http://thebluecarboninitiative.org Fact box 1. The colours ofcarbon: Brown, Black, Blue and Green Google translate: 事实框 1. 碳的颜色：棕色，黑色，蓝色和绿色 我的翻译：事实框 1. 碳的颜色：棕色、黑色、蓝色和绿色 Climate Change has driven widespread appreciation of atmospheric CO 2 as the main greenhouse gas and of the role of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions from energy use and industry in affecting temperatures and the climate – we refer to these emissions as “brown carbon” for greenhouse gases and “black carbon” for particles resulting from impure combustion, such as soot and dust. The Emissions Trading System of the European Union (EU-ETS) is a “black-brown carbon” system as it does not incorporate forestry credits. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) doesin principle include forestry credits, but demand (in the absence of a linking directive and demand from the EU-ETS) and prices have always been too low toencourage success, so CDM has also become, for all practical purposes, another “black carbon” mechanism. Google translate （谷歌翻译） : 气候变化已促使大气二氧化碳作为主要温室气体和能源使用和工业的人为二氧化碳排放在影响温度和气候方面的作用的普遍欣赏 - 我们将这些排放称为温室气体的“棕色碳”和“黑色 碳“用于由不纯燃烧产生的颗粒，例如烟灰和粉尘。 欧盟的排放交易体系（ EU-ETS ）是一个“黑棕色碳”体系，因为它不包括林业信贷。 “京都议定书”的清洁发展机制（ CDM ）原则上包括林业信贷，但是需求（在没有链接指令和欧盟排放交易体系的需求的情况下）和价格一直太低而不能鼓励成功，因此清洁发展机制 ，为所有实际目的，另一个“黑碳”机制。 我的翻译：气候变化让我们普遍地意识到 大气中的二氧化碳是 主要温室气体， 由于能源使用和工业产生出来的（既人为的）二氧化碳排放 在影响温度和气候。 我们将这些排放分为 “棕色碳”（来自于温室气体排放）和“黑色 碳”（来自燃烧剩下的颗粒，例如烟灰和粉尘）。 欧盟的排放交易体系（ EU-ETS ）是一个“黑色－棕色碳”体系，因为它不包括林业信贷（ forestry credits ）。 “京都议定书”的清洁发展机制（ CDM ）原则上包括林业信贷，但是需求（在没有链接指令和欧盟排放交易体系的需求的情况下）和价格一直太低，而不太可能成功；因此，清洁发展机制 实际上就是另一个“黑碳”机制。 Terrestrial carbon stored in plant biomass and soils in forest land, plantations, agricultural land and pasture land isoften called “green carbon”. The importance of “green carbon” is beingrecognized through anticipated agreement at the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) in Copenhagen, December 2009,which includes forest carbon – through various mechanisms, be they REDD and afforestation, REDD-Plus, and/or others (e.g. ‘Forest Carbon for Mitigation’).The world’s oceans bind an estimated 55% of all carbon in living organisms. Theocean’s blue carbon sinks – particularly mangroves, marshes and seagrassescapture and store most of the carbon buried in marine sediments. This is called“blue carbon”. These ecosystems, however, are being degraded and disappear atrates 5–10 times faster than rainforests. Together, by halting degradation of“green” and “blue” carbon binding ecosystems, they represent an emissionreduction equivalent to 1–2 times that of the entire global transport sector –or at least 25% of the total global carbon emission reductions needed, with additional benefits for biodiversity, food security and livelihoods. It is becomingincreasingly clear that an effective regime to control emissions must controlthe entire “spectrum” of carbon, not just one “colour”. GT: 储存在植物生物 量 中的陆生碳和林地，人工林，农业用地和牧场中的土壤通常被称为“绿色碳”。 “绿色碳”的重要性正在通过 2009 年 12 月在哥本哈根举行的“联合国气候变化框架公约”缔约方会议（ COP ）的预期协议得到承认，其中包括森林碳汇 - 通过各种机制，无论是 REDD 和植树造林， REDD-Plus 和 / 或其他（如“森林碳减排”）。世界海洋约占活生物体中所有碳的 55 ％。海洋的蓝色碳汇 - 特别是红树林，沼泽和海草捕获并储存埋藏在海洋沉积物中的大部分碳。这被称为“蓝碳”。然而，这些生态系统正在退化，消失的速度比雨林快 5-10 倍。通过阻止“绿色”和“蓝色”碳结合生态系统的退化，它们的减排量相当于整个全球运输部门的 1-2 倍 - 或至少占全球所需碳减排总量的 25 ％为生物多样性，粮食安全和生计带来额外的好处。越来越清楚的是，控制排放的有效制度必须控制碳的整个“光谱”，而不仅仅是一种“颜色”。 我的翻译：储存在植物中的陆生碳，以及林地、人工林、农业用地和牧场的土壤中的碳，通常被称为“绿碳”。 “绿碳”的重要性通过 2009 年 12 月在哥本哈根举行的“联合国气候变化框架公约”缔约方会议（ COP ）的预期协议正在逐步得到承认，其中包括森林碳汇－通过各种机制，无论是 REDD 和植树造林， REDD-Plus 和 / 或其他（如“森林碳减排”）。所有活生物体中的 碳， （约） 55 ％是 储存 在（世界）海洋中。海洋的蓝色碳汇－特别是红树林、沼泽和海草捕获并储存埋藏在海洋沉积物中的大部分碳－被称为“蓝碳”。然而，这些生态系统正在退化，其消失的速度比雨林快 5-10 倍。通过阻止这些储存着“绿碳”和“蓝碳”的 生态系统的退化，其减排量相当于全球运输系统的碳排放总量的 1-2 倍－或至少占全球所需碳减排总量的 25 ％，而且还能为生物多样性、粮食安全和生计带来好处。越来越清楚的是，控制排放的有效制度必须控制碳的整个“光谱”（既各种颜色的碳），而不仅仅是一种“颜色”（的碳）。 In the absence of “Green Carbon”, biofuelcropping can become incentivized, and can lead to carbon emissions if it is notdone correctly. The conversion of forests, peatlands, savannas and grasslands to produce food-crop based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia and the UnitedStates creates a biofuel carbon debt by emitting 14 to 420 times more CO 2 than the annual reductions in greenhouse gases these biofuels provide by replacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels produced from waste biomass and crops grown on degraded agricultural land donot accrue any such carbon debt. GT: 在缺乏“绿色碳”的情况下，生物燃料种植可能会受到激励，如果不能正确完成，可能导致碳排放。 在巴西，东南亚和美国，森林，泥炭地，热带草原和草地转化为生产基于粮食作物的生物燃料，通过排放比年温室气体减少量多 14 至 420 倍的二氧化碳产生生物燃料碳债务这些生物燃料 通过替换化石燃料提供。 相比之下，由废弃生物质和生长在降低农业用地上的作物生产的生物燃料不会累积任何这样的碳债务。 我的翻译：如果我们忽略“绿碳”（的作用）， 生物燃料的生产可能会受到激励；如果不能正确规划，可能导致碳排放。 在巴西、东南亚和美国，森林、泥炭地、热带草原和草地被转化为生产基于粮食作物的生物燃料，目的是替换化石燃料；但是， 这比不转化（这些土地）反而多排放 14 － 420 倍的二氧化碳 （既产生相反的作用），因为这些土地上的原有的植物 具有一定的减少温室气体的作用。 相比之下，由废弃生物和生长在低产农业用地上的作物生产的生物燃料，则不会造成碳排放。
Green Bay 是美国威斯康星州的一个人口只有十万左右的城市。在美国职业橄榄球联盟（NFL）32个球队所在城市里面，Green Bay 是最小的一个。可是他们的球队却在本赛季一路过关斩将，最后在昨天晚上获得了超级杯。【注：1.球队名为 Pakers，起源于最早的一个生产包装品的赞助商。2.超级杯在美国是收视率最高的电视节目，每年都几乎在春节前后，也差不多是北方最寒冷的日子。】 更让我和很多我的朋友们难忘的是，Pakers 两次击败了费城的鹰队（Eagles）。第二次是在淘汰赛的第一轮，让无数球迷对曾经让大家看好的 Eagles 大失所望。 Green Bay 球队很有特色，不过最值得称道的当然是今年超级杯的 MVP， Aaron Rodgers。记得几年前第一次看他的比赛就为他的沉着和自信所吸引----大概那就是传说中的成熟男人的魅力。在未来的很多年里面，这个具有超高传球命中率的80后球星将始终成为很多人的粉丝，以及无数人的恶梦。 我自己对Green Bay也有些特殊的感情。那是因为它是我在芝加哥学会开车之后远行的第一个城市。Green Bay坐落在威斯康星北部，靠近密西根湖，湖边的风景非常优美。在那之后的很多年，直到游览了美加边境的千岛湖，我才重新有了步入仙境的感觉。。。。。。 期待着再次游览Green Bay，最好在那里看一场Pakers 和 Eagles之间的比赛。至于谁赢谁输，那都将是一个不太重要的结果。
I would appreciate some experts’ view about this project, besides what I can read from wikipedia: Green Wall of China Why do I can as a layman? Well, this undergraduate course on “Global Environmental Change” has one lecture on “Forest Deforestation.” So, I need to learn enough to teach. Help me out, please.
The year 2011 started well, with more work than I can handle and none for free. (Yes, I work for free some time.) Among the things I have done so far (less than 10 days into the new year) is to lightly edit an article of more than 10, 000 words, in 24 hrs. I could have done it if it were truly light editing. Instead, I was doing re-translation half of the time. So, I asked for 48 hrs. As I edited along, I saw "black tide invasion." I stopped: "I have heard of red tide and green tide. But, what is this black tide?" Well, I had the Chinese version right in front of me, so I checked. Guess what it was supposed to be? 黑潮入侵 Happy translating!
After LIU's presentation in Yantai, my first thought was to pay the nori farmers to clean up the mess after they harvest the nori. I was laughed at, literally, for being so naive. Ok, I was, because someone showed me an estimate for such a payment, too much RMB to be realized, unless Bill Gates took interest in this experiment. Then, I read something else, including this article at EarthSky: Daniel Sigman on ocean algae and global cooling ... Daniel Sigman: Algae require nitrogen to grow, and their bodies, in turn, fuel the rest of the ocean food web. Sigman explained that by measuring algaes use of nitrogen, he can gauge how much these ancient organisms used another important element carbon dioxide, or CO2. All earthly plants use CO2 for photosynthesis. CO2 is also a major greenhouse gas in Earths atmosphere. Excess CO2 warms the Earth. Daniel Sigman: The ocean is responsible for lowering carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as much as forests on land are. Thats because algae take CO2 out of surface water. And, when the algae die, Sigman said, they sink. Daniel Sigman: After the algae sink, they transfer the CO2 where it cannot escape into the atmosphere. This helps cool the planet. Dr. Sigman is currently working to determine the role the ocean played in the global cooling that caused the last ice age. His early research indicates that algae in polar oceans might have played a role. This illustrates how the collective activity of many small creatures can exert a big influence on climate, he said. Daniel Sigman: If you imagine more organic matter being produced in the worlds ocean surface waters and sinking to the deep ocean, that means more carbon removal from the atmosphere. That also means a lower concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Sigman described the combined activity of many small creatures the algae as a biological pump. In other words, these living creatures acted to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and bury it in ocean sediments. He said that because carbon dioxide acts to cool Earths atmosphere this biological pump acting in Earths oceans might have helped triggered past ice ages. ... (For the complete interview and report, click the link above.) If you are interested in using high-resolution images (SAR, Lidar) to track these green tides as a research project, please contact me.
Fig. 2.The banded structure of the drifting macroalgae on the sea surface. (a) A photograph from a surface vessel on July 6, 2008 at (360018N, 1202948E). The two bands of macroalgae are about 400m apart; (b) a photograph taken from an aircraft at 15:37, May 31, 2008 off Qingdao. The width of macroalgae band is about 30m; (c) SAR images of the macroalgae obtained from COSMO-2 on July 13, 2008; (d) subfigure magnified from the part of figure (c) enclosed by the yellow rectangle. View Within Article Marine Pollution Bulletin Volume 58, Issue 12 , December 2009, Pages 1792-1795 doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.006 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. Cited By in Scopus (1) Permissions Reprints Banded structure of drifting macroalgae Fangli Qiao a , , , Dejun Dai a , John Simpson b and Harald Svendsen c a First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China b School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, UK c Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway Available online 29 August 2009. Abstract A massive bloom of macroalgae occurred in the western Yellow Sea at the end of May, 2008, and lasted for nearly 2months. The surface-drifting macroalgae was observed to accumulate in a pattern dominated by linear bands. The maximum length of individual algal bands exceeded 10km and the distance between neighboring bands ranged from hundreds of meters to 6km. Seven satellite images were analyzed to determine the distances between neighboring bands. Proportions of about 24%, 38%, and 22% are responsible for the separation distances smaller than 1km, between 1 and 2km, and between 2 and 3km, respectively. The separation of about five percent of the bands exceeds 4km. The probability distribution of the separation distance is quite close to log-normal which is that found in Langmuir circulation. However, the observed algal band separation greatly exceeds the distances between convergence lines reported in Langmuir circulation. References Csanady, 1994 G.T. Csanady, Vortex pair model of Langmuir circulation, J. Mar. Res. 52 (1994), pp. 559581. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (10) Dong, 1997 Dong, C., 1997. Formation Mechanism of Modern Tidal Current Sand Ridges. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 114pp (in Chinese). Franks, 1997 P.J.S. Franks, Spatial patterns in dense algal blooms, Limnol. Oceanogr. 42 (5) (1997), pp. 12971305. Full Text via CrossRef Gargett et al., 2004 A. Gargett, J. Wells, A.E. Tejada-Martinez and C.E. Grosch, Langmuir supercells: a mechanism for sediment resuspension and transport in shallow seas, Science 306 (2004), pp. 19251928. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (31) Hu, 2008 C. Hu, Origin and offshore extent of floating algae in Olympic Sailing area, EOS 89 (33) (2008), pp. 302303. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (6) Hunter and Hill, 1980 R.E. Hunter and G.W. Hill, Nearshore current pattern off South Texas an interpretation from aerial photographs, Remote Sens. Environ. 10 (1980), pp. 115134. Abstract | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (4) Langmuir, 1938 I. Langmuir, Surface motion of water induced by wind, Science 87 (1938), pp. 119123. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (95) Leibovich, 1983 S. Leibovich, The form and dynamics of Langmuir circulation, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 15 (1983), pp. 391427. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (121) L and Qiao, 2008 X. L and F. Qiao, Distribution of sunken macroalgae against the background of tidal circulation in the coastal waters of Qingdao, China, in summer 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (2008), p. L23614 10.1029/2008GL036084 . Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (5) Marmorino et al., 2005 G.O. Marmorino, G.B. Smith and G.J. Lindemann, Infrared imagery of large-aspect-ratio Langmuir circulation, Cont. Shelf Res. 25 (2005), pp. 16. Article | PDF (456 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (8) Pollard, 1977 R.T. Pollard, Observations and theories of Langmuir circulations and their role in near surface mixing. In: M. Angel, Editor, A Voyage of Discovery: George Deacon Anniversary Volume , Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford (1977), pp. 235251. Smith, 1992 J.A. Smith, Observed growth of Langmuir circulation, J. Geophys. Res. 97 (C4) (1992), pp. 56515664. Full Text via CrossRef Thorpe, 2004 S.A. Thorpe, Langmuir circulation, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36 (2004), pp. 5579. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (42) Thorpe, 2009 S.A. Thorpe, Spreading of floating particles by Langmuir circulation, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58 (2009), pp. 17871791. Article | PDF (269 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (1)
If you search under keywords Qingdao via Web of Science, you can find a JGR paper by Hu et al. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115, C05017, 8 PP., 2010 doi:10.1029/2009JC005561 On the recurrent Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea On the recurrent Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea Chuanmin Hu College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA Daqiu Li College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA Institute for Environmental Protection Science at Jinan, Jinan, China Changsheng Chen SMAST, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA Jianzhong Ge State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Frank E. Muller-Karger College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA Junpeng Liu Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Feng Yu Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Ming-Xia He Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China A massive bloom of the green macroalgae Ulva prolifera (previously known as Enteromorpha prolifera ) occurred in June 2008 in the Yellow Sea (YS), resulting in perhaps the largest green tide event in history. Using a novel index (Floating Algae Index) and multiresolution remote sensing data from MODIS and Landsat, we show that U. prolifera patches appeared nearly every year between April and July 20002009 in the YS and/or East China Sea (ECS), which all originated from the nearshore Subei Bank. A finite volume numerical circulation model, driven by realistic forcing and boundary conditions, confirmed this finding. Analysis of meteorological/environmental data and information related to local aquaculture activities strongly supports the hypothesis that the recurrent U. prolifera in the YS and ECS resulted from aquaculture of the seaweed Porphyra yezoensis (or nori ) conducted along the 200 km shoreline of the Subei Bank north of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth. Given the continuous growth in aquaculture efforts in the region, similar macroalgae bloom events, such as the summer 2008 event, are likely to occur in the future, particularly between May and July. This was confirmed by the 2009 bloom event in the same regions and the same period. The profit of the local P. yezoensis aquaculture industry (16,000 Ha in 2007) is estimated as U.S. $53 million, yet the cost to manage the impact of the summer 2008 U. prolifera bloom exceeded U.S. $100 million. Therefore, better strategies are required to balance the economic benefit of seaweed aquaculture and the costs of environmental impacts. 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Remember this dramatic photo at BBC News website? Well, if you look at the lower-right corner, the photo is credited to LIU Dongyan (yic.ac.cn), a female marine biologist I met in mid June this year in Yantai. Liu is also featured in this BBC report below; she is the lead author of the research paper this report is based on. Origin of giant bloom discovered By Matt Walker Editor, Earth News (Page last updated at 14:06 GMT, Wednesday, 6 May 2009 15:06 UK) Related articles: Algae invade China Olympic venue (look to the right of the photo for the corresponding link) (Page last updated at 10:25 GMT, Tuesday, 1 July 2008 11:25 UK) Tackling Qingdao's invading algae (look to the right of the photo for the corresponding link) By Quentin Sommerville BBC News, Qingdao (Page last updated at 08:28 GMT, Thursday, 3 July 2008 09:28 UK) Algae cleared from Olympic venue (look to the right of the photo for the corresponding link) By Quentin Sommerville BBC News, Qingdao (Page last updated at 11:55 GMT, Tuesday, 15 July 2008 12:55 UK) How should I put it? China is re-writing the history. As you can tell from this Web site by Ifremer: Introduction to the green tides phenomenon You may wonder why I am writing a Blog on this old stuff. Well, I am hoping that you can help, because these green tides are not going away unless we do something about them. (To be continued.)
标签: Green
