自生自灭的明尼苏达大学古植物学 古植物学属于纯粹的自然历史研究，应该是唯美的。然而，古植物学研究不可能在真空中进行，任何学术体制都不是完美无缺的。美国学术机构（包括自然历史博物馆）的古植物学研究或长期停顿、或自生自灭，早已是司空见惯的现象。尊重自然历史、以淡定的心对待古植物学的兴衰应该是我们的新常态。 ∮ 1 明尼苏达大学概况 位于密西西比河畔的明尼苏达大学成立于 1851年，比设立明尼苏达州要早7年。明尼苏达大学是美国最有名的公立研究型大学之一，在国际学术界很有知名度。参见： https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota 明尼苏达大学拥有一座自然历史博物馆 — “ James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History”，建于1872年。参见： https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Museum_of_Natural_History http://www.bellmuseum.umn.edu/ 令我很意外的是：明尼苏达大学很早开设了“自然历史教育”（ Natural History Education）之本科专业。1958年，有位毕业生叫David L. Dilcher（1936--）。后来，他成为知名古植物学家，且当选为美国科学院院士。 明尼苏达大学与中国在科学教育等领域的友好交往历史源远流长。 1979年，明尼苏达大学在中国改革开放之初率先筹建了“中国中心”。参见： http://chinacenter.umn.edu/ ∮2 明尼苏达大学植物系 明尼苏达大学植物系成立于 1889年。1965年，该系被整合到生物科学学院（College of Biological Sciences-CBS）。1988年，又更名为植物生物学系（Department of Plant Biology）。这个植物系的植物生理学研究很有实力，也曾经发展过古植物学！ 1927年，中国植物生理学家汤佩松(1903--2001)在此获学士学位。1948年，汤佩松当选为中央研究院首批院士；1955年被选聘为中国科学院学部委员（院士） 。 1939年，中国植物生理学家娄成后（Chernghow Lou ，1911--2009）毕业于明尼苏达大学植物系，获博士学位，专业为植物生理学，导师为George Oswald Burr(1896--1992)。1980年娄成后当选为为中国科学院学部委员（院士）。 ∮ 3 Ernst Cleverland Abbe (1905--2000) 与明尼苏达大学古植物学 明尼苏达大学的古植物学研究是如何被推动的？这是一个问题。我认为， 了解 植物形态解剖学家 Ernst Cleverland Abbe (1905--2000)的学术生平是从学术传承上深入探讨这个问题的重要线索，有助于从局部和整体上理解美国古植物学的生物学派快速崛起的内在原因。 Ernst Cleverland Abbe (1905--2000) http://botany.org/PlantScienceBulletin/psb-2000-46-2.php#ErnstCleveland Abbe, 1905-2000 PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN A Publication of the Botanical Society of America, Inc. 46(2), Summer, 2000 Ernst Cleverland Abbe分别于1928年和1930年在 康奈尔大学获得学士和硕士学位，导师是重视古植物学的著名植物形态解剖学家 Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969）。1934年， Ernst Cleverland Abbe在哈佛大学获得生物学博士学位， 导师为 Ralph H.Wetmore(1892--1989) 。 Ernst Cleverland Abbe的博士学位论文题目是：基于花序、花和次生木质部的解剖学研究探讨桦木科的属间关系。其基本信息如下： Title: The inter-relationship of the genera of the Betulaceae, based on anatomical studies of the inflorescence, the flowers, and the secondary xylem. Author / Creator: Abbe , Ernst C . ( Ernst Cleveland), 1905-2000. Description: ff. (3), 262. Plates and other illustr. 4to Language: English Notes: Typewritten. Literature cited, ff. 256-262. Thesis note: Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 1934. Keyword: Betulaceae. Creation Date: 1934 HOLLIS Number: 003727331 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/003727331/catalog Source: HVD ALEPH 1935年， Ernst Cleverland Abbe开始供职于明尼苏达大学植物系。 关于 Ernst Cleverland Abbe 到该系入职的经过如下： “ Several promising young faculty members were hired in the 1930s. Doctor Ernst C. Abbe joined the Department in 1935. Abbe received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1934, having previously taken B.S. and M.S. degrees from Cornell. An accomplished scholar in morphology,cytology, genetics and phyto-geography, Abbe was hired as an Instructor to develop the Department's cytology and cytogenetics programs. As was mentioned above, the cytology position had been vacant since the Department began, and it was with appreciation and pleasure that the faculty welcomed Abbe to the University . ” Ernst Cleverland Abbe在明尼苏达大学植物系工作了39年，一直到1974年退休。期间，1944 — 1947年、1962 — 1967年两度担任系主任。Ernst Cleverland Abbe对明尼苏达大学植物系的发展产生影响。 Ernst Cleverland Abbe的部分论著如下： Chromosome numbers and the anatomy of secondary xylem inthe Oleaceae K Sax, EC Abbe - J. Arnold Arbor,1932 - kbd.kew.org Studies in the phylogeny of the Betulaceae. I. Floral andinflorescence anatomy and morphology EC Abbe - Botanical Gazette, 1935 -JSTOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARDUNIVERSITY—NO. CXI. BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE GRENFELL-FORBES NORTHERN … EC Abbe - Rhodora, 1936 – JSTOR Studies in the Phylogeny of the Betulaceae. II. Extremesin the Range of Variation of Floral and Inflorescence Morphology EC Abbe - Botanical Gazette, 1938 -JSTOR Phytogeographical observations innorthernmost Labrador EC Abbe - Amer. Geo. Soc. Special Publ, 1938 The expedition to Hudson Bay of the University ofMinnesota EC Abbe - Science, 1939 -sciencemag.org Inflorescence, floral anatomy and morphology of Leitneriafloridana EC Abbe , TT Earle - Bulletin of theTorrey Botanical Club, 1940 - JSTOR The developmental relationship between shoot apex andgrowth pattern of leaf blade in diploid maize EC Abbe , LF Randolph, J Einset -American Journal of Botany, 1941 - JSTOR Comparison of shoot apex and leaf development andstructure in diploid and tetraploid maize LF Randolph, EC Abbe , J Einset -Jour. Agr. Res, 1944 - naldc.nal.usda.gov Braya in boreal eastern America EC Abbe - Rhodora, 1948 – JSTOR A FLORISTIC STUDY OF COOK COUNTY, NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA(Concluded) FK Butters, EC Abbe - Rhodora, 1953- JSTOR Vascular plants of the Hamilton River area,Labrador EC Abbe - Contributions from theGray Herbarium of Harvard …, 1955 - JSTOR Flowers and inflorescences of the “Amentiferae” EC Abbe - The botanical review, 1974- Springer Reproductive phenology of the oak family (Fagaceae) in thelowland rain forests of Borneo RB Kaul, EC Abbe , LB Abbe -Biotropica, 1986 - JSTOR ∮4 Harlan P. Banks (1913--1998) 与明尼苏达大学古植物学 Harlan P. Banks是20世纪最著名的泥盆纪古植物学家。他于1969—1975年担任任国际古植物学协会主席，1980年当选为美国科学院院士。 1940年，Harlan P. Banks毕业于 康奈尔大学，师从 植物学教授 Loren Clifford Petry（1887--1970）。 1940—1947年，Harlan P.Banks供职于Acadia University（Wolfville, Nova Scotia），教授植物学。 1947—1949年，Harlan P.Banks供职于明尼苏达大学植物系，但仅仅工作了两年。关于Harlan P. Banks到该系入职的经过如下： “ With the physiology program again on solid ground, Department faculty turned their attention to the elementary courses. In October of 1947 Rolla Tryon accepted a position at the Missouri Botanical Garden, thus leaving the course in general botany and the recently created course in general biology (team-taught by Botany and Zoology) in astate of uncertainty. Harlan P. Banks from Acadia University in Nova Scotia had been hired earlier in the year,and he soon had responsibility for both courses) Unfortunately Banks only stayed with the Department for two years,and for the next few years the Department created a series of temporaryappointments to keep the elementary courses going.” 1949年，康奈尔大学植物形态学家—Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969）退休。Harlan P. Banks有机会返回康奈尔大学工作，继承Loren Clifford Petry的衣钵，全面领导康奈尔的古植物学研究，也成为美国古植物学的学术领袖。 ∮5 John Walton Hall (1918--) 与明尼苏达大学古植物学 古植物学家 John Walton Hall 是UMASS Amherst植物学名师Ray Ethan Torrey（1887--1956）的学生。后来，John Walton Hall在伊利诺斯大学厄巴纳-香槟分校（University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign—UIUC）跟随“学长”Oswald Tippo（1912--1999）攻读博士学位，主要研究桦木科植物的比较解剖学和系统发育，于1950年毕业获得博士学位。John Walton Hall的博士学位论文基本信息： Author: Hall, John Walton,1918- Title: The comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Betulaceae. Thesis/Dissertation: Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign, 1950. Published:1950 Physical Description: 117 leaves : ill., photos ; 28 cm. Includes: Includes bibliographical references. Notes: Vita. Persistent link to this page: https://i-share.carli.illinois.edu/uiu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=localv1=1BBRecID=6379544 1950年，John Walton Hall开始供职于明尼苏达大学植物系长达36年，于1986年退休。关于John Walton Hall到该系入职的经过如下： “ During 1949 and1950 the Department continued to add faculty members. Thomas Morley was suggested as acandidate for the vacant position in taxonomy, and he joined the faculty in the autumn of 1949 asan Instructor in botany. Morley came from the University of California and soon took overmost of the instruction in the taxonomy courses. The General Botany and GeneralBiology courses continued to be a source of consternation and confusion,however, until the hiring of John W. Hall in 1950. Hall's primary research area was paleobotany; he used coal balls to study fossilizedplants. 42 WhileHall managed and taught the course in GeneralBotany, the General Biology course remained problematic. In June,1950, Ross Moir was offered an instructorship to teach the Botany half of General Biology after Botany andZoology were unable to come to an agreement on an individual to teach both halves of the course; Moir also taughtthe course Plants Useful to Man. A number of peopletaught in the General Biology sequence during the 1940s and 1950s, includingNorman H. Russell,John Pelton,Rudolf Schuster, Patricia Rand, George Yerganian and Lloyd Hulbert. ” ∮6 John Walton Hall (1918--) 的古植物学成就 John Walton Hall服务美国植物学会古植物学分会数年，担任过秘书、会计和主席。参见： http://www.botany.org/paleo/officers.html#Former Former Section Officers, Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America Year-1969 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1969 Seattle 9/68 A.A. Cridland J.W. Hall A. Watt C.B. Beck Year-1970 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1970 Bloomington 9/69 J. Canright J.W. Hall A. Watt C.B. Beck Year-1971 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1971 Edmonton 9/70 C. Miller J.W. Hall A. Watt C.B. Beck Year-1972 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1972 Minneapolis 8/71 J.W. Hall T.N. Taylor A. Watt J.W. Schopf John Walton Hall的部分研究论文如下： Hall, J. W. 1952. The phloem of Heterangium americanum.American Midland Naturalist 47: 763–768 . Hall, J. W. 1954. The genus Stephanospermum in Americancoal balls. Botanical Gazette 115: 346 – 360 . Hall, J. W. 1961. Anachoropteris involuta and itsattachment to a Tubicaulis type of stem from the Pennsylvanian of Iowa .American Journal of Botany 48:731 – 737 . Hall, J. W. 1969. Studies of fossil Azolla : Primitivetypes of megaspores and massulae from the Cretaceous . American Journal ofBotany 56: 1173 – 1180 . Hall, J. W. 1971. A spore with cytoplasm-like contentsfrom the Cretaceous of Minnesota, USA. Pollen et Spores 13 : 163 – 168 . Hall, J. W. 1974. Cretaceous Salviniaceae . Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 354 – 367 . Hall, J. W. 1975. Ariadnaesporites and Glomerisporitesin the Late Cretaceous: Ancestral Salviniaceae . American Journal of Botany 62: 359 – 369 . Hall, J. W., and R. D. Bergad . 1971. A critical studyof three Cretaceous salviniaceous megaspores . Micropaleontology 17 : 345 –356 . Hall, J. W., and B. M. Stidd . 1971 . Ontogeny of Vesicaspora, a Late Pennsylvanian pollen grain . Palaeontology 14 : 431 – 436 . Hall, J. W. , and N. P. Swanson. 1968. Studies on fossilAzolla: Azolla montana , a Cretaceous megaspore with many small fl oats. AmericanJournal of Botany 55 : 1055 –1061 . John Walton Hall退休后，后继无人，他在明尼苏达大学植物系积累的约2万份植物化石标本成为“古植物学孤儿”。现在，John Walton Hall的植物化石标本被托孤给佛罗里达自然历史博物馆古植物部。这个古植物部主要由John Walton Hall的学生--古植物学家 David L.Dilcher创建和发展的。参见： https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/paleobotany/ “ TheFLMNH Paleobotanical Collection includes approximately 250,000 specimens. Thisis a conservative estimate that does not take into account the fact that anindividual hand sample may contain more than one fossil of interest. Inaddition, the facility houses the John W. Hall paleobotanical collection(approximately 20,000 specimens) transferred from the University of Minnesota. ” --------------- 孙启高 2015年6月25日晨整理 古植物学的故事 366 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.366) Umbrella of American paleobotany-125 - The rise and fall of the paleobotany ofthe University of Minnesota http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-900607.html 2015-6-26 00:47 ================== 相关阅读： 古植物学的故事 228 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.228) Umbrella of American palaeobotany--1: An unfinished list of American palaeobotanists http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-826366.html 2014-9-10 05:45 古植物学的故事 354 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.354) Umbrella of American paleobotany-112 American Research-focused Universities and Paleobotany 美国研究型大学与古植物学 Umbrella of American Paleobotany“美国古植物学之伞” ---- American Research-focused Universities andPaleobotany“美国研究型大学古植物学” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-890721.html 2015-5-16 23:53 古植物学的故事（ 92） HarlanP. Banks：《比较形态学与古植物学的崛起》 Story of Palaeobotany Series (92): Americanpalaeobotanist--Harlan P. Banks( 1913—1998) ： Comparative morphology and the rise of paleobotany http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-399509.html http://www.sciencetimes.com.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=399509 发表于 2010-12-31 13:57:23 古植物学的故事 233期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.233) Umbrella of American palaeobotany-4: Cornellianlegend of Devonian palaeobotany 美国康奈尔大学：辉煌的泥盆纪植物研究 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-841184.html 2014-11-505:53 古植物学的故事 248期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.248) Umbrella of American palaeobotany— 57 : 康奈尔大学已故植物学教授 Loren Clifford Petry（1887--1970） -- 教书育人的楷模 Loren Clifford Petry（1887--1970）:a great teacher of botany and palaeobotany of CornellUniversity http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-847809.html 2014-12-2 05:48 古植物学的故事 347 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.347) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—105 - Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） 美国植物形态学家 — ArthurJohnson Eames（1881--1969） American phytomorphologist— Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887413.html 2015-5-5 04:45 Umbrella of American palaeobotany—64: 古植物学的故事 258 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.258) UMASS Amherst 植物学名 师 Ray Ethan Torrey （ 1887--1956 ） Ray Ethan Torrey （ 1887--1956 ） : UMASS Amherst plant morphologist and his palaeobotanicalcontributions http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-851891.html 2014-12-18 02:11 古植物学的故事 255 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.255) 玉米地中的伊大 (UIUC)与古植物学神话 玉米地中的伊利诺斯大学厄巴纳 - 香槟分校与古植物学神话 A historical perspective of the palaeobotany of theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign--UIUC http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-850396.html 2014-12-12 08:42 古植物学的故事 365 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.365) Umbrella of American paleobotany-123 - Oswald Tippo (1912--1999) 美国植物学形态解剖学家 Oswald Tippo (1912--1999) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-900384.html 2015-6-25 01:04 古植物学的故事 362 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.362) Umbrella of American paleobotany-120 - 善待古植物学孤儿 (3): 3位白求恩式的美国古植物学家托孤文献给中国 Three American paleobotanists donated their referencecollections to China http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894600.html 2015-6-1 04:40 古植物学的故事 361 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.361) 善待古植物学孤儿 (2): 美国孢粉学家 Alan KeithGraham (1934--)退休后托孤了他的大量标本 Orphaned collections of fossil plants (2) Umbrella of American paleobotany-119 -Alan KeithGraham (1934--) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894278.html 2015-5-31 04:31 古植物学的故事 360 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.360) Umbrella of American paleobotany-118 - 善待古植物学孤儿 (1): 从美国人最早科学研究中国植物化石谈起 Orphaned collections of fossil plants (1) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894257.html 2015-5-31 00:13 古植物学的故事 359 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.359) Umbrella of American paleobotany-117 - 美国哥伦比亚大学古植物学自生自灭和标本托孤及再托孤 The rise andfall of paleobotany of the Columbia University (NYC) and the fate of orphanedcollection of fossil plants http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894063.html 2015-5-29 23:11 Umbrella of American palaeobotany— 35 : 古植物学的故事（ 121）期 2009年度中国政府 “ 友谊奖 ” 获得者 ---- 当过“报童”的美国科学院院士 David L. Dilcher教授 Story of Palaeobotany Series(121): The Year-2009 Chinese Government Friendship Prize winner-- David L. Dilcher (NAS) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-460601.html http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogquickforward=1id=460601 2011-6-2921:55 =====================
古植物学的故事（41）： 关于著名古植物学家徐仁先生学术历史研究的若干问题 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.41): Some questions about the studies on the academic history of Jen Hs (Xu Ren, 19101992) (by Qigao Sun) (in Chinese with English questions) 关键词：徐仁；Birbal Sahni; John Walton 孙启高 2010年5月31日 今年是著名古植物学家徐仁先生（19101992 ）诞辰100周年。 关于徐仁先生的学术历史研究，我们仍有不少工作要做。有一种说法：张景钺教授(18951975) 曾推荐徐仁到英国University of Glasgow跟随John Walton（1895-1971）学习古植物学。 John Walton曾在剑桥大学跟随 Sir Albert Charles Seward （1863--1941）学习。1928年 John Walton 在NATURE等刊物上撰文介绍他发明的撕片法（cellulose acetate peel）。这种方法可应用于大型石化材料（如：煤核）的解剖学研究，这是John Walton为推动现代古植物学研究所做出的最重要贡献。19301962年John Walton担任University of Glasgow植物学教授（ Regius Professor of Botany ），他在古生代植物化石研究领域取得了重要成就。 John Walton 被遴选为爱丁堡皇家学会院士 （ Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ）和美国植物学会通讯会员（ Corresponding Member of the Botanical Society of America ）。 由于战争和路费等问题，徐仁原来准备赴英国University of Glasgow 留学的计划没有成行。后来，他于1944年到印度Lucknow University跟随 Birbal Sahni FRS (1891--1949)学习古植物学。Birbal Sahni和 John Walton是师兄弟，他们都是 Albert Charles Seward 在剑桥大学的学生。 1946年徐仁学成回国。1948年 徐仁第二次赴印度，于1952 年回国。 徐仁先生在印度学习和工作的时间长达7 年。这段时光对徐仁的学术生涯乃至整个人生都极为重要，因为这7年的摔打和磨练使他真正走上古植物学研究的道路，也使他逐步走向国际学术舞台。在此期间徐仁的生活很充实很丰富。徐仁在印度Lucknow University完成了有关古植物学研究的系统训练，获得博士学位；他参与 Birbal Sahni古植物学研究所的筹建工作；他在印度结识了一些国际著名古植物学家，如 Thomas Maxwell Harris (1903--1983)等。1950年徐仁从印度到欧洲，先赴瑞典参加了在斯德哥尔摩举行的第七届国际植物学大会。当时许多著名的古植物学家都参加了这个大会的Palaeobotanical Section。 会后，徐仁第一次访问英国有关学术机构。 我认为，有必要广泛搜罗史料，深入细致地研究徐仁在印度学习和工作的经历是非常有意义的。我没有访问过印度，但与印度同行就徐仁先生的学术历史问题进行过通信联系，期望从印度方面获取有关史料以便深入研究。现将这方面研究的有关问题罗列如下： (1) Who recommended Jen Hs to study with Professor Birbal Sahni (18911949)? Can we search and find the recommendation letters in the Library or relevant archives of Lucknow University? (2) Can we search and find any communication letters between Jen Hs and Birbal Sahni or Dept of Botany of Lucknow University? (3) Which agency or foundation supported Jen Hs to study and work in India? (4) Can we search and copy the Jen Hss records in the archives of Lucknow University and Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany? (5) Can we search and copy the departmental documents during Jen Hss study in Lucknow University? (6) Jen Hs went to Lucknow University in 1944 and he got his Ph. D. degree in 1946. Unfortunately, it is not clear about his thesis title. I really need a photocopy of his Ph. D. thesis. I visited the website of the Library of Lucknow University( http://www.lkouniv.ac.in/library.htm ), but gleaned very little information. Is it possible for us to search and find Jen Hss Ph. D. thesis (hopefully housed in the Library)? (7) Is it possible for us to look for the specimens collected by Jen Hs when he studied in the Lucknow University? (8) Can we find an exact date when Jen Hs left India for China in 1946? (9) Can we find an exact date when Jen Hs left China and arrived in India in1948? (10) What is the main purpose of Jen Hss second visit to India? What is his main job from 1948-1952? What is his exact position then? (11) It is said that Jen Hs took an executive directorship after Birbal Sahnis sudden demise. Is that true? In December of 1949, Thomas Harris began his two-month visit to Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany. (12) In 1950 Jen Hs went Stockholm and attended the 7 th International Botanical Congress with a Palaeobotanical Section. After the conference Jen Hs made a short academic visit to the UK. Can we search and find relevant information in Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany? (13) What is the exact date when Jen Hs left India back for China in 1952? What is the real reason? (14) Can we search and find some information in Indian Embassy in China or visa agency in India, or Chinese Embassy in India? (15) When Jen Hs stayed in India he brought his family members with himself. Can we find some channels to search relevant information about his family life in India?
标签: Walton
