的连词。在中文里面有:原来、因为、由于、因此、所以等。在英文里面有 for , so , therefore 等。这里要注意的是, for 不能放在句首,只能放在句子中间才能做为因果关系的连词。 Therefore 笔者个人用的比较多,不知道是不是因为单词比较长,看起来比较有分量感。 (4) 对于从属关系的连词,在时间状语从句中,表示 “ 当 … 时候 ” 的有 when, while, as, whenever 。表示 “ 在 … 之前 ( 或之后 )” 的有 before, after 。表示 “ 自从 ” 或 “ 直到 ” 的有 since, until, till 。表示 “ 一 … 就 ” 的有 as soon as, the moment, immediately, directly, once 等。不过相对而言,在科技文章中,比较少出现这些表示明显的时间特征的句子。 (5) 在条件状语从句中的连词有 if, unless, as long as, in case 等。这种情况笔者一般是 if 跟 as long as 轮着使用。 (6) 在结果状语从句中的连词有 so that, so…that, such…that 等。这个在论证一个东西或者描述性的推导一个什么结论的时候,经常会用到。 (7) 在原因状语从句中的连词有 because, as, since, seeing, considering 。其中 because, as, since 是最常用的。不过 as 在语气上比 because , since 要弱。 英文修改 (8) 在让步状语从句的的连词有 although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whenever, wherever 等。在 introduction 部分这些词都用得着。描述别人方法的成功之后,加上一个 however ,再引出自己的改进,是一个非常常用的方法。 --- 英论阁 Enago 作者的英论写作经验交流 上一篇: 论文中时态的使用 下一篇: 论文中介词的使用 博文系列一: 英论写作发表 博文系列二: 用英语写论文 英语论文润色 英论阁 Enago 博文目录
1.xx 的特征在于 : xx is characterized by 2.xx 的 2 个重要特征是: Two critical characteristics of xx are 3. 爱因斯坦指出 xx 的特征如下: Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx 4.Generally, 一般来讲,原则上 千万不要用 in principle ,此原则非彼原 则也 5. 已经采用了: have adopted 6. 近年来: in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说 SC 过去 10 年间发展很快,用 over , over 是一段时间的事儿; during 是事情发生在什么期间,有时间点的意思。 8. 出于各种原因: for a variety of reasons 9. 此外,另外: moreover, in addition 10. 即: , namely 11.A 与 B 的区别在于: A and B differ in the terms of 12. 谈及,关于: In terms of 13. 这些区别是因为: some of the difference stem from 14. 为了让: In order for xx to 15. 很大程度上依赖于 rely heavily on 16. 基于 is based on 17. 不是 而是 not , but rather 18. 这方面的例子有 , exemplified by 19. 严格限制: impose the stringent restrictions on ; 受到这些限制: be subject to the restrictions. 20. 产生这个问题的原因与 有关: The problem arises in part from :多用 although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿,句子 之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚,读 paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽, hoho