Almost all deceased victims are drowned by mucus accumulated at bottom of lung sponge, where air is supposedly to fill alveoli, but then is unfortunately crammed by viscous mucus. The obvious comparison by chest X-ray images of normal abnormal: Even ventilator is hooked up, patients, up to 80%, will still be died of mucus-drowning, because there would be no way to infuse oxygen through phlegm plug. For a health or so-so subhealth person, lung-bottom mucus can be pumped by arrays of cilia to upper respiratory tract, then will easily be spit out by coughs or sneezes. But for a COVID-19 patient, the entangled cilia is too weak to wigglingly pump its surrounding slime waste or mucus, which most elements are those dead cells + new generations of virus, then mucus get thicker, and coughs futilely bring out nothing. There is about 30cm from throat to bottom of lung, so the pump normal pressure differential should be above 0.44 psi or 3 kpa, and there is no problem for workable cilia-micro-pump arrays along mucus transportation way; but, thick mucus with 50+% more density will need at least 5 kpa to be pumped out, which is beyond cilia capability. Even in difficult situation with failed biologic pump, there is always an energy-free pump ready for use, i.e. the gravity pump, and it is accessible at home, if one have this fitness tool: By upsidedowning patient body | torso, now the accumulated mucus can naturally flow downwards from bottom of lung to throat, if mucus viscosity is agreeable. Not every decline bench created equal, and the above simple one seems only good for young patients, but may not fit 65+ years old seniors who are physically weak, and anyway, one day, there must exist a technical path to design realize easy controllable powered version, even in shape of comfortable bed. Current purchasable decline beds are all up-decline models, not fit for coronavirus treatment, that's why hospital staffs have to prone patients as showed bellow: For patients in severe phase, thick mucus may be not in flowable condition, so before using the tool, special measure should be taken by inhalation of thinning vapor, such as acetylcysteine , alcohol, even simple water hot vapor. Following picture shows ultrasonic vaporizer with face mask, and for best efficacy, acetylcysteine or alcohol has to be solved in solution, then load into cartridge. Above picture shows a regular heated humidifier, and handy guys can customize a hose + mask to couple with face. Even can hot mist alone liquify effectively the slimy mucus, and deactivate virus in somewhat degree though not 100% kill. Still failed to find a vaporizer or mist generator around any corner of your home? Anyway, perhaps you are an e-cigarette smoker, but now please no longer use it for regular pleasure, just go to repurpose it for vaporizing acetylcysteine solution. Some statistic studies show that there is low ratio of smokers amongst infected population, and I guess it doesn't credit to nicotine, but to the hot vapor of water in smoke. I may believe you have none of aboves stuffs, but don't believe you even have not a kettle in kitchen; That is fine, it is also OK to inhale steam from a boiling kettle, just keep reasonable distance so as to inhale about 50 ° C vapor. It's reported that many Chinese taskforcers of hospitals have gotten rid of infection by often doing this simple means when they went home, though extreme high risk workplaces. Even in very severe stage and no chance to be supported by ventilator or ECMO in hospital, patients can still survive by exercising above DIY procedure. As long as lung bottom mucus is drained, easy respiration + good food will support patient to eventually conquer coronavirus with expectable forthcoming antibody generation. Synthesis of antibody will consume lots of protein, therefore patients must eat enough eggs, fishes, porks, beefs or other meat with high protein content, and force yourself to eat, even without any appetite. For a vegetarian , pleasepauseor stop your food spectra of pure carbohydrates, immediately change to high protein foods in order to grow sufficient antibody by immune system. Trace element selenium Se can boost immune system, and is buyable in most drug shops, why not to grab some in this special time? Because too many free radicals during infection, I also suggest higher dose usage of vitamins VC VE: VC up to 3000 mg/day, VE up to 1000 IU/day. Despite high death risk with treatment by ventilator in hospital, but if using 3-way hose fitting to add inlet of acetylcysteine-dispersed hot mist for declotting phlegm-plugs, then death risk will be greatly reduced, as illustrated below: To save lives as more as possible, I sincerely request all readers share this article as vast as possible to your connections and communities, and thanks a million! Last but not least: Prevention is always the better choice than above relieving exercise, and more simpler. My earlier article introduced a preventive method: Daily-artificially-induced-sneezes can prevent or mitigate coronavirus I even have a free invention to fight COVID-19: My free invention of space sterilizer to kill coronavirus Thank Mr. Gu Hongbo for his innovation of gravity draining corona virus! 后注: 微信朋友圈结识的顾红波先生,发明并专利了一种倒悬身体重力排毒法,期待我能翻译他的创意,传播给当前正饱受冠毒蹂躏而生灵涂炭的海外国家。 考虑到直译其中文不太理想,就糅合了他的创意于此文,同时添肉加骨,又添盐加醋了自己部分想法,配合自制的修图,以及英语修辞法,以期海外英文圈读者,读起来更有亲和力。 英文优秀的眼尖读者如发现有文法不顺的地方,欢迎提出修改意见,谢先。 毕竟个人在海外网络社区的足迹涉程有限,欢迎科学网有海外论坛发帖能力的朋友接力,转发此文将功德无量!
中国科 学院武汉病毒研究所石正丽团队发现 2019-nCoV 可以类似于 SARS-CoV, 通过 ACE2 受体蛋白进入人体。 那: 1)临床有高血压史、联合使用ACEI降血压的新型冠状病毒感染者与普通患者相比,疗效、病程或者死亡率具有显著差异吗? 2)ACEI干预,有可能会改变ACE2蛋白构象,进而阻断或者干扰2019-nCoV感染细胞吗? 欢迎讨论、有条件的科学家试验尝试。 Peng Z. et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020.
英国爱丁堡大学(The University of Edinburgh)的一项研究显示,免疫系统中的单核巨噬细胞可能对治疗高血压起到关键作用。研究发现巨噬细胞的一项新功能:能寻找并“猎食”一种名为内皮素(Endothelin-1 ET-1)的激素小分子。ET-1 是一种强力的内源性血管收缩因子,也具有炎性因子前体的性质(pro-inflammatory properties)。巨噬细胞通过调节内皮素在血液中的水平,可以帮助血管保持松弛,从而降低血压。这一发现也许有助于改善现有治疗高血压的方法。 在动物实验中,长期喂食高盐食品的小鼠当降低其体内巨噬细胞水平后,小鼠血压会增高;巨噬细胞水平恢复正常后,小鼠血压也随之恢复正常。研究人员在经过基因修饰的内皮素缺乏小鼠和由药物引发的高血压小鼠模型中,所作的巨噬细胞增减实验也显示同样结果。 这项刊登在《欧洲心脏病学杂志》上的研究报告还发现,在服用治疗免疫系统疾病药物的患者中,那些服用了能导致巨噬细胞水平下降药物的患者与服用不导致巨噬细胞减少药物的患者相比,血压明显增高。 高血压是一种代价高昂的全球性健康问题,包括 70% 的 70 岁以上的老年人。也是慢性肾病发展和进展的重要危险因素。 高血压的病因在大多数成年人中仍不清楚。这项研究所提供的证据表明免疫和内皮素系统在血压调节中起重要作用。这些研究可能会促进对导致高血压的内皮素受体拮抗剂的更合理和有效的开发。目前,这类拮抗剂已经在治疗多系统炎性疾病制剂的研发中得到重视。这些药物可能提供更广泛的心血管保护,也可能有助于开发新型的抗高血压疗法。 A novel role for myeloid endothelin-B receptors in hypertension European Heart Journal 17 January 2019
近几年来,无论是国内还是国外,干细胞临床应用发展的趋势很快。了解美国的干细胞临床应用发展状态和行业规范特点,可以获得某些借鉴和经验,避免或少走弯路。这里说的不是美国大学和学术单位进行的干细胞基础研究和临床试验方面的进展,而是商业化干细胞治疗方面的现状和发展。 最近的一些资料显示,美国干细胞企业的网站数量迅速增长。有数百家干细胞公司正在做一系列干细胞疗法的直销广告。从2009年只有几家干细胞诊所,直到2014年间,美国新成立的有网站的干细胞企业平均每年至少翻倍增长。从2014年到2016年,每年大约有90到100个新的干细胞商业网站出现(图1-2)。 2016 加州大学戴维斯分校医学院教授Dr.Knoepfler,通过对互联网资讯检索结果显示,到2016年中期,美国至少有351家公司在总共570处诊所提供干细胞治疗(图2)。而到目前为止,美国的干细胞诊所估计会达到700多家。根据2016年的统计分析,这类诊所分布在美国各地,在一些特定州常常呈聚集性分布,例如:加州有113家,佛罗里达州104家,德克萨斯州71家,科罗拉多州37家,亚利桑那州有36家,纽约有21家。一些大都市周围,包括加州和佛罗里达州都有相对密集的诊所存在(图3)。造成这些地区诊所成堆的原因尚不清楚.可能的有关因素包括地域人口密度,接受“替代性”医疗(alternativemedicine)在不同地区存在的差别,人口老龄化程度的差别、以及各州医疗委员会(medical board)和消费者保护机构的监管取向的宽松程度等。 (图3)加州(左)和佛罗里达州(右)的干细胞诊所分布 对诊所商业广告中特定干细胞类型分析显示(图4A),大多数诊所推广的是以自体细胞为基础的治疗。在自体干细胞中,61%是自体脂肪来源的干细胞,48%是骨髓来源的干细胞,4%是外周血来源的干细胞。初步估计,平均每5个广告中有一个是异体干细胞治疗,其中羊膜来源的干细胞最多(17%),其次是胎盘组织来源的(3.4%),脐带组织来源的干细胞最少 (0.6% ) 。一些诊所也分别使用自体来源和异体来源的两类干细胞。此外,各别广告也有声称使用诱导的多潜能干细胞(IPS)或胚胎干细胞。这些诊所使用干细胞治疗的疾病范围可见(图4B)。从大多数诊所使用自体组织来源的干细胞治疗这个现象来看,这些诊所还是重视和遵循FDA的相关规范。因为,美国FDA对自体组织来源的细胞治疗范围规范相对宽松,主要是强调尽可能少的对组织细胞进行加工和处理。 在美国干细胞领域Dr.Knoepfler始终以反对盈利性干细胞治疗而著名,是持这种观念的代表人物。10多年前,美国还没有干细胞诊所时,他就对美国人通过“干细胞旅游”的途径到中国,印度或加勒比海岛国等地接受干细胞治疗持鲜明的反对态度。然而,事情并没有朝着Knoepfler希望的方向那样发展,正如他自己所说:在美国,未经FDA批准的干细胞诊所像野火样的蔓延。现如今居住大都市的人开车十几-几十分钟就可以得到想要的干细胞治疗。看来还是需求和市场可能在发挥内在的推动作用。“干细胞旅游”的方向也发生了逆转,现已鲜有美国人来中国做干细胞治疗,而中国有钱人反到开始热衷去美国寻求“高端的”“干细胞旅游”。对于上述状况,Dr,Knoepfler认为从2012年到现在,FDA以发出警告函形式的监管作用十分有限,美国快速扩张的干细胞行业与FDA对此市场监管不足之间,存在许多问题和脱节。 实际上美国FDA并未忽视对干细胞疗法的管控。佛罗里达州参议员Dana Young说,“干细胞治疗已经由美国FDA加以严格管制,只是一些法规间存在的漏洞,使得某些不严谨的治疗程序得以漏过”。佛州是赢利性干细胞诊所热点地区,存在较多相关问题。参议员Dana Young已提出了一项法案(SB1508),目的在于使干细胞诊所业务达到更高的标准,如果该提案能够通过,成为法律(2018年7月1日起),则(1)干细胞诊所需要在卫生部门登记,(2)并要员工中的一名指定医师负责遵守与诊所登记和操作有关的所有要求,(3)并遵循卫生部门的年检,(4)法案还会规定佛州医学委员会要采用提案的干细胞诊所广告管理规则和知情同意指导原则,(5)并允许卫生部门对违规行为给予最高5,000美元的行政罚款。 总体而言,提案中的几项条款都很合乎情理,相信会有助于提高诊所的医疗质量。仅就医疗临床来说,合格的执业医师对提供恰当的治疗和保障患者安全,是至关重要的条件之一。事实上,现在的美国干细胞诊所大多也都是由医疗委员会认证的(board certified)执业医师领衔。这些医师或者是医学博士(M.D.),或者是医学博士兼科学博士(M.D.,Ph.D.),在美国都接受过相对严格的专业训练。应该能够对患者提供合理和安全治疗的基本保证。在此基础上的进一步严格规范,将会使干细胞应用水平达到更高的标准。 显然,Dr.Knoepfler希望佛州SB1508提案能够得以通过,而成为法律。籍此可以推动他所在的加州建立类似的法案。然而,该提案能否通过,并不乐观。他本人也预计,这项提案将在佛州面临强硬的反对,并很可能得不到通过。我们也可以拭目以待。总之,美国干细胞诊所相关立法提案,听证,辩论,投票和立法过程,与一刀切式的行政干预与全面取缔的做法相比较,的确有着可供参考的合理性和科学性的基本模式。 可能是由于需求,市场和诊所快速扩张的压力,Dr.Knoepfler对干细胞诊所的尖锐反对态度比以往也有所缓和,在最近的一篇文章中他说到:“我们不打算就特定公司的干细胞治疗是否遵循了联邦和州的法规,以及是否符合医疗实践的现代伦理标准进行评价。也不打算对其营销内容进行伦理或法律的推断。我们也没有追究个体公司诊所是否达到和满足了现代道德,科学和法律标准的要求。而是在更广泛的层面上,去确认这些伦理问题和监管问题的重要性”。 Dr.Knoepfler 也经常引据媒体对干细胞治疗失败的个案报道,来批评干细胞诊所的治疗模式,这些个案报道与国内魏则西事件有某种程度的类似之处。对此,有的专业读者也提出自己的不同观点和批评意见:“不要根据报纸上的调查报道来判断FDA授权的临床试验的质量。相反,你需要客观的科研设计、公正的数据收集、科学的统计数据分析和对结果的科学解释,同时还要进行一次全面谨慎讨论,以避免未知的遗漏和各种形式的偏见所造成的影响。如果你真的想知道私人干细胞诊所的真实情况,就应该做出同样程度的努力去调查和评估。如果有如此严重的担忧,FDA就应该花费一些资源来进行这样的调查,或者资助其他科学家进行调查研究。这样,我们就可以依据客观数据进行评价,而不是根据高度偏颇、耸人听闻和选择性的新闻报道,来作出政策决定,这样将会以最好方式推动干细胞医学的前进和发展。” 1. Selling Stem Cells in the USA: Assessing the Direct-to-ConsumerIndustry. Cell Stem Cell Aug 2016 2. The FDA and the US direct-to-consumer marketplace for stem cellinterventions: a temporal analysis. FutureMedicine Jan 2018 3. Animated mapvideo shows wildfire spread of US stem cell clinics lacking FDA approval. The Niche Jan 26, 2018 4. Florida bill aims to crack down on state'sfor-profit stem cell clinics. The Niche Jan 14, 2018
最新一期的热门文章 编辑精选 How can we improve surgical outcomes ? 我们怎样才能提高手术的结果? Are men who are biopsied without prior prostate magnetic resonance imaging getting substandard care ? 是谁在活检前进行列腺磁共振成像得到不合格的护理人? 本月文章 Final quality of life and safety data for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with cabazitaxel in the UK Early Access Programme (EAP) (NCT01254279 ) 在英国 EAP (NCT01254279 ) 项目中进参与卡他赛治疗的雄激素抵抗性前列腺 癌症患者的临终生活与安全质量数据 本周文章 Recourse to radical prostatectomy and associated short-term outcomes in Italy: a country-wide study over the last decad e 前列腺切除术相关的短期结果:过去十年意大利全国范围内的研究 Penile lengthening and widening without grafting according to a modified ‘sliding’ techniqu e 生殖器延长和加宽而不根据修改“滑动”技术嫁接 Frozen section during partial nephrectomy: does it predict positive margins ? 在肾部分切除术中冰冻切片:是否预测切缘阳性? Comparison of systematic transrectal biopsy to transperineal magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound-fusion biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cance r 系统性经直肠活检的比较会阴磁共振成像/超声融合活检前列腺癌的诊断 别错过这些来自 Early View的文章: Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone: restoration instead of replacemen t 不使用外用睾酮,口服恩氯米芬柠檬酸提高睾丸激素和保存精子数量在肥胖男性性腺机能减退:修复而不更换 电子刊 - 最新 Best of Korea 来自韩国的精华文章 为庆祝BJUI与KJU的合作,以及十一月召开的KUA年会,特别献上一系列来自韩国的最新免费文章。 Virtual Issue 步骤指南文章 - 最新 Sequencing robot-assisted extended pelvic lymph node dissection prior to radical prostatectomy: a step-by-step guide to exposure and efficienc y 测序在前列腺切除术之前机器人辅助扩展盆腔淋巴结清扫术:分步指导 See more 指导准则文章 - 最新 Guideline of guidelines: urinary incontinenc e 指导准则:尿失禁 Guideline of guidelines: a review of urological trauma guideline s 指导准则:泌尿外伤准则进行审查 高被引文章 阅读这些被引用最多的文章 2015 - Diagnostic value of biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an adjunct to prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based detection of prostate cancer in men without prior biopsie s 2015 - 双参数磁共振成像(MRI)作为一种辅助前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)在男性为基础的发现前列腺癌,不另行活检的诊断价值 2015 - Metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic enlargement: a systematic review and meta-analysi s 2015 - 代谢综合征和良性前列腺增生的系统评价和荟萃分析 2014 - The Melbourne Consensus Statement on the early detection of prostate cance r 2014 - 在早期发现前列腺癌的墨尔本共识声明 2014 - Incremental detection rate of prostate cancer by real-time elastography targeted biopsies in combination with a conventional 10-core biopsy in 1024 consecutive patient s 2014 - 提升 前列腺癌 检率:实时弹性针对性活检结合连续1024例常规的10芯活检 移动端阅读BJUI 现已登陆安卓系统
综述 痴呆的诊断和治疗: 5 .轻中度痴呆的非药物和药物疗法 David B. Hogan, MD, Peter Bailey,MD, Sandra Black, MD, Anne Carswell, MSc PhD, Howard Chertkow, MD, BarryClarke, MD, Carole Cohen, BA MD, John D. Fisk, PhD, Dorothy Forbes, RN PhD,Malcolm Man-Son-Hing, MSc MD, Krista Lanctôt, PhD, Debra Morgan, RN PhD andLilian Thorpe, MD PhD From the Departments of Medicineand Clinical Neurosciences (Hogan), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; theDivision of Neurology, Department of Medicine (Bailey), the School ofOccupational Therapy (Carswell), the Department of Family Medicine (Clarke) andthe Department of Psychiatry (Fisk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; theDepartment of Medicine (Black), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre andUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the School of Nursing (Forbes), Facultyof Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; the Departmentof Neurology and Neurosurgery (Chertkow), McGill University, Montréal, Que.;the Departments of Psychiatry (Cohen, Lanctôt) and Pharmacology (Lanctôt),University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Department of Medicine(Man-Son-Hing), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; and the Canadian Centre forHealth and Safety in Agriculture (Morgan) and the Department of Psychiatry(Thorpe), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. 通信作者: Dr. David B.Hogan, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Health Sciences Centre, Universityof Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1; fax 403 283-6151;dhogan@ucalgary.ca 摘要 背景: 医师执业过程中要不断地寻求针对痴呆干预最有效的意见。在本文中,基于加拿大第 3 次 CCCDTD 的建议提供轻中度痴呆管理中非药物和药物干预的实用指南。 方法: 通过系统文献检索,采用限定的标准,对各项研究作出选择并评定质量,经过清晰而透明的决策过程,制定循证指南。选取发表于 1996 年 1 月至 2005 年 12 月间关有轻中度阿尔茨海默病及其他类型痴呆的管理的文献。基于文献综述的建议草案,在会上与会者以 80% 以上的得票率通过。会后再以同样的主要关键词和二次检索词补充选取发表于 2006 年月至 2008 年 4 月的文献。证据分级强度采用加拿大预防保健特别工作组( Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care )的标准。 结果: 在确定的 1615 篇文献中,选取 954 篇作深入研究。综合这些研究证据后,制定 48 项建议,其中轻中度痴呆管理 28 项、伴脑血管病因素痴呆 8 项、探讨伦理事宜的建议 12 项。最新文献综述未改变这些建议。推荐在轻中度痴呆患者进行体育项目的锻炼。医生应根据患者个体的情况,决定是否使用胆碱酯酶抑制剂,并平衡预期的获益和潜在的损害。针对轻度的情绪和行为问题,应首先考虑非药物的方法。 解释: 现有的痴呆疗法有助于症状的处理,但尚须研发更有效的干预措施。 Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 5 . Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy for mild to moderate dementia . CMAJ, 179. 2008:1019-1026 病例 I 女士 72 岁,与其丈夫一起居住。她最近诊断为轻度阿尔茨海默病,其认知问题主要是表现为短期记忆方面,简易智能状态检查( MMSE )评分 24 分(总分 30 分)。从功能的角度来看,她处理财务事项时需要帮助,但其他方面尚可自主进行。病人在独自一人时会产生焦虑,且对其丈夫的依赖增加。医师已向 I 先生和 I 女士作了诊断公开。在上次访视期间,与他们讨论了管理计划。目前医师希望就 I 女士的痴呆症状的处理,制定治疗方案。在未来的数周和数月中,医师将如何着手,并进行哪些工作? 在本专辑的上一篇文章中 ,已描述了 I 女士病例的详细情况,并概述了针对 I 女士此类型患者的管理方法。依据这些材料,本文将就轻中度痴呆患者的认知、功能和行为症状制定明确的非药物和药物干预措施。 本治疗方法是基于加拿大第 3 次 CCCDTD 的建议。关于该建议的产生过程,在本专辑的第一篇文章中已有描述 ,并见于本文的在线附录( www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/178/5/548/DC2 )。 认知损害的干预 非药物疗法 对轻中度痴呆患者,就认知训练和认知康复或环境干预能否有效改善或保持认知和(或)功能评分,作出正式结论的证据尚不足(附录 2 ,建议 7a , 7c , )。共识会议发表后,一篇关于 AD 患者认知训练的文献荟萃分析得出结论认为,这种形式的治疗可提高患者的认知和功能 —— 或至少延缓下降的速度 。预计这些治疗类型的研究会进一步深入,并强化可用性和实用性。 对轻中度痴呆患者,个体化的锻炼项目可改善功能评分的证据充分(附录 2 ,建议 7d )。其受益包括增强体力、增进健康,并改善认知和功能评分 。共识会议之后发表随机对照试验( RCT )报告指出,疗养院的 AD 患者简单的体育锻炼(每次 1 小时,每周两次),较之常规的医学护理,可显著缓解功能下降的速度 。 在共识会议的建议最后确定之后,一项基于社区的单盲随机对照试验公布,具体为针对轻中度痴呆及其主要照料者的职业治疗 。相关治疗包括针对患者的环境调整、补偿策略,针对照料者的培训。该培训旨在实现有效监督和问题解决,并探索保持患者和照料者的自主性和社会参与度的应对策略。每次授课时长 1 小时,在 5 周内共进行 10 次。结果显示,在短期内( 3 个月),干预组患者的日常功能有统计学上显著的改善。患者和照料者的生活质量,以及非正式的照料费用也均有显著的改善。功能的改善满足临床意义的预定标准。不仅此类型职业治疗可及性有限,且鉴于疗程及所见获益的临床意义尚不确定,还需要进一步研究 。 框 1 中列出了针对轻中度痴呆患者认知和功能受损的非药物治疗建议。 框 1 :针对轻中度痴呆患者认知和功能受损的非药物治疗建议 对轻中度痴呆患者,就认知训练和认知康复能否有效改善或保持认知和(或)功能评分,作出正式结论的证据尚不足。 对轻中度痴呆患者,就认知训练和认知康复可有效改善认知和(或)功能评分,作出结论尚需深入研究。 对轻中度痴呆患者,有部分迹象显示环境干预对工具性日常生活活动能力( IADL )和日常生活活动能力( ADL )产生有益影响,但就能否有效改善功能评分,作出正式结论的证据尚不足。 对轻中度痴呆患者,个体化的锻炼项目可改善功能评分的证据充分。 对轻中度痴呆患者,就其他非药物干预能否改善或保持功能评分,作出任何结论的证据均不足 对 I 女士来说,推荐进行个体化锻炼项目。 胆碱酯能酶抑制剂治疗 胆碱酯能酶抑制剂( AChEI )均对轻中度 AD 有中等的疗效(附录 2 ,建议 14a )。 多数患者适合采用 AChEI 治疗,并推荐个体化的方法。在评价相对受益和风险之后,应再基于患者(或其代理人,如患者被视为无法做出治疗决策)的意愿,做出开始治疗的决策 。目前加拿大所有省份的公共资助药品福利计划( publicly funded drug benefit programs )中,均涉及治疗轻中度 AD 的药物。 对初诊为 AD 的患者及其家属,为帮助他们确定用药选择,应告知他们哪些信息?应告知他们目前尚无治愈 AD 的药物,以及已知阻止疾病进展的方法。目前的数种药物仅为针对记忆、语言和思维能力缺损的对症治疗。多数患者的疗效一般且为暂时性,并非在所有患者均对治疗有反应。 AChEI 可抑制抑制脑内乙酰胆碱( AChE )的降解,后者为学习和记忆的重要化学信使。 AD 患者脑内 AChE 水平降低。治疗轻中度 AD 的三种胆碱酯酶抑制剂(多奈哌齐,加兰他敏和卡巴拉汀)均已在加拿大上市。这些药物受益程度相似,但在作用机制、用法用量和副作用风险等方面仍存在差异。对个体来说,可能更适合某种药物。副作用在多数人群中不会出现,最常见的是恶心、食欲不振、呕吐和腹泻。 如果患者决定试用其中某种药物,则应在约 3~6 个月后复查,并由医师和患者共同决定是否值得继续服用。如果患者和家属对这些药物有任何疑问,应应鼓励他们随时咨询医师。 疗效 AChEI 的应用建议是基于大量的随机试验的证据 。最近发表了针对 43 项(其中多奈哌齐 24 项、加兰他敏 10 项和卡巴拉汀 9 项)安慰剂对照随机试验的系统综述,共选取 13717 名受试者 。大多数( 24/43 )研究的药物干预期为 23-26 周, 5 项(其中多奈哌齐 4 项、卡巴拉汀 1 项)研究为 52 周或更长。 AD 症状持续时间较长(通常为 5-10 年), RCT 持续 1 年或更长的时间将是可取的,但可能要考虑可操作性或伦理要求 。 一个主要障碍是数据的缺失。当脱失率达 20% 或更高时,试验的的解释就成为问题 。在历时 1 年及以上的 4 项多奈哌齐试验中,停药率分别为 26.9% ( 116/431 , 54 周)、 29.9% ( 230/769 , 3 年; MCI 研究)、 32.9% ( 94/286 , 1 年)和 48.1% ( 272/585 , 60 个月) 。虽然 AChEI 通常有良好的耐受性,但研究结束前的停药率,在治疗组均显著高于安慰剂组。据 Birks 报告 ,经过 6 个月及以上的治疗, AChEI 组和安慰剂组的停药率分别为 29% 和 18% ( P 0.00001 )。 在对这些研究的分析时,由于 AD 的进展特性,以及治疗组与安慰剂组间脱失率的差异,引发了对缺失数据常用处理方法有效性的关注,即末次观测推进( last observation carried forward )法。采用这种做法,如某研究共 6 次随访,但受试者在第 2 次随访后退出,则将此次随访的评分 “ 推进 ” ,推定为研究结束时的评分 。虽然该方法易于操作,并可确保在分析过程中无受试者脱失,但此法是基于 2 项假设 —— 首先是受试者由脱失点(末次观测值)至试验终点均保持病情稳定,其次是脱失为随机发生,而不受分组等因素的影响。但这 2 项假设均与研究实际相抵触。用 “ 末次观测推进 ” 的办法来处理脱失数据,往往会夸大痴呆疗法的益处 。 AChEI 的多项 RCT 已显示,在对患者的认知和整体临床状况的治疗方面,有持续的适度的益处,但对其临床意义仍有争议 。这些研究中最常用的认知测量工具是阿尔茨海默病评估量表认知部分( ADAS-cog ) 。此量表包括 11 个项目,可测试各认知域。其总评分为 70 分,轻中度痴呆患者 4 分的改变,即认为具有临床显著性 。经过 6 个月的治疗, AChEI 组患者评分优于安慰剂组平均约 2.7 分( 95% 置信区间 2.3~3.0 ) 。在轻中度 AD 患者中,就整体评定量表评分相比较,评分改善或稳定的人数, AChEI 组较之安慰剂组多 15% 。 针对 16 项 AChEI 的 RCT 荟萃分析表明,得到 1 例符合 “ 认知反应者 ” 标准(即 ADAS-cog 显示改善 4 分及以上)的患者需要治疗的汇总病例数为 10 例( 95%CI8~15 )。而 “ 整体反应者 ” (即该试验中整体评估量表评分至少显示最低幅度的改善)对等例数为 12 例( 95%CI 9~16 ) 。 虽然 AChEI 组需要治疗的病例数似乎较其他某些干预组为优,但终点指标的临床意义(这些指标并不用于常规临床实践)和显现受益的疗程( RCT 审核的疗程为 12-52 周,但全部试验中只有一项为 26 周或更少)仍然存在不确定性。而对于其他相关的结局指标,如功能、行为、照料者负担的减轻,患者及其家属生活质量的改善,资源利用(如机构照料)和费用 - 疗效等方面的数据更少。 有开放性标记扩展研究( open-label extensions )及其他观察性研究中 AChEI 的使用期可达 5 年 。虽然欣慰地看到经 AChEI 治疗的患者表现良好,但是数据来源存在偏倚的可能性,故难以从这些研究中得出更多的结论 。 AChEI 的选择 目前在加拿大上市的 3 种 AChEI 的选择,取决于以下以下几方面的因素,即耐受性、不良反应、易用性和费用等。这个选择也应根据医生处方的熟悉具体代理人和他或她的信仰的重要性之间的差异在其药代动力学的药物和其他机制的行动,因为现有的数据还不足以使我们得出结论他们的相对有效性(附录 2 ,建议 14b ) 。 共识会议召开之后,卡巴拉汀的经皮贴剂开始上市 。但在 2008 年 7 月加拿大药品专家咨询委员会建议,不将该该药贴剂列入公共资助药品福利计划 。 如果对某种 AChEI 不耐受或认定为无效,患者可以换用另一种 AChEI 或美金刚 。这些决策将基于处方医师和患者(或代理人)对药物调整相对益处和风险的判断。如果患者换用另一种药物,其用药方式应类似于首次服用该 AChEI 或美金刚的患者。 加兰他敏考虑作为伴脑血管病成分 AD 的治疗(建议 7 以脑血管病成分痴呆节,附录 2 )。加兰他敏在此类患者中的反应可能是由于该药对患者 AD 成分的疗效 。在共识会议上,有人认为多奈哌齐可考虑作为血管性痴呆( VaD )治疗选择(建议 8B 条,脑血管病成分痴呆节,附录 2 )。应当指出的是,在加拿大尚无任何上市的 AChEI 或美金刚经批准用于治疗 VaD 。在共识会议后,一项加兰他敏治疗 VaD 的 RCT 发表 。作者报告在认知方面,加兰他敏组有适度的受益,但在功能方面较安慰剂无显著优势。 2007 年发表的 AChEI 和美金刚治疗 VaD 荟萃分析的结论认为,认知获益的临床意义尚不确定,不足以支持在 VaD 患者中 “ 广泛 ” 使用这些药物 。 患者随访 医师开具 AChEI 应注意起始剂量、加量方案、禁忌症、注意事项和不良反应(表 1 )。应向患者及其家属沟通合于现实的治疗预期(附录 2 ,建议 13 )。传导异常除外右束支传导阻滞均视为禁忌症。在这些药物的 RCT 中,排除大多数有严重心血管疾病患者。有人推荐在治疗前做心电图,以发现潜在的重要传导异常,并作为供将来评估使用(如由需要)的基线数据 。实践中,不良心血管事件发生率并不算高 。 表 1 :加拿大批准的阿尔茨海默病症状治疗药物 * 药物 起始剂量 加量方法 禁忌症、警示和注意事项 常见治疗不良反应 † 胆碱酯酶抑制剂( AChEI ) 多奈哌齐 5mg/d 如可耐受,至少 4-6 周后加量至 10mg/d 最大剂量 10mg/d 禁用于对本品或哌啶衍生物高度敏感者,或伴心脏传导阻滞(右房室传导阻滞除外)或不能解释的晕厥者 慎用于有消化道溃疡危险者(须监测胃肠道出血),或有惊厥、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病史者,及低体重者 恶心: 11% 腹泻: 10% 头痛: 10% 失眠: 9% 疼痛: 9% 加兰他敏(缓释剂) 8mg/d ,晨间与食物同服 4 周后加量至 16mg/d (初始保持剂量) 如初始保持剂量可耐受,考虑在至少 4 周后加量至 24mg/d 最大剂量 24mg/d 禁用于对本品高度敏感者,或伴心脏传导阻滞(右房室传导阻滞除外)、不能解释的晕厥、或严重肝肾功能损害者 体重下降者监测体重(常见于女性或低体重者) 慎用于有消化道溃疡危险者(须监测胃肠道出血),或有惊厥、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病史者 可能强化琥珀酰胆碱型肌松剂作用 恶心: 17% 头晕: 10% 头痛: 8% 外伤: 8% 呕吐: 7% 卡巴拉汀(口服剂) 1.5mg/ 次, 2 次 /d ,(早晚与食物同用) 如可耐受,至少 2 周后加量至 3mg/d‡ 如可耐受,至少 2 周后依次加量至 4.5mg/d , 6mg/d 如治疗中断超过数日,重新由初始剂量依上法加量 最大剂量 6mg/d 禁用于对本品高度敏感者,或伴心脏传导阻滞(右房室传导阻滞除外)、不能解释的晕厥、或严重肾功能损害者 体重下降者监测体重(常见于女性) 慎用于有消化道溃疡危险者(须监测胃肠道出血),或肾功能损害者(须严密监测),或有惊厥、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病史者 可能强化琥珀酰胆碱型肌松剂作用 恶心: 37% 呕吐: 23% 头晕: 19% 腹泻: 16% 疼痛: 15% N- 甲基 - 天门冬氨酸( NMDA )受体拮抗剂 美金刚 5mg/d ,晨服 如可耐受, 1 周后加量 5mg 至 10mg/d 禁用于对本品高度敏感者、或严重肾功能损害者 慎用于心血管病患者或有惊厥史者 尿 pH 值升高者(如肾小管酸中毒症、变形杆菌所致泌尿道感染)会降低本品经尿液清除率 定期监测眼科情况 禁止与金刚烷胺、氯胺酮、右美沙芬等相关药物合用 头晕: 7% 便秘: 6% 意识模糊: 6% 头痛: 6% 血压升高: 3% * 表中信息采自各药品专题资料(经加拿大卫生部治疗产品处批准 )。 † 为对照临床试验中治疗组发生率高于安慰剂组的前 5 种最常见不良事件。 ‡ 多数痴呆保健专家建议卡巴拉汀仅每隔 4 周加量一次 如果药物治疗开始,病人应遵循谨慎发展的不利影响,并重新评估,以确定其治疗后的反应,以一个合理的审判( 3-6 个月)。在监测的反应治疗,医生应该能够解释简短的管理和措施的认知和功能的能力(附录 2 ,建议 8 )。如果医生不能这样做,病人应该提到了专业医务人员提供必要的知识和专长。简易认知测验,如简易智能状态检查( MMSE ) 不能单独用于监测患者的治疗反应,因为这些测验对预期的适度的获益不敏感 。但仍然值得进行这些测验,因为其结果可临床判断提供参考,且在加拿大的公共资助药品福利计划中需要提交 MMSE 评分。至少在加拿大某些省份还要求进行其他标准测试,包括功能活动问卷调查( FAQ ) ,总体衰退量表( GDS ) 和功能性评估分期( FAST ) 。 某些省份为继续扩大 AChEI 治疗范围,所在省的公共资金资助药品福利计划均要求实现靶症状或靶认知域的稳定或改善。靶症状是对痴呆个体有意义的、可测定的、且对治疗有潜在反应的症状。( www.gov.ns.ca/health/Pharmacare/info_pro/pharmacists_bulletins/pharma_bulletins/06-5-%20Apr%202006.pdf )。在接下来安排的评估过程中,可通过靶症状以评估疗效。为评估治疗反应,若照料者在场,还应向其补充获取患者的认知功能、行为及活动能力情况(附录 2 ,建议 11 )。在一项加兰他敏 RCT 中,治疗目标的实现成功地用于结局指标的评定 。处方医师应留意所在省药品福利计划中,针对此类药品覆盖范围的规定,并在适当时机帮助其患者进行报销。 如患者的反应满意(即有较治疗前衰退速度改善、稳定或减缓的证据),且无不可接受的副作用,则药物治疗继续进行,并每 6-12 个月进行一次随访。 在加拿大,通常由家庭医师开具 AChEI ,这与英国形成了鲜明的对比。在英国,只推荐由治疗痴呆的专科医师(精神病学、神经病学、老年医学和老年精神病学专科医师)实施治疗 。 副作用 医师应时刻考虑到应用某种 AChEI 可能会有新症状出现或原有症状的恶化。例如,使用此类药可能会增加尿失禁的风险 ,而多奈哌齐则与催眠药(据推测用于治疗失眠)的使用增加有关 。 AChEI 最常见的副作用是胃肠道反应(如食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹泻)。这些反应是最有可能发生在初始治疗或剂量增加时,且与剂量相关,往往为一过性。临床试验中,卡巴拉汀的胃肠道副作用似乎较其他 AChEI 更为常见。缓慢加量,并做到进食期间服药,可减轻卡巴拉汀消化道副作用的风险。卡巴拉汀经皮贴剂与口服剂型相比,则可能较少出现恶心和呕吐。 3 种药物在临床试验中确实还会出现体重减轻。另外还有其他的不良反应。有报告使用 3 种药物出现眩晕,而晕厥虽然罕见,但也有发生。已知多奈哌齐与睡眠障碍、生动梦境或恶梦及睡前幻觉相关。有报告其伤害需要病例数(即导致出现 1 例任何程度的不良事件所需要的病例数)为 12 例( 95%CI 10-18 ) 。 一旦 AChEI 发生不良反应,如经判定有致残性和(或)危险性,则应停药;如经判定程度轻微,则应减量,并在耐受较小剂量后 2~4 周重新试用较大剂量。如应用 AChEI 时出现恶心和(或)呕吐,应复查药物的服用方法(如剂量、频次、是否伴随进食、非故意加量的证据),并考虑调整处方(如改用较小剂量)、调整用药管理责任(如改由照料者负责)、调整患者用药指导(如伴随进食服用),或者停药。虽然止呕药可用于治疗恶心和(或)呕吐,但其中某些药物(如茶苯海明、丙氯拉嗪)具有抗胆碱能特性,可导致认知方面的不良反应(附录 2 ,建议 14e )。 美金刚治疗 不建议美金刚用于轻度痴呆患者,但可选择单用或辅助应用(与胆碱酯酶抑制剂),用于治疗中度至重度阿尔茨海默病(建议 15 ,附录 2 ) 。共识会议召开后,发表了一项支持美金刚用于轻中度 AD 的安全性和有效性研究 ,但未对建议进行修改。胆碱酯酶抑制剂和美金刚联合应用,从药理学角度来看是合理的(两种药物有不同的作用机制),似乎也是安全的。两类药物合用的耐受性良好,与单用 AChEI 治疗的安全性相似 。 目前尚不确定美金刚与 AChEI 合用是否对患者有益。一项 RCT 显示美金刚与多奈哌齐合用治疗中重度 AD ,较之单用多奈哌齐在结局指标上有显著的优势 。然而,最近的另一项 RCT 却显示,联合治疗较之单用 AChEI 并无优势 。 开具美金刚时,患者及其家属要关注的是费用问题。加拿大专家药品咨询委员会建议,美金刚不列入公共资助药品福利计划(注:除魁北克省外所有省份的药品福利计划均参加普通药品审查进程)。即使是在魁北克省,美金刚作为福利药品,也只是单用时方可报销。。 其他考虑事项 就目前来看,有下列情况时,应停止针对认知和功能症状的治疗: a )患者和(或)其决策代理人决定停药; b )患者拒绝服药; c )患者服药依从性差,继续服药仍可能无效,并且无法建立一种用药管理模式来纠正这一问题。 d )患者对合理的(至少 3-6 个月)试验性治疗无反应(例如,与开始治疗前相比,无证据显示病情有改善、稳定或衰退减缓) 。 e )患者对副作用不耐受。 f )因患者的合并症,继续治疗可能有不可接受的风险或无效(如在疾病晚期)。 g )患者痴呆进展至某一阶段,继续治疗无明显效果(建议 16 ,附录 2 )。患者停止治疗后,应对其进行密切的监控,如有认知状态、功能性能力下降或行为学症状的进展 / 恶化,则应考虑恢复治疗(附录 2 ,建议 17 ) 就 I 女士来说,在与丈夫讨论治疗利弊之后,即可开始 AChEI 的治疗,并需告知该药可能的副作用。还应安排其在 3 个月后复查,并安排其丈夫评估治疗反应,寻找副作用。在复查 MMSE 的同时,还应记录其丈夫提供的认知、行为和功能的情况。由于靶症状在治疗前即已确定,还应向 I 先生询问具体情况。 3 个月后, I 女士的状态并未有实质性的改变,且未出现不良反应。她和丈夫及家庭医师选择继续 AChEI 治疗,并每 6 个月复查一次。 行为和精神症状的干预 轻中度 AD 患者的评估应包括行为症状及其他神经精神症状测定(附录 2 ,建议 19 )。神经精神科问卷( NPI )是可用于临床实践、基于知情者的简易行为症状评定量表 。 焦虑是非药物干预措施应首先考虑的症状(附录 2 ,建议 23 )。应首先考虑使用非药物干预,随后可试用药物治疗。使用精神药物治疗轻度焦虑有一定的风险(如镇静、脱抑制、抑郁、跌倒、尿失禁、帕金森样症状和静坐不能均与药物有关)。故而在治疗焦虑时这些风险大于任何受益。此外,精神药物还可能对患者的驾驶能力造成不良影响 。有人认为 AChEI 可改善焦虑 ,而一项多奈哌齐 RCT ,针对 AD 患者有临床意义的激越症状并未显示获益 。 失眠在痴呆患者中常见,且患者的失眠问题也会对照料者的睡眠造成影响,对此照料者常难以处理。应当细致评估造成患者失眠的多种可能因素(附录 2 ,建议 22 )。非药物方法(即睡眠卫生、每日步行,以及应用灯箱加强日光暴露)会有效果 ,故应首先考虑。如使用药物治疗,则选用药物应为最低有效剂量,且使用尽可能短的时间 抑郁症状在轻度痴呆患者中常见,严重程度可从轻微的症状,到需要药物干预的抑郁障碍。有临床意义的抑郁症状即应治疗。处理措施包括非药物措施以及必要的药物治疗(附录 2 ,建议 21 )。如采用抗抑郁药物治疗,应首选具有最小抗胆碱能活性的药物,如选择性 5- 羟色胺再摄取抑制剂( SSRI )。 医师可以考虑将患者及照顾者转诊至社区中的行为紊乱管理项目(附录 2 ,建议 24 )。这些项目包括成人日托(也称为成人日间支持项目);面向照料者的支持团队(主要针对于患者行为问题的管理);长期(如 2 年)的家庭支持(由接受过痴呆护理高级训练的医务人员进行);家庭心理教育干预(指导照料者如何处理患者的问题行为)。加入这些项目往往受到其可及性的限制。 就 I 女士来说,她已在心理上对其丈夫产生依赖,并有程度轻微的焦虑和失眠,但尚无抑郁的确信证据。对照料者依附或依赖,并非药物治疗能够起效的行为问题。而采用精神药物治疗轻度焦虑,风险大于受益。通过向 I 女士通报诊断,也助于缓解其一定程度的焦虑 。同时还向其丈夫传授有助于缓解焦虑的一般方法,如制定每日常规、简化任务、减少过度刺激、遵循 3R 原则(重复 、安慰 、转移 ) 。针对 I 女士的失眠情况,细致评估其可能造成失眠的多种因素(建议 22 ,附录 2 )。并建议采用非药物方法(即睡眠卫生、每日步行,以及应用灯箱加强日光暴露)。 I 女士及其丈夫加入了成人日托项目,以寻求支持和照料者的获得休整。 知识差距 如何选择上市的 AChEI 药物、如何预测患者的治疗反应、如何监测疗效、以及如何确定换药时机,这些方面的资料仍然有限。更重要的是,加拿大上市的药物治疗轻中度 AD 疗效仅属一般。延缓 AD 进展,而非对症治疗的药物应成为未来进展的重要方面。 病例回顾 针对以上几点, I 女士的家庭医师应监测其状态及对 AChEI 治疗的反应,包括一段时期的副作用。医师还应推荐社区中针对主要照料者的支持项目,并针对其明确的照料需求、间段或持续的医疗问题,调动相关资源参与解决。并根据需要,复核并更新 I 女士的治疗计划。 结论 在本文及专辑的上文中 ,已概述了轻中度痴呆患者及其家属的相关需求,及进行全面治疗所要考虑的重要方面。在轻中度痴呆治疗方面,有很多问题尚待探索。即便如此,将已知的措施付诸实践,即可改善医疗质量,更重要的是,患者及其照顾者的生活质量也得以改善。 本文已经同行评议。 利益冲突: DavidHogan has been a site principal investigator in studies supported by Neurochemand Pfizer Canada within the last 3 years and has given presentations sponsoredby Janssen-Ortho Inc., Merck Frosst, Novartis and Pfizer within the last 5years. Peter Bailey has received support from pharmaceutical firms (as aspeaker) and the Consortium of Canadian Centres for Clinical Cognitive Research(as president). Sandra Black has received support from Eisai, Pfizer, Janssen-Orthoand Novartis (clinical investigation, continuing medical education lecturer, ad hoc consultant), Lundbeck (ad hoc consultant, CME lecturer),Sanofi-Aventis (trial investigator) and Myriad (trial investigator, ad hocconsultant, CME lecturer). Howard Chertkow has received support from PfizerCanada (advisory board member, speaker, grant recipient), Neurochem Inc.(advisory board member), Lundbeck Canada (advisory board member, speaker),Janssen-Ortho Inc. (speaker, advisory board member), and Novartis Canada(advisory board member, speaker). John Fisk has received honoraria forlecturing and workshop participation and for providing outcomes researchconsultation services from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Bristol-MyersSquibb, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis and TEVA Neuroscience. Krista Lanctôt hasreceived support from Pfizer Canada (consultant, speaker, research support),Abbott Laboratories (consultant, research support), Janssen-Ortho Inc.(consultant, research support) and Lundbeck Canada (research support). LilianThorpe has received support for research, for being an advisory board member orfor presentations from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Ortho Inc., Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer and Wyeth. 作者分工: Allof the authors took part in the systematic review for the topic area covered inthis article and the creation of the recommendations that were accepted by theparticipants of the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis andTreatment of Dementia. 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The compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties .Ottawa (ON): The Association; 2008. p. 206-8, 761-4, 861-4, 1922-6. 附录 2 轻中度 AD 的处理 1 .初级保健医师可对多数痴呆患者予以充分的评估和处理。然而,为有助于医师满足患者及其照料者的需求,给予以下推荐: a )经痴呆患者及其家属同意后,可转至当地的阿尔茨海默病协会 (参加诸如 First Link 等项目) 。 b )初级保健医师应留意社区中可利用的痴呆护理方面的资源 (如支持团体、成人日托项目) ,并向他们作适当的建议( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 2 .咨询和建议是提供高质量卫生保健的必要过程。轻中度痴呆患者治疗中如考虑转诊,应转至对痴呆的治疗具有相当的专业知识和实践能力的老年病医师、老年精神病医师、神经病医师、或其它专业卫生保健人员 (如神经心理医师、普通护士及执业护士、职业治疗师、理疗师、心理医师、社会工作者等) 。需转诊的情况包括: a )初步评估和随访后,尚不能确诊。 b )患者或其家属提出其他方面的要求。 c )患者出现明显抑郁,特别是对治疗无反应。 d )明确针对 AD 的药物治疗出现问题或无效。 e )针对患者的处理 (如行为问题、功能性损害) 或照料者的支持,需进一步帮助。 f )有遗传迹象,需作遗传咨询。 g )患者和 / 或家属对会诊医师开展的诊断或治疗研究感兴趣( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .对来自特殊文化群体的患者的护理和治疗,应考虑到其被孤立的风险、与文化相适宜服务的重要性及提供照料者支持会产生的问题( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 4 .轻中度痴呆一般治疗的建议 —— a )对于轻中度痴呆住院患者,应识别增加的谵妄风险。可通过以下多途径的干预来降低谵妄发生的风险,包括定向沟通 ( orienting communication ) 、治疗性活动、睡眠加强策略、视听觉辅助和 (或) 口服补液防治脱水( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 b )适当处理轻中度 AD 患者的合并症( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )在痴呆的情况下,可对其他慢性病症的处理予以调整。通常应该使患者自我照料减少,同时照料者的作用增强( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 5 .轻中度痴呆药物治疗的建议 —— a )对所有轻中度痴呆患者,应确定其药物使用情况,识别药物治疗中的问题及关切 (包括依从性差) 。如发现问题,特别是在依从性方面,则有必要辅助提高依从性,或考虑由另外一方进行治疗。对药物治疗中的任何调整,都必须评估其有效性( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )即使对于能够自我管理用药的进行性痴呆患者,也应有计划地由第三方参与用药管理,因为最终这对几乎所有患者都将成为必需( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c ) AD 患者使用具有抗胆碱能效应药物应最小化( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 3 )。 6 .伦理、法律问题的建议 —— a )虽然应从个体角度考虑每一个病例,但通常应将痴呆的诊断向患者和家属公开。这一过程中应讨论如下问题,包括预后、诊断的不确定性、先期计划、驾驶事宜、治疗选择、支持团体和远期计划( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )初级保健医师应关注与法律有关以下事项,即知情同意、行为能力评估、代理决策者认定、以及医师在其中的责任( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )在患者仍保留行为能力时,应鼓励其更新遗嘱,签订预先指示 ( advance directive ) 和持久授权书 ( enduring power of attorney ) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 7 .轻中度 AD 认知和功能损害非药物干预的建议 —— a )对轻中度痴呆患者,就认知训练和认知康复能否有效改善或保持认知和 (或) 功能评分,作出正式结论的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 b )对轻中度痴呆患者,就认知训练和认知康复可有效改善认知和 (或) 功能评分,作出结论尚需深入研究( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 c )对轻中度痴呆患者,有部分迹象显示环境干预对工具性日常生活活动能力 ( IADL ) 和日常生活活动能力 ( ADL ) 产生有益影响,但就能否有效改善功能评分,作出正式结论的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 d )对轻中度痴呆患者,个体化的锻炼项目可改善功能评分的证据充分( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 e )对轻中度痴呆患者,就其他非药物干预能否改善或保持功能评分,作出任何结论的证据均不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 8 .初级保健医师应能操作和解释简易的功能活动能力和认知能力测定,或转诊至具备相应的专业知识和实践能力的卫生保健人员( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 9 .治疗开始后,参与治疗的相关的卫生保健人员应对定期患者进行评估( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 10 .治疗中应记录患者病情,以判定病情的稳定、改善或持续恶化( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 11 .在监测患者的治疗反应的同时, (如有可能) 应征求照料者的补充主诉。照料者可提供关于患者认知、行为、社会功能和日常功能方面的信息( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 12 .如主治的初级保健医师无法进行评定以评估治疗反应,建议转诊至对痴呆治疗具有专业知识和实践能力的其他卫生保健专业人员 (如其他医师、护士、职业治疗师) ,或自愿提供相关评定的服务机构 (如记忆门诊) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 13 .初级保健医师应能够与患者及其家属适当地交流有关痴呆的信息 (包括现实的治疗预期) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 14 . AChEI 应用的建议 —— a )在加拿大上市的三种 AChEI 均对轻中度 AD 有中等的疗效,均可作为治疗选择( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 b )尽管如此,但三者直接比较的等效性尚未确立。选择何种药物应基于其不良反应谱、易用性和熟悉度,以及对三者药代动力学等作用机制的差异重要性的认定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 c )所有医师在开具上述 AChEI 药物时,应注意其禁忌症和注意事项( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )一旦 AChEI 发生不良反应,如经判定有致残性和 (或) 危险性,则应停药;如经判定程度轻微,则应减量,并在耐受较小剂量后 2~4 周重新试用较大剂量( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 e )如应用 AChEI 时出现恶心和 (或) 呕吐,应复查药物的服用方法 (如剂量、频次、是否伴随进食、非故意加量的证据) ,并考虑调整处方 (如改用较小剂量) 、调整用药管理责任 (如改由照料者负责) 、调整患者用药指导 (如伴随进食服用) ,或者停药。虽然止呕药可用于治疗恶心和 (或) 呕吐,但其中某些药物 (如茶苯海明、丙氯拉嗪) 具有抗胆碱能特性,可导致认知方面的不良反应( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 f )在痴呆患者出现新发症状或病情恶化时,临床医师应考虑到 AChEI 可能的促成作用,以及 AChEI 与其它药物合用的潜在风险( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 g )患者可换用不同的 AChEI 。换药取决于处方医师和患者 (或其代理人) 对其相对风险和益处的判断( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 h )患者可由 AChEI 换用美金刚 (注:参见建议 15b ) 。何时换药取决于处方医师和患者 (或其代理人) 的判断( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 15 .美金刚应用的建议 —— a )美金刚适用于中重度 AD 患者 (推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 ) ,不推荐用于轻度 AD 患者 (推荐强度 D ,证据水平 1 ) 。 b ) AChEI 与美金刚联用是合理的 (因二者具有不同的作用机制) ,并显示为安全的,可对中重度痴呆有额外的益处,故适用于中度 AD 患者( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 16 .有下列情况时,应停止针对认知和功能症状的治疗: a )患者和 (或) 其决策代理人决定停药; b )患者拒绝服药; c )患者服药依从性差,继续服药仍可能无效,并且无法建立一种用药管理模式来纠正这一问题。 d )患者对合理的试验性治疗无反应。 e )患者对副作用不耐受。 f )因患者的合并症,继续治疗可能有不可接受的风险或无效 (如在疾病晚期)。 g )患者痴呆进展至某一阶段,继续治疗无明显效果( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 17 .患者停止治疗后,应对其进行密切的监控,如有认知状态、功能性能力下降或行为学症状的进展 / 恶化,则应考虑恢复治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 18 .针对 AD 及痴呆的认知和功能表现,采用补充剂、草药制剂和其它疗法的建议 —— a )不推荐补充大剂量 ( ≥400IU/d ) 维生素 E 用于 AD 的治疗( 推荐强度 E ,证据水平 1 )。 b )不推荐合成的抗氧化剂艾地苯醌 ( idebenone ) 用于 AD 的治疗( 推荐强度 E ,证据水平 1 )。 c )不推荐向不缺乏维生素 B 1 、 B 6 、 B 12 的 AD 患者补充这些维生素( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 3 )。 d )推荐银杏制剂治疗痴呆的肯定或否定证据均不足。尚需要深入的方法学可靠的试验研究( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 e )不推荐采用抗炎药物治疗痴呆的认知、功能和行为症状( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 1 )。 f )不推荐采用 3- 羟基 -3- 甲基戊二酰辅酶 A ( HMG-CoA ) 还原酶抑制剂治疗痴呆的认知、功能和行为症状( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 3 )。 g )不推荐采用激素替代疗法 (单用雌激素,或联合孕激素) 治疗女性痴呆患者的认知损害( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 1 )。 h )推荐采用雄激素 (如睾酮) 治疗男性 AD 患者的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 i )提出其它某些药物对 AD 的认知和行为症状有潜在疗效的证据都是否定的、不确定的或相矛盾的,故目前不推荐采用( 推荐强度 C 或 D ,证据水平 1~3—— 药物间存在差异)。 19 .轻中度 AD 患者的评估应包括行为症状及其他神经精神症状测定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 20 .痴呆伴发的行为和精神症状 ( BPSD ) 的处理应包括,详细记录行为异常和靶症状的鉴别,寻找潜在的触发或加剧因素,记录行为异常的后果,评估并排除可治性病因或促成因素,考虑患者、照料者及他们环境中其他人的安全( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 21 .轻中度痴呆患者抑郁症状处理的建议 —— a )痴呆患者常见抑郁症状,在下列情况下,医师可考虑诊断为抑郁:患者表现典型的抑郁症状,如行为症状、体重和睡眠改变、悲伤、哭泣、自杀表述或过分内疚,且症状呈亚急性进展 (如数周内,而非数月或数年) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )对于不属于重性情感障碍、重度恶劣心境或重度情绪不稳的抑郁症状,初始可采用非药物治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )如患者对非药物干预反应不佳,或为重性情感障碍、重度恶劣心境或重度情绪不稳,可考虑试用抗抑郁药物( 推荐强度 B. 证据水平 3 )。 d )对 AD 患者采用抗抑郁药物治疗,应首选具有最小抗胆碱能活性的药物,如选择性 5- 羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 ( SSRI ) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 22 .轻中度痴呆患者睡眠问题处理的建议 —— a )对有睡眠问题的 AD 患者,应首先详细评估其躯体疾病 (包括疼痛) 、精神疾病 (尤其是抑郁) 、潜在的促成作用药物、环境因素和 (或) 不良睡眠习惯 (如白天小睡) ,这些均可能影响睡眠。任何认定的继发因素均应予以处理( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )痴呆患者表现快速动眼期 ( REM ) 睡眠行为紊乱,提示为 DLB 及相关疾病,可选用氯硝西泮治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 c )非药物方法可有效治疗 AD 患者的睡眠紊乱,但可能需要其中的多种方法联用( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 d )考虑到临床需求,治疗失眠的药物 (包括中短效的苯二氮 䓬 类及相关药物) 应采用最低有效剂量和可能的最短疗程( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 23 .轻中度痴呆患者 BPSD 处理的建议 —— a ) BPSD 的治疗应首先考虑非药物治疗,且常与药物治疗联用 (推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 ) 。 b )在 BPSD 的处理中,尚无充分证据强烈支持常规应用以下疗法干预的有效性,而某些痴呆患者可能从中受益,包括音乐疗法、史露西伦 ( Snoezelen ,即多感官刺激) 、强光疗法、怀旧疗法 ( reminiscence therapy ) 、确认疗法 ( validation therapy ) 、芳香疗法 ( aroma therapy ) 、按摩及接触疗法 ( touch therapy ) ( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 2 )。 c )在 BPSD 采用药物治疗前,应考虑并通常试用与环境适应的非药物疗法( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )轻度痴呆伴视幻觉提示为 DLB ,此类患者对抗精神病药物异常敏感。如需针对视幻觉采用药物治疗,应尽可能首先试用 AChEI 。如需控制急性症状或 AChEI 无效,可谨慎试用非典型抗精神病药物 (如极低剂量喹硫平) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 e ) BPSD 的治疗通常应从低剂量开始,根据疗效和不良反应谨慎加量( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 f )历时 3 个月的行为稳定后,可分阶段减药并停药( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 g )轻中度 AD 患者如伴发神经精神症状,可考虑试用 AChEI 和 (或) 美金刚治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 h ) AChEI 或美金刚治疗 BPSD 应持续应用,直至临床疗效不再显现( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 24 .在社区针对行为紊乱的处理,与疗效有关的高质量证据有限,以下建议基于下列项目各 1-2 项的随机对照试验 ( RCT ) : a )成人日托项目 (照料者较多的参与可减少受托者的问题行为) ; (推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 b )由支持团体重点处理行为问题,并持续数月( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 c )由受过高级痴呆护理培训的卫生保健人员,进行系统全面的居家扶持,并长期持续数年之久( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 d )通过居家心理教育干预,指导照料者如何处理患者的行为问题( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 e )非药物方法可有效治疗 AD 患者的睡眠紊乱,但可能需要其中的多种方法联用( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 25 .轻中度痴呆驾驶机动车辆的建议 a )医师应忠告进行性痴呆患者及其家属,驾驶能力的丧失将是必然的后果。在病程的早期即应采取措施以缓和这种转变( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 b )仅通过单用或联用简易认知测试 (如 MMSE ) 以判定驾驶能力,并无充分的敏感性或特异性。如 MMSE 、画钟测试、连线测试 B 等认知测试异常,应进行深入的驾驶能力测试( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )由于认知的原因,出现下列情况的人员禁止驾驶:独立进行多种工具性日常生活活动 (如用药、储蓄、购物、打电话、烹调) 能力丧失;任何一种基础性日常生活活动 (如穿衣、如厕) 能力丧失( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )较早期痴呆患者的驾驶能力可视其个人情况予以测试( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 e )由卫生专业人员进行全面的越野和道路驾驶评价,是最合理的个体测试方法( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 f )不具备进行上述评价的情况下,须依靠医师自行判定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 g )对认定为可以安全驾驶的人员,每 6-12 个月应重新评价其驾驶能力。如有不良迹象,应尽快进行( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 h )对认定为不能安全驾驶的人员,不适宜采取补偿性的策略( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 26 .针对照料者的建议 —— a )医师应明确照料者在痴呆护理中发挥的重要作用。为了患者和 (或) 照料者的利益,医师应与照料者和家属在长期持续并定期安排的基础上进行合作( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )医师应做到,了解照料者的信息和需要的支持;向患者和家属讲解痴呆的常识;帮助召集家庭其他成员和正规社区服务机构,来分担照料者的任务。如有可能,可将患者转至专业的痴呆服务机构 (如阿尔茨海默病协会、社区痴呆服务项目、记忆门诊) ,他们应能提供全面的治疗方案,包括对照料者的支持、教育和培训( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 c )医师应做到,了解照料者的躯体和精神健康情况;提供相关的治疗 (包括个体化的心理治疗或必要的药物治疗) ;或转诊至合适的专科医师( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )医师应了解痴呆患者的问题行为及其对照料者造成的影响。如已造成照料者相当的痛苦,可将照料者和患者转诊至专业的痴呆服务机构,他们应能向患者提供治疗,并辅助照料者调整与患者的相互影响( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 e )药物治疗 AD 患者可减轻照料者负担,并缩短照料时间,可考虑将此作为支持照料者的辅助手段( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 f )在今后的 AD 及痴呆的药物治疗研究中,应考虑观察这些药物对照料者负担和照料时间的影响。在这些结果评定中应确保数据的一致性( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 27 .针对痴呆教育的建议 —— a )针对轻中度 AD 患者,所有医师都必须掌握处理常见情况核心的知识和技能 (注:参见明确针对初级保健医师教育需求的第 1 、 13 、 20 、 28 条建议) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )应实施多层次的教育规划,以推动医务人员者采纳第 3 届 CCCDTD 的建议( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 28 .针对照料痴呆患者的组织和资金的建议 —— a )各社区应考察当地针对痴呆患者的服务机构,评估其充分性,并对发现的缺陷实施处理计划( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 b )针对痴呆伴发的慢性病,需要调整广泛采用的管理模式 (即应减少推动患者自我管理,而强化照料者参与) 。调整后的痴呆慢性病管理,仍应探索其效能和效率( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 c )应建立并评估轻中度 AD 及痴呆患者管理的分担型照料模式。这就要求初级保健医师和专业服务机构双方,在为痴呆患者提供照料时承担共同的责任( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 d )痴呆的照料必须有充足的资金和补偿,但薪酬的不足不应成为提供良好的痴呆照料的障碍(推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 ) 伴 CVD 成分痴呆的处理 非药物干预的应用 1 .目前 (截至 2006 年 3 月) ,推荐对 VaD 应用认知训练的证据不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 2 )。 其他治疗干预 2 .调查血管性危险因素。推荐对所有血管性认知功能损害患者,均确定其血管性危险因素( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .治疗高血压。有证据显示,治疗高血压可预防 CVD 相关的进一步认知衰退。尚无有力证据表明某类降压药优于其它类,可考虑钙拮抗剂或 ACE 抑制剂(推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。出于其它原因 (包括预防卒中复发) ,高血压治疗应执行( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 4 .阿司匹林抗血小板治疗。目前,尚无证据支持应用阿司匹林明确治疗伴 CVD 痴呆(推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。阿司匹林或其它抗血小板药物可用于预防适宜患者的卒中复发 ( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 5 .尼莫地平与 VaD 。 VaD 应用尼莫地平的肯定或否定证据均不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 6 .美金刚的应用。有证据显示,在 VaD 患者中认知有小幅改善,但整体评定中未能发现。推荐美金刚治疗 VaD 的证据不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 7 .应用 AChEI 治疗 AD 合并 CVD 所致痴呆。 AD 合并 CVD 患者应用加兰他敏对认知、功能、行为和整体评定有小幅疗效。可考虑加兰他敏作为 AD 和 CVD 混合性痴呆的治疗选择( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 8 .对符合美国国立神经病及卒中研究所-瑞士神经科学国际研究会 ( NINDS-AIREN ) 诊断标准的很可能或可能 VaD 患者应用 AChEI 。 a )应用加兰他敏的肯定或否定证据均不足 (推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 ) ; b )多奈哌齐对认知和整体评定有小幅疗效,对功能评定疗效较差。 —— 本项证据尚可。可考虑多奈哌齐为 VaD 的治疗选择( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 痴呆的伦理问题 诊断公开 1 .一旦怀疑认知损害的可能性,即须开始对认知损害或痴呆患者作诊断公开这一过程( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 2 .痴呆诊断和公开的过程中,都要考虑提供教育和讨论的机会( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .通过对患者及其家属和照料者的教育,评估和处理潜在的不良心理影响( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 4 .一经确诊,即应以合乎患者意愿的方式,向患者、家属或照料者公开( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 5 .一旦诊断公开,就必须制定和讨论随访计划( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 治疗同意 1 .仍必须优先为患者提供最佳的规范的治疗( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 2 .患者及其家属和照料者都必须明确区分参与研究与临床医疗。作为规范的医疗和研究程序,所有人都必须明确医师治疗患者与进行研究潜在的角色差异。在科研机构,推荐由普通医师而非研究医师提供一般治疗,以保证治疗决策符合患者的最大利益( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .痴呆或其他形式认知损害的诊断,并不排除提供知情同意的能力,对于治疗决策、参与临床试验或参与非治疗性研究均是如此。参与特殊治疗或试验研究的特定阶段,必须考虑患者作出知情决策的能力( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 4 .在研究中,要评估潜在的受试者理解相关事项的能力,这项程序要求是合理的。描述的相关事项包括研究的性质、参与的结果 (如潜在的风险和利益) 和可替换的选项。但在目前的医疗或研究中,推荐采用某一特定的标准化方法以确定决策能力的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 5 .即使在认知损害或痴呆患者无能力作出合法的决策时,医师和研究人员均应综合考虑患者及其家属和照料者对治疗和研究的决策。在研究机构,研究伦理委员会可明确要求获取两者的同意决定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 6 .一段时间后,必须识别患者治疗和研究决策能力潜在的变化。患者可能由正式的同意转变为非正式的答应。无论是医疗还是研究,患者答应几乎是必要的,但决定停止治疗也必须是一种选择( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 7 .临床医师和研究人员应竭尽所能,确保代理人关于医疗和研究所作的决策,是基于最佳理念和患者最高价值。代理人有代表患者的职责,且各方须意识到决策实施过程中的挑战( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )
综述 痴呆的诊断和治疗: 4 .轻中度痴呆的管理方法 大卫 • B• 霍根( David B. Hogan ) 医学博士 彼得 • 贝利 (Peter Bailey ) 医学博士 桑德拉 • 布莱克( Sandra Black ) 医学博士 安妮 • 卡斯威尔( Anne Carswell )理学硕士 哲学博士 霍华德 • 切特柯夫( Howard Chertkow ) 医学博士 巴里 • 克拉克( Barry Clarke ) 医学博士 卡洛尔 • 科恩( Carole Cohen )文学士 医学博士 约翰 • 费斯克( John D. Fisk) 哲学博士 多罗茜 • 福布斯( Dorothy Forbes )注册护士 哲学博士 文松青( Malcolm Man-Son-Hing 音) 理学硕士 医学博士 克里斯塔 • 兰克托特( Krista Lanctôt ) 哲学博士 黛布拉 • 摩根( Debra Morgan )注册护士 哲学博士 莉莲 • 索普( Lilian Thorpe )医学博士 哲学博士 阿尔塔省卡尔加里市卡尔加里大学,医学和临床神经科学系(霍根);新斯科舍省哈利法克斯市达尔豪斯大学,医学系神经病学专业(贝利)、家庭医学系(克拉克)、精神病学系(费斯克);安大略省多伦多市多伦多大学新宁健康科学中心,医学系(布莱克);安大略省伦敦市西安大略大学健康科学院,职业治疗学院(卡斯威尔)、护理学院(福布斯);魁北克省蒙特利尔市麦克吉尔大学莫蒂默 •B• 戴维斯爵士 - 犹太人总医院,医学系老年医学专业,布卢姆菲尔德衰老研究中心、戴维斯夫人医学研究所(切特柯夫);魁北克省蒙特利尔市麦克吉尔大学,神经病学和神经外科学系(切特柯夫)、蒙特利尔大学老年医学研究所(切特柯夫);安大略省多伦多市多伦多大学,精神病学系(科恩、兰克托特)、药学系(兰克托特);安大略省渥太华市渥太华大学,医学系(文松青);萨斯喀彻温省萨斯卡通市萨斯喀彻温大学,农业农村与环境健康研究所(摩根)、精神病学系(索普) 通信作者: Dr. David B. Hogan, Department of ClinicalNeurosciences, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr.NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1; fax 403 283-6151; dhogan@ucalgary.ca 摘要 背景: 轻中度痴呆的管理既复杂而又充满挑战。执业医师在处理诸如诊断公开、驾驶汽车、照料者支持等事项上常难以选择合适的方法。本文中,基于加拿大第 3 次 CCCDTD 的建议,提出轻中度痴呆的管理实践指南。 方法: 通过系统文献检索,采用限定的标准,对各项研究作出选择并评定质量,经过清晰而透明的决策过程,制定循证指南。选取发表于 1996 年 1 月至 2005 年 12 月间关有轻中度阿尔茨海默病及其他类型痴呆的管理的文献。基于文献综述的建议草案,在会上与会者以 80% 以上的得票率通过。会后再以同样的主要关键词和二次检索词补充选取发表于 2006 年月至 2008 年 4 月的文献。证据分级强度采用加拿大预防保健特别工作组( Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care )的标准。 结果: 在确定的 1615 篇文献中,选取 954 篇作深入研究。综合这些研究证据后,制定 48 项建议,其中轻中度痴呆管理 28 项、伴脑血管病因素痴呆 8 项、探讨伦理事宜的建议 12 项。最新的文献综述未对上述建议产生影响。结论为,应向患者及其家属通报相关的诊断。虽然针对共患病的特异性处理还需要调整,但不能因为存在轻度的痴呆,即改变标准的护理和治疗的目标。应用具有抗胆碱能活性药物剂量应最小化。应针对停止驾驶汽车积极主动地制定计划,因为在痴呆进展至某个阶段时,即丧失驾驶能力。应基于患者的功能活动判定其驾驶能力。值得重点关注的还有要对主要照料者予以支持。 解释: 在轻中度痴呆患者的照料和主要照料者的支持方面,已有了较多的了解。深层次的要求是照料协作体系的建立和宣传。 Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia: 4. Approach to Management of Mild to Moderate Dementia.CMAJ 2008; 179:787–793. 病例 I 女士为某家庭医师的患者, 72 岁,与其丈夫独立生活。而 I 先生亦为该医师的患者,此前打电话告知医师其非常担心妻子的记忆力,并说她一直不同意过来做一次测试。本次就诊中, I 女士否认自己有任何的认知问题,坚持认为自己的记忆和同龄人相比还算正常。其丈夫并不认同,还列举了她最近记忆下降、找词困难,以及执行复杂指令方面的问题。这些问题在 2 年前开始出现,缓慢发展至今。 I 先生还说,其妻子有 2 次开车迷路,但没有发生过撞车、违章驾驶或危急情况。最近 6 个月来, I 女士在结算银行账户和家庭理财时需要更多的帮助,而在处理这些事务方面,她结婚 40 多年来从未出现过问题。她还不需要对其个人照料的帮助,仍旧处理包括做饭在内的全部家务。只是独自在家时会焦虑,在感情上越来越依赖其丈夫。 I 先生并不认为她有抑郁症。 5 年前, I 女士曾有一次短暂性意识混乱和遗忘事件,历时 4 小时后恢复。她与其丈夫曾到当地急救站,被告知可能为短暂性脑缺血发作( TIA )。 I 女士有 10 年的糖尿病史,并通过控制饮食和口服二甲双胍处理。长年用药包括二甲双胍、肠溶乙酰水杨酸、奥昔布宁(治疗尿频)、阿米替林(治疗失眠)。 I 女士 MMSE 得分为 24 分,画钟试验排列数字出现问题。老年抑郁量表( GDS )满分 15 分得 2 分。体格检查无明显异常,不伴有局灶性神经系统表现。血压正常(坐位 124/76mmHg )。已预约进行实验室检查和放射学检查。未发现痴呆的可逆性病因。空腹血糖水平 6.3mmol/L ,糖化血红蛋白( HbA1c ) 6.8% 。 CT 扫描显示轻微的脑白质改变,无大血管梗死或腔隙性梗死。颈动脉多普勒超声检查未见明显狭窄。 I 女士经诊断为轻度阿尔茨海默病,并计划向他们公开诊断,并由医师和他们共同制定管理计划。在接下来的数周乃至数月中,应如何着手并付诸实施? 伴随加拿大老龄人口的增长,家庭医师将接触更多的 AD 患者。针对他们的医疗将有一大部分由家庭医师承担,而很多医师感到对痴呆的诊断和治疗准备不足 。进一步讲,在家庭医师繁忙的实践过程中,处理老年的痴呆患者费时费力,且挑战将持续存在。家庭医师和专科医师亟需痴呆管理专业化和人性化的工具。 本文中概述的处理方法,与案例中所述患者情况类似。该方法是基于加拿大第 3 次 CCCDTD 作出的建议。关于该建议的产生过程,在本专辑的第一篇文章中已有描述 ,并见于本文的在线附录( wwwNaNaj.ca/cgi/content/full/178/5/548/DC2 )。在案例中所描述的情况,正是本阶段 AD 患者管理中常见的一系列事项 。因为不可能涵盖共识会议针对这一主题的全部 48 项建议,本文重点讨论是与会的家庭医师选择的与初级卫生保健密切相关的条目( 48 项建议的条文见附录 2wwwNaNaj.ca/cgi/content/full/179/8/787/DC2 )。 管理方法 痴呆的诊断是基于患者的病史、知情者的补充病史及体格检查 。案例中, I 女士的病史相当简单,仅提及有一次 TIA (为突发的神经系统症状, 24 小时内完全缓解,且不伴有偏头痛、癫痫、梅尼埃病、过度换气、心源性晕厥、低血糖或直立性低血压的确切证据) 。 I 女士的意识混乱和遗忘为非局灶性症状。诊断为 TIA 须具备局灶性症状,而患者经历的非局灶性的神经症状发作,则增加了未来发生痴呆的风险 。 I 女士的实验室检查和神经影像学检查无明显异常。 I 女士可诊断为 AD 。虽然确实存在血管性危险因素(糖尿病),也疑诊 TIA ,但并不支持诊断为血管性痴呆( VaD )。推荐 VaD 的诊断采用综合方法(病史、血管性危险因素、体检结果、临床经过、神经影像学检查和认知损害的模式)(整套建议中 “ 诊断与鉴别诊断 ” 节第 4 项建议,参见 www.cccdtd.ca )。 多数痴呆患者由家庭医师医治(附录 2 ,建议 1 。)。而对于 AD 患者的管理是一项复杂的任务,因为症状的进行性加重,且通常历时 5~10 年。家庭照料者也是重要的资源,他们被视为 “ 隐匿的病人 ” ,因为也应考虑他们的需求。框 1 所示,为面向确诊为轻中度痴呆的患者及其家属,家庭医师、专科医师及痴呆护理机构,所建议应采取的措施 。这些措施在疾病的全程都会施行,并须与其他措施同时进行。 框 1 :作出诊断后,针对轻中度痴呆患者及其家属的行动建议 告知患者及其家属(在场且适合的情况下)诊断内容(包括一般的咨询及对具体问题的解答) 确定其家庭照料者可提供何种支持,其目前的状态(受累的情况)及需求(包括尽力处理的特定需求) —— 当场进行 就进一步的辅助确诊和管理事项(如对可疑家族性病例转诊至遗传门诊),确定转诊的需求 —— 当场进行 评估安全性风险(如驾驶汽车、财务处理、用药管理、烹调和吸烟等居家安全性风险、潜在的危险行为如漫游) —— 当场进行 确定各形式的预先计划文件(如遗嘱、持久授权书、个人指示)。尚无此类文件者,则建议草拟。注意:患者书写上述文件或能否起效也应纳入对患者能力的评估 评估患者的决策能力 —— 当场进行 介绍患者及家属转至当地的加拿大阿尔茨海默病协会分部( www.alzheimer.ca/english/offices/intro.htm 或 www.alzheimer.ca/french/offices/intro.htm ) 就非药物和药物治疗选择和可利用研究项目提供相关信息和建议 * 制定并实施有既定目标的治疗计划,并对计划持续更新 监测对初始治疗的反应 监测并处理出现的功能问题(如尿失禁) 评估并处理出现的痴呆的精神症状 监测营养状态,必要时干预 处理病变情况,提供持续的医学处理 动员必要的社区和机构资源(包括知晓支持性的居所、长期的照料选择以及对机构安置的适宜的时机和过程) * 专辑的下一篇文章中将提供治疗选择的细节。 对 I 女士来说,现在最优先要解决的事项有诊断的公开,评估照料者(其丈夫)的能力和需求,确定是否需转诊(包括转至加拿大 AD 协会在当地的办事处),寻找安全性的关切(如药品管理、驾驶),讨论先期计划( advance planning )以及就特定目标协商治疗方案。随着时间的推进,患者及其照料者的需求也将有所变化。须监测患者在认知、功能和行为方面日渐增加的需求,及由此试行各类干预措施后患者做出的反应。 参与治疗轻中度痴呆的所有医师均应具备痴呆处理的核心知识和技能(附录 2 ,建议 27a )。实践中的各类问题已经成为初级保健医师提供良好医疗的阻碍。这其中包括时间不充分、补偿不合理、专科医师指导和支持的受限、公共基金药物福利计划( publicly funded drug benefit programs )中抗痴呆药物和新型精神药物覆盖面狭窄、社区资源不丰富、社区机构联系欠缺、患者教育资源不充分、以及跨专业团队的匮乏 。有人认为在常规的初级保健实践中所提供的医疗手段,无法满足痴呆患者的需求 。在初级保健机构筹划的若干创新型协作医疗模式,用以加强与社区服务机构的整合,并提高对疾病管理的支持度,进而有望成为改善社区痴呆患者医疗质量和健康状况的途径 。然而,这一途径尚未普及。各社区应考察当地针对痴呆患者的服务机构,评估其充分性,并对发现的缺陷,实施处理计划(附录 2 ,建议 28a )。但薪酬的不足不应成为提供良好的痴呆照料的障碍(附录 2 ,建议 28d )。痴呆患者的医疗护理是多层次和耗时间的,医师应在某一阶段内考虑安排数次访视以解决不同的问题,而非一次见面即试图解决过多的问题。如框 1 所示,药物治疗作为干预措施需要周期性的复查。 对痴呆患者来说,为其提供良好的医疗保障需要多方咨询(附录 2 ,建议 2 )。通常有以下原因,患者需转诊至专科医师、其他卫生保健人员、相关项目或服务机构,包括未确定诊断;患者或家属要求二次诊断;药物疗法求助;其他处理事项求助(如抑郁、行为问题、功能损害);照料者支持;必要时的遗传咨询。患者的家庭医师应留意社区中与患者医疗相关的资源,有适宜者,则可加以利用。如家庭医师难以有效地处理痴呆患者,则应将患者转诊至适宜的专科服务机构。在国际上对应由哪一学科(如神经病学、精神病学)或二级学科(如老年医学、老年精神病学)首先参与 AD 及其他痴呆的诊断和治疗尚无一致意见 。可根据患者或家属需求的性质、当地可获取的情况、家庭医师的推荐意向等因素作出决定。在加拿大的许多城市都有多学科的痴呆门诊,家庭医师与其他医师可就患者的医疗获取帮助。这些门诊同时也作为教育和研究中心 。 就本例中 I 女士来说,她没有必要转至会诊医师或痴呆门诊,除非存在诊断不确定性、需二次诊断、药物疗法求助,或者患者或其家属对某研究项目(如新药试验)感兴趣。随着时间的推移, I 女士的需求可能会有所变化,转诊的问题也需要重新讨论。 本文中将要深入讨论的管理事项包括,诊断的公开与决策、并发病症的处理和治疗、患者驾驶能力的评估,以及照料者支持。 诊断公开与决策 按照自主原则,痴呆的诊断应向患者及其家属或照料者公开。这就需要从患者个人角度出发,以合乎患者意愿的方式,通报给患者、家属或照料者。诊断公开的同时,即可引导痴呆患者、家属、照料者同医疗保健人员就一些重要事项(如先期计划、药物治疗选择、参与研究等)展开公开对话(见 “ 痴呆的伦理问题 ” 节中 “ 疾病公开 ” 建议 4 , www.cccdtd.ca ) 。虽然诊断公开可能有潜在的不良心理反应,而决定不公开,但是最近的研究认为,对多数患者和照料者来说并非如此 。实际上,在诊断公开之后,饱受困扰的患者和家属,其焦虑情绪通常会缓解。问题不是 “ 是否 ” 要诊断公开,而是 “ 如何 ” 诊断公开和 “ 何时 ” 诊断公开 。 对初级保健医师来说,诊断公开是痴呆治疗中特别困难的一个方面 。遗憾的是,在临床实践中痴呆诊断公开应如何实际地操作,极少有相关的研究。最近研究发现,医师通常在公开时对患者不够坦诚,且交流诊断信息历时仅 40 秒至 5 分 40 秒 。 虽然尚缺乏有关最佳诊断公开的详细实践信息,但还是可给出通行的建议。本建议的方法类似于向癌症患者通报诊断,并作了某些修改。 诊断公开中的特殊挑战包括,患者缺乏理解或认知能力损害;一次将不幸的消息通报多人(如患者、家庭成员),且各人的心理准备情况不一 。另一方面,较之癌症及其他威胁生命的病症,较少有尽快通报所需信息的时间压力。而采取的个体化的方法应既对患者所处的特定环境敏感,同时又涉及到家庭成员。 推荐的痴呆诊断公开的最佳实践过程包括以下 8 个部分 : l 准备诊断公开:筹划会面,安排诊断后的支持事项,准备患者的治疗,引导患者公开诊断的需求。 l 与家庭成员结合:确立并约请合适的家庭成员;处理患者和家庭成员不同的信息需求;避免与家庭成员私下达成默契。 l 探查患者的期待:探查患者对其症状的感受,以及对诊断可能的判断。 l 公开诊断:调整信息以适应患者的偏好及其应对诊断的能力;多次检查患者的理解力;明确地称呼疾病;确认诊断的不确定性;澄清痴呆与 AD 的关系;解释正常衰老与痴呆的关系;讨论预后。 l 应对患者的反应:查明患者的情绪反应;引导并讨论患者的疑问和关切。 l 重视患者的生活质量和良好状态:培养合于现实的预期;探索应对的策略。 l 筹划未来:明确随访计划;讨论可获取的支持服务;商议管理计划。 l 有效沟通:取得一致意见;采用适当的语言或非语言交流;采取主动的倾听技巧;邀请患者参与。 第 2 和第 3 个要点,以及第 1 要点的部分内容,在怀疑痴呆后即应尽早进行(见 “ 痴呆的伦理问题 ” 节中 “ 疾病公开 ” 建议 1 , www.cccdtd.ca )。诊断公开是一个过程,而不是一次性的会面。要确定具体的家庭成员,要花时间引导患者产生对诊断公开的需求,还要预估患者及其家属可能会有何种反应。在此基础上,访视期间实际的公开过程(在确诊之后即进行)通常历时 15-30 分钟,内容有应对患者及其家属的最初反应,明确短期的随访计划,商定初始的处理计划。 诊断公开应保证有足够的时间。对某些患者及其家属来说,完成疾病公开的过程,需要在 1 周内访视 2-3 次。在提供信息的应抱着同情、尊重的态度。向患者及其家属提供书面的教育材料,特别是对患者有针对性的材料。如需支持和信息,患者及其家属可求助于当地的加拿大阿尔茨海默病协会(各分会名单,参见 www.alzheimer.ca/english/offices/intro.htm 或 www.alzheimer.ca/french/offices/intro.htm )。 每一名医师均应熟悉相关的法律(如知情同意、行为能力评估、代理决策者的确认,以及医生在这些事项中的责任)。一旦痴呆的诊断公开,正好可以建议患者更新其遗嘱,准备其预先指示和持久授权书(如果患者有能力完成这些文件的话)。具体来讲,何时提出这些话题(是在第一次为评估所做的访视时,或在诊断公开时,还是在最初的几次随访时?)并非是要紧的事项。可资参考的情形就是,确保能在患者丧失行为能力(无法表达其处理有关事项的意愿)之前来讨论这些问题。同样,诊断为痴呆本身并不意味着病人没有能力作出处理决定(见 “ 痴呆的伦理问题 ” 节中 “ 治疗知情同意 ” 建议 3 ) 。 以合乎 I 女士意愿的方式,向她及其家属公开了 AD 的诊断。 I 女士及其家属还求助于加拿大阿尔茨海默病协会在当地的分会。她和她的丈夫得到建议,对她来说,目前正是更新遗嘱,并准备预先指示和持久授权书的好时机。 共患病症的处理和治疗 糖尿病等共患病症的处理方案,在痴呆的情况下须做出修改(附录 2 ,建议 4 )。痴呆患者共患病症处理欠佳的原因,不外乎医师因痴呆存在而不予处理,或者在患者自我管理能力下降的情况下未调整治疗方案(此责任通常会由第三方 承担),而这可能进一步加重残疾。 加拿大糖尿病协会推荐,老年人血糖、血压和血脂的目标值与较年轻患者相同,除非其在功能上高度依赖或预期寿命有限 。如患者有症状性脑血管病史(如 TIA ),应继续治疗,以减少脑血管事件复发和其他心血管事件的风险 。目前尚无证据支持使用阿司匹林(乙酰水杨酸)专用于治疗伴脑血管疾病的痴呆(附录 2 , “ 伴脑血管病的痴呆 ” 节中建议 4 )。针对 AD 患者,抗血栓疗法(小剂量阿司匹林治疗)如在无其他潜在适应症,或有明确禁忌症的情况下使用,不但毫无益处,反而增加严重出血的风险 。 在痴呆情况下,应对 I 女士糖尿病的处理方案作出调整,但治疗目标保持不变。并使患者更少地依赖于自我管理,同时要求进一步发挥其丈夫的作用。目前发现 I 女士的血压 和血糖 均已达标,尚须化验以评估血脂的达标情况。在其丈夫更严密的监督下, I 女士糖尿病的治疗现在继续进行。 I 女士既往有疑似 TIA 的诊断,故仍维持其目前的阿司匹林剂量。因为此疗法经认定足以减少脑血管事件复发和其他心血管事件的风险 。 谵妄常见于居住在社区的痴呆人群,一项历时 3 年的研究显示其发生率为 13% 。照料者和临床医生一旦发现痴呆患者的认知、功能或行为能力有急剧变化,即应意识到谵妄的可能。如谵妄经证实,则需查找诱发因素并予以治疗,同时应开始支持性处理 。入院后,痴呆患者谵妄的风险增加。住院老年患者先发症状中,痴呆与谵妄的发生最为密切 。应采取干预措施以减少并发症的可能性;这些措施包括使用定向沟通、治疗性活动,睡眠强化策略,锻炼与移动,提供视力和听力辅助,并采取积极措施,预防或处理脱水(附录 2 ,建议 4a )。 应确定痴呆患者是否为自行管理服用药物及是否存在依从性差等问题(附录 2 ,建议 5a )。如存在此类问题,多种干预措施(例如泡罩包装 、使用剂量药盒(或称多塞特 药盒)、书面提醒、电话提醒、药师外展服务 、居家护士访视)可提高依从性。当然可能有必要由第三方(如家庭成员)接管药品管理。即使目前患者的用药管理尚佳,无论有无采用提高依从性的辅助措施,均应由最终的第三方参与制订计划。对于 AD 等进行性痴呆来说,第三方参与最终将适用于几乎所有患者。 具有抗胆碱能作用的药物会使 AD 患者的认知状况恶化,并削弱胆碱酯酶抑制剂( AChEI )的疗效 。最近的一项研究选取疗养院中较高功能水平的患者,其中合用 AChEI 和膀胱抗胆碱药物(奥昔布宁 、托特罗定 )者与单用 AChEI 者相比,长期功能衰退的发生率较高 。抗胆碱能风险级别表( AnticholinergicRisk Scale )列出了具有中等至极强程度潜在抗胆碱能效应的常用药物,此表已成功应用于确定老年患者抗胆碱能副作用增加的风险 。对 AD 患者来说,应用表中所列药物时剂量应最小化(附录 2 ,建议 5c )。 经确认 I 女士为自我管理用药,并具有依从性。还是建议其丈夫在某些情况下,承担其用药管理的责任。 I 女士正在服用奥昔布宁与阿米替林,二药均有极强的抗胆碱能副作用。经对这些药物的使用情况进行审核后,建议采用非药物方法来处理其症状(如采取规律排尿的措施缓解尿频、采取睡眠保健和每日步行的措施缓解失眠)。如果 I 女士停用抗胆碱能药物,则应在一个月内重新评估其认知,并可能会有所改善。虽然使用奥昔布宁等药物与认知下降存在关联,但需采用复杂认知测试方可发现,医生临床实践中采用简易认知测试不可能发现显著的变化 。医师要发现 I 女士细微的认知改善,还须取决于其丈夫的观察。 驾驶能力的评估 医师应忠告进行性痴呆患者及其家属,驾驶能力的丧失将是必然的后果 ( 附录 2 ,建议 25a) 。仅通过简易认知测试(如 MMSE ),不应用于判定驾驶能力(附录 2 ,建议 25b ) 。由于认知的原因,出现下列情况的人员禁止驾驶,即独立进行多种工具性日常生活活动能力丧失,或任何一种基础性日常生活活动能力丧失(附录 2 ,建议 25c )。这种程度的功能损害,提示为中度痴呆或更重的阶段。由卫生专业人员进行全面的越野和道路驾驶评价,是最合理的个体测试方法(附录 2 ,建议 25e )。这一类型评估在加拿大并不普遍,个人费用在 200 加元以上。在不具备进行上述评价的情况下,须依靠医师自行判定。对认定为不能安全驾驶的人员,不适宜采取补偿性的策略(如再培训或教育项目;使用副驾驶员;车载导航或碰撞预警系统;限制性执照)。进一步的信息见于加拿大医学会的司机指南《机动车驾驶员健康评定》 。 鉴于痴呆的进展性,应建议 I 女士及其家属, I 女士须放弃驾驶。从现有资料来看,似乎其并不存在驾驶的绝对禁忌,但值得注意是她曾经迷路。在自愿的基础上经过协商,她同意放弃驾驶。如果她想继续驾驶,其驾驶能力需进行评估。可行的最公平的办法是安排一次全面的越野和道路驾驶评价。如果经评价并认定可安全驾驶,则每 6-12 个月应重新评估其驾驶能力;如情况需要(如家属关注度增加),则尽快进行。 照料者支持 必须明确照料者提供的痴呆照料服务所起的重要作用(附录 2 ,建议 26 )。医生应与主要照顾者建立持久的基础,并定期与其会面。借助于这一稳定的基础,该医生应向患者的照料者了解患者行为方面的任何问题。如果患者存在棘手问题,应考虑将其转诊到可提供治疗和支持的专业痴呆服务机构。照疗者也应了解当地的家庭护理项目,这些项目可能会提供可获取的社会资源信息,提供先期辅导,必要时协助进行护理,并评估是否需要喘息服务( respite services )。阿尔茨海默病患者经药物治疗,可减轻护理者的负担,减少扶持患者的时间。对照料者提供教育、咨询、支持和休整喘息服务,有益于照料者和患者双方。这些多元化干预方式可以大大推迟痴呆患者需进行机构照料的时间 。一个成功的支持项目特别重要的特征应该是,积极吸纳照料者并给予他们选择权 。关于多元化干预方式的费用 - 效益研究发现,照料者接受干预后每天可留出额外的 1 小时不用于照料,合费用每天 5 加元 。 知识差距 本综述中须明确几项重大的知识差距所在。例如,针对轻中度痴呆患者,认知训练、认知康复和环境干预等方式是否可改善或维持认知和功能评分,尚需深入研究。 遗憾的是,尚缺乏各国通用的系统性方法,以便对家庭医师治疗痴呆给予最佳的支持。为解决此类患者多重需求,应提供必要的医疗服务,而薪酬不能成为影响实施的障碍。医师应在当地建立这种必备的医疗体制,并联合社区部门和加拿大阿尔茨海默病协会,提高痴呆患者及其家属的治疗质量。 病例回顾 I 女士的家庭医师安排每 6 个月一次的定期会面,针对 I 女士及其丈夫一起或单独进行。而 I 先生在教育和支持方面的需求,经认定应得到满足。如 I 先生的医疗由另一名家庭医师管理,则应鼓励其定期访问自己的医师,并通报其妻子痴呆的情况,从而使其家庭医师知晓其本人受影响的程度。 I 先生的健康情况和需求的解决情况,也是 I 女士治疗过程中的重要方面。应对 I 先生进行抑郁症状的评估,因为痴呆照料者中抑郁的患病率可高达 30%~50% 。 结论 痴呆患者的处理是一项复杂而渐进的任务,要将患者及其主要照料者均作为重点,采取全面的措施。在本专辑的下一篇文章中,将讨论轻中度痴呆相关症状的药物及非药物处理方法。 本文已经同行评议。 利益冲突: David Hogan has been a site principal investigator in studies supported byNeurochem and Pfizer Canada within the last 3 years and has given presentationssponsored by Janssen-Ortho Inc., Merck Frosst, Novartis and Pfizer within thelast 5 years. Peter Bailey has received support from pharmaceutical firms (as aspeaker) and the Consortium of Canadian Centres for Clinical Cognitive Research(as president). Sandra Black has received support from Eisai, Pfizer,Janssen-Ortho and Novartis (clinical investigation, continuing medicaleducation lecturer, ad hoc consultant), Lundbeck (ad hocconsultant, CME lecturer), Sanofi-Aventis (trial investigator) and Myriad(trial investigator, ad hoc consultant, CME lecturer). Howard Chertkow hasreceived support from Pfizer Canada (advisory board member, speaker, grantrecipient), Neurochem Inc. (advisory board member), Lundbeck Canada (advisoryboard member, speaker), Janssen-Ortho Inc. (speaker, advisory board member),and Novartis Canada (advisory board member, speaker). John Fisk has receivedhonoraria for lecturing and workshop participation and for providing outcomesresearch consultation services from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen-Idec,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis and TEVA Neuroscience. KristaLanctôt has received support from Pfizer Canada (consultant, speaker, researchsupport), Abbott Laboratories (consultant, research support), Janssen-OrthoInc. (consultant, research support) and Lundbeck Canada (research support).Lilian Thorpe has received support for research, for being an advisory boardmember or for presentations from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly,Glaxo SmithKline, Janssen-Ortho Inc., Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer andWyeth. 第 作者贡献: David Hogan has been a site principal investigator in studies supported byNeurochem and Pfizer Canada within the last 3 years and has given presentationssponsored by Janssen-Ortho Inc., Merck Frosst, Novartis and Pfizer within thelast 5 years. Peter Bailey has received support from pharmaceutical firms (as aspeaker) and the Consortium of Canadian Centres for Clinical Cognitive Research(as president). Sandra Black has received support from Eisai, Pfizer,Janssen-Ortho and Novartis (clinical investigation, continuing medicaleducation lecturer, ad hoc consultant), Lundbeck (ad hocconsultant, CME lecturer), Sanofi-Aventis (trial investigator) and Myriad(trial investigator, ad hoc consultant, CME lecturer). Howard Chertkow hasreceived support from Pfizer Canada (advisory board member, speaker, grantrecipient), Neurochem Inc. (advisory board member), Lundbeck Canada (advisoryboard member, speaker), Janssen-Ortho Inc. (speaker, advisory board member),and Novartis Canada (advisory board member, speaker). John Fisk has receivedhonoraria for lecturing and workshop participation and for providing outcomesresearch consultation services from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen-Idec,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis and TEVA Neuroscience. KristaLanctôt has received support from Pfizer Canada (consultant, speaker, researchsupport), Abbott Laboratories (consultant, research support), Janssen-OrthoInc. (consultant, research support) and Lundbeck Canada (research support).Lilian Thorpe has received support for research, for being an advisory boardmember or for presentations from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly,Glaxo SmithKline, Janssen-Ortho Inc., Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer andWyeth. 编者注: 加拿大第 3 届 CCCDTD 的建议的背景文章及支持证据,在《阿尔茨海默病与痴呆》 2007 年 10 月号发表,可从 www.alzheimersanddementia.org 获取,亦可免费从 www.cccdtd.ca 获取(已经爱思唯尔同意)。 参考文献 1. Allen M, Ferrier S, SargeantJ, et al. 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Age Ageing 1995;24:495-8. 附录 2 轻中度 AD 的处理 1 .初级保健医师可对多数痴呆患者予以充分的评估和处理。然而,为有助于医师满足患者及其照料者的需求,给予以下推荐: a )经痴呆患者及其家属同意后,可转至当地的阿尔茨海默病协会 (参加诸如 FirstLink 等项目) 。 b )初级保健医师应留意社区中可利用的痴呆护理方面的资源 (如支持团体、成人日托项目) ,并向他们作适当的建议( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 2 .咨询和建议是提供高质量卫生保健的必要过程。轻中度痴呆患者治疗中如考虑转诊,应转至对痴呆的治疗具有相当的专业知识和实践能力的老年病医师、老年精神病医师、神经病医师、或其它专业卫生保健人员 (如神经心理医师、普通护士及执业护士、职业治疗师、理疗师、心理医师、社会工作者等) 。需转诊的情况包括: a )初步评估和随访后,尚不能确诊。 b )患者或其家属提出其他方面的要求。 c )患者出现明显抑郁,特别是对治疗无反应。 d )明确针对 AD 的药物治疗出现问题或无效。 e )针对患者的处理 (如行为问题、功能性损害) 或照料者的支持,需进一步帮助。 f )有遗传迹象,需作遗传咨询。 g )患者和 / 或家属对会诊医师开展的诊断或治疗研究感兴趣( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .对来自特殊文化群体的患者的护理和治疗,应考虑到其被孤立的风险、与文化相适宜服务的重要性及提供照料者支持会产生的问题( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 4 .轻中度痴呆一般治疗的建议 —— a )对于轻中度痴呆住院患者,应识别增加的谵妄风险。可通过以下多途径的干预来降低谵妄发生的风险,包括定向沟通 ( orientingcommunication ) 、治疗性活动、睡眠加强策略、视听觉辅助和 (或) 口服补液防治脱水( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 b )适当处理轻中度 AD 患者的合并症( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )在痴呆的情况下,可对其他慢性病症的处理予以调整。通常应该使患者自我照料减少,同时照料者的作用增强( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 5 .轻中度痴呆药物治疗的建议 —— a )对所有轻中度痴呆患者,应确定其药物使用情况,识别药物治疗中的问题及关切 (包括依从性差) 。如发现问题,特别是在依从性方面,则有必要辅助提高依从性,或考虑由另外一方进行治疗。对药物治疗中的任何调整,都必须评估其有效性( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )即使对于能够自我管理用药的进行性痴呆患者,也应有计划地由第三方参与用药管理,因为最终这对几乎所有患者都将成为必需( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c ) AD 患者使用具有抗胆碱能效应药物应最小化( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 3 )。 6 .伦理、法律问题的建议 —— a )虽然应从个体角度考虑每一个病例,但通常应将痴呆的诊断向患者和家属公开。这一过程中应讨论如下问题,包括预后、诊断的不确定性、先期计划、驾驶事宜、治疗选择、支持团体和远期计划( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )初级保健医师应关注与法律有关以下事项,即知情同意、行为能力评估、代理决策者认定、以及医师在其中的责任( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )在患者仍保留行为能力时,应鼓励其更新遗嘱,签订预先指示 ( advancedirective ) 和持久授权书 ( enduringpower of attorney ) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 7 .轻中度 AD 认知和功能损害非药物干预的建议 —— a )对轻中度痴呆患者,就认知训练和认知康复能否有效改善或保持认知和 (或) 功能评分,作出正式结论的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 b )对轻中度痴呆患者,就认知训练和认知康复可有效改善认知和 (或) 功能评分,作出结论尚需深入研究( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 c )对轻中度痴呆患者,有部分迹象显示环境干预对工具性日常生活活动能力 ( IADL ) 和日常生活活动能力 ( ADL ) 产生有益影响,但就能否有效改善功能评分,作出正式结论的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 d )对轻中度痴呆患者,个体化的锻炼项目可改善功能评分的证据充分( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 e )对轻中度痴呆患者,就其他非药物干预能否改善或保持功能评分,作出任何结论的证据均不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 8 .初级保健医师应能操作和解释简易的功能活动能力和认知能力测定,或转诊至具备相应的专业知识和实践能力的卫生保健人员( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 9 .治疗开始后,参与治疗的相关的卫生保健人员应对定期患者进行评估( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 10 .治疗中应记录患者病情,以判定病情的稳定、改善或持续恶化( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 11 .在监测患者的治疗反应的同时, (如有可能) 应征求照料者的补充主诉。照料者可提供关于患者认知、行为、社会功能和日常功能方面的信息( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 12 .如主治的初级保健医师无法进行评定以评估治疗反应,建议转诊至对痴呆治疗具有专业知识和实践能力的其他卫生保健专业人员 (如其他医师、护士、职业治疗师) ,或自愿提供相关评定的服务机构 (如记忆门诊) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 13 .初级保健医师应能够与患者及其家属适当地交流有关痴呆的信息 (包括现实的治疗预期) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 14 . AChEI 应用的建议 —— a )在加拿大上市的三种 AChEI 均对轻中度 AD 有中等的疗效,均可作为治疗选择( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 b )尽管如此,但三者直接比较的等效性尚未确立。选择何种药物应基于其不良反应谱、易用性和熟悉度,以及对三者药代动力学等作用机制的差异重要性的认定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 c )所有医师在开具上述 AChEI 药物时,应注意其禁忌症和注意事项( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )一旦 AChEI 发生不良反应,如经判定有致残性和 (或) 危险性,则应停药;如经判定程度轻微,则应减量,并在耐受较小剂量后 2~4 周重新试用较大剂量( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 e )如应用 AChEI 时出现恶心和 (或) 呕吐,应复查药物的服用方法 (如剂量、频次、是否伴随进食、非故意加量的证据) ,并考虑调整处方 (如改用较小剂量) 、调整用药管理责任 (如改由照料者负责) 、调整患者用药指导 (如伴随进食服用) ,或者停药。虽然止呕药可用于治疗恶心和 (或) 呕吐,但其中某些药物 (如茶苯海明、丙氯拉嗪) 具有抗胆碱能特性,可导致认知方面的不良反应( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 f )在痴呆患者出现新发症状或病情恶化时,临床医师应考虑到 AChEI 可能的促成作用,以及 AChEI 与其它药物合用的潜在风险( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 g )患者可换用不同的 AChEI 。换药取决于处方医师和患者 (或其代理人) 对其相对风险和益处的判断( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 h )患者可由 AChEI 换用美金刚 (注:参见建议 15b ) 。何时换药取决于处方医师和患者 (或其代理人) 的判断( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 15 .美金刚应用的建议 —— a )美金刚适用于中重度 AD 患者 (推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 ) ,不推荐用于轻度 AD 患者 (推荐强度 D ,证据水平 1 ) 。 b ) AChEI 与美金刚联用是合理的 (因二者具有不同的作用机制) ,并显示为安全的,可对中重度痴呆有额外的益处,故适用于中度 AD 患者( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 16 .有下列情况时,应停止针对认知和功能症状的治疗: a )患者和 (或) 其决策代理人决定停药; b )患者拒绝服药; c )患者服药依从性差,继续服药仍可能无效,并且无法建立一种用药管理模式来纠正这一问题。 d )患者对合理的试验性治疗无反应。 e )患者对副作用不耐受。 f )因患者的合并症,继续治疗可能有不可接受的风险或无效 (如在疾病晚期)。 g )患者痴呆进展至某一阶段,继续治疗无明显效果( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 17 .患者停止治疗后,应对其进行密切的监控,如有认知状态、功能性能力下降或行为学症状的进展 / 恶化,则应考虑恢复治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 18 .针对 AD 及痴呆的认知和功能表现,采用补充剂、草药制剂和其它疗法的建议 —— a )不推荐补充大剂量 ( ≥400IU/d ) 维生素 E 用于 AD 的治疗( 推荐强度 E ,证据水平 1 )。 b )不推荐合成的抗氧化剂艾地苯醌 ( idebenone ) 用于 AD 的治疗( 推荐强度 E ,证据水平 1 )。 c )不推荐向不缺乏维生素 B 1 、 B 6 、 B 12 的 AD 患者补充这些维生素( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 3 )。 d )推荐银杏制剂治疗痴呆的肯定或否定证据均不足。尚需要深入的方法学可靠的试验研究( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 e )不推荐采用抗炎药物治疗痴呆的认知、功能和行为症状( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 1 )。 f )不推荐采用 3- 羟基 -3- 甲基戊二酰辅酶 A ( HMG-CoA ) 还原酶抑制剂治疗痴呆的认知、功能和行为症状( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 3 )。 g )不推荐采用激素替代疗法 (单用雌激素,或联合孕激素) 治疗女性痴呆患者的认知损害( 推荐强度 D ,证据水平 1 )。 h )推荐采用雄激素 (如睾酮) 治疗男性 AD 患者的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 i )提出其它某些药物对 AD 的认知和行为症状有潜在疗效的证据都是否定的、不确定的或相矛盾的,故目前不推荐采用( 推荐强度 C 或 D ,证据水平 1~3—— 药物间存在差异)。 19 .轻中度 AD 患者的评估应包括行为症状及其他神经精神症状测定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 20 .痴呆伴发的行为和精神症状 ( BPSD ) 的处理应包括,详细记录行为异常和靶症状的鉴别,寻找潜在的触发或加剧因素,记录行为异常的后果,评估并排除可治性病因或促成因素,考虑患者、照料者及他们环境中其他人的安全( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 21 .轻中度痴呆患者抑郁症状处理的建议 —— a )痴呆患者常见抑郁症状,在下列情况下,医师可考虑诊断为抑郁:患者表现典型的抑郁症状,如行为症状、体重和睡眠改变、悲伤、哭泣、自杀表述或过分内疚,且症状呈亚急性进展 (如数周内,而非数月或数年) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )对于不属于重性情感障碍、重度恶劣心境或重度情绪不稳的抑郁症状,初始可采用非药物治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )如患者对非药物干预反应不佳,或为重性情感障碍、重度恶劣心境或重度情绪不稳,可考虑试用抗抑郁药物( 推荐强度 B. 证据水平 3 )。 d )对 AD 患者采用抗抑郁药物治疗,应首选具有最小抗胆碱能活性的药物,如选择性 5- 羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 ( SSRI ) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 22 .轻中度痴呆患者睡眠问题处理的建议 —— a )对有睡眠问题的 AD 患者,应首先详细评估其躯体疾病 (包括疼痛) 、精神疾病 (尤其是抑郁) 、潜在的促成作用药物、环境因素和 (或) 不良睡眠习惯 (如白天小睡) ,这些均可能影响睡眠。任何认定的继发因素均应予以处理( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )痴呆患者表现快速动眼期 ( REM ) 睡眠行为紊乱,提示为 DLB 及相关疾病,可选用氯硝西泮治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 c )非药物方法可有效治疗 AD 患者的睡眠紊乱,但可能需要其中的多种方法联用( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 d )考虑到临床需求,治疗失眠的药物 (包括中短效的苯二氮 䓬 类及相关药物) 应采用最低有效剂量和可能的最短疗程( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 23 .轻中度痴呆患者 BPSD 处理的建议 —— a ) BPSD 的治疗应首先考虑非药物治疗,且常与药物治疗联用 (推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 ) 。 b )在 BPSD 的处理中,尚无充分证据强烈支持常规应用以下疗法干预的有效性,而某些痴呆患者可能从中受益,包括音乐疗法、史露西伦 ( Snoezelen ,即多感官刺激) 、强光疗法、怀旧疗法 ( reminiscencetherapy ) 、确认疗法 ( validationtherapy ) 、芳香疗法 ( aromatherapy ) 、按摩及接触疗法 ( touchtherapy ) ( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 2 )。 c )在 BPSD 采用药物治疗前,应考虑并通常试用与环境适应的非药物疗法( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )轻度痴呆伴视幻觉提示为 DLB ,此类患者对抗精神病药物异常敏感。如需针对视幻觉采用药物治疗,应尽可能首先试用 AChEI 。如需控制急性症状或 AChEI 无效,可谨慎试用非典型抗精神病药物 (如极低剂量喹硫平) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 e ) BPSD 的治疗通常应从低剂量开始,根据疗效和不良反应谨慎加量( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 f )历时 3 个月的行为稳定后,可分阶段减药并停药( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 g )轻中度 AD 患者如伴发神经精神症状,可考虑试用 AChEI 和 (或) 美金刚治疗( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 h ) AChEI 或美金刚治疗 BPSD 应持续应用,直至临床疗效不再显现( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 24 .在社区针对行为紊乱的处理,与疗效有关的高质量证据有限,以下建议基于下列项目各 1-2 项的随机对照试验 ( RCT ) : a )成人日托项目 (照料者较多的参与可减少受托者的问题行为) ; (推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 b )由支持团体重点处理行为问题,并持续数月( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 c )由受过高级痴呆护理培训的卫生保健人员,进行系统全面的居家扶持,并长期持续数年之久( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 d )通过居家心理教育干预,指导照料者如何处理患者的行为问题( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 e )非药物方法可有效治疗 AD 患者的睡眠紊乱,但可能需要其中的多种方法联用( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 25 .轻中度痴呆驾驶机动车辆的建议 a )医师应忠告进行性痴呆患者及其家属,驾驶能力的丧失将是必然的后果。在病程的早期即应采取措施以缓和这种转变( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 2 )。 b )仅通过单用或联用简易认知测试 (如 MMSE ) 以判定驾驶能力,并无充分的敏感性或特异性。如 MMSE 、画钟测试、连线测试 B 等认知测试异常,应进行深入的驾驶能力测试( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 c )由于认知的原因,出现下列情况的人员禁止驾驶:独立进行多种工具性日常生活活动 (如用药、储蓄、购物、打电话、烹调) 能力丧失;任何一种基础性日常生活活动 (如穿衣、如厕) 能力丧失( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )较早期痴呆患者的驾驶能力可视其个人情况予以测试( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 e )由卫生专业人员进行全面的越野和道路驾驶评价,是最合理的个体测试方法( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 f )不具备进行上述评价的情况下,须依靠医师自行判定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 g )对认定为可以安全驾驶的人员,每 6-12 个月应重新评价其驾驶能力。如有不良迹象,应尽快进行( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 h )对认定为不能安全驾驶的人员,不适宜采取补偿性的策略( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 26 .针对照料者的建议 —— a )医师应明确照料者在痴呆护理中发挥的重要作用。为了患者和 (或) 照料者的利益,医师应与照料者和家属在长期持续并定期安排的基础上进行合作( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )医师应做到,了解照料者的信息和需要的支持;向患者和家属讲解痴呆的常识;帮助召集家庭其他成员和正规社区服务机构,来分担照料者的任务。如有可能,可将患者转至专业的痴呆服务机构 (如阿尔茨海默病协会、社区痴呆服务项目、记忆门诊) ,他们应能提供全面的治疗方案,包括对照料者的支持、教育和培训( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 c )医师应做到,了解照料者的躯体和精神健康情况;提供相关的治疗 (包括个体化的心理治疗或必要的药物治疗) ;或转诊至合适的专科医师( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 d )医师应了解痴呆患者的问题行为及其对照料者造成的影响。如已造成照料者相当的痛苦,可将照料者和患者转诊至专业的痴呆服务机构,他们应能向患者提供治疗,并辅助照料者调整与患者的相互影响( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 e )药物治疗 AD 患者可减轻照料者负担,并缩短照料时间,可考虑将此作为支持照料者的辅助手段( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 f )在今后的 AD 及痴呆的药物治疗研究中,应考虑观察这些药物对照料者负担和照料时间的影响。在这些结果评定中应确保数据的一致性( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 27 .针对痴呆教育的建议 —— a )针对轻中度 AD 患者,所有医师都必须掌握处理常见情况核心的知识和技能 (注:参见明确针对初级保健医师教育需求的第 1 、 13 、 20 、 28 条建议) ( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 b )应实施多层次的教育规划,以推动医务人员者采纳第 3 届 CCCDTD 的建议( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 28 .针对照料痴呆患者的组织和资金的建议 —— a )各社区应考察当地针对痴呆患者的服务机构,评估其充分性,并对发现的缺陷实施处理计划( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 b )针对痴呆伴发的慢性病,需要调整广泛采用的管理模式 (即应减少推动患者自我管理,而强化照料者参与) 。调整后的痴呆慢性病管理,仍应探索其效能和效率( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 c )应建立并评估轻中度 AD 及痴呆患者管理的分担型照料模式。这就要求初级保健医师和专业服务机构双方,在为痴呆患者提供照料时承担共同的责任( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 d )痴呆的照料必须有充足的资金和补偿,但薪酬的不足不应成为提供良好的痴呆照料的障碍(推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 ) 伴 CVD 成分痴呆的处理 非药物干预的应用 1 .目前 (截至 2006 年 3 月) ,推荐对 VaD 应用认知训练的证据不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 2 )。 其他治疗干预 2 .调查血管性危险因素。推荐对所有血管性认知功能损害患者,均确定其血管性危险因素( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .治疗高血压。有证据显示,治疗高血压可预防 CVD 相关的进一步认知衰退。尚无有力证据表明某类降压药优于其它类,可考虑钙拮抗剂或 ACE 抑制剂(推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。出于其它原因 (包括预防卒中复发) ,高血压治疗应执行( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 4 .阿司匹林抗血小板治疗。目前,尚无证据支持应用阿司匹林明确治疗伴 CVD 痴呆(推荐强度 C ,证据水平 3 )。阿司匹林或其它抗血小板药物可用于预防适宜患者的卒中复发 ( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 1 )。 5 .尼莫地平与 VaD 。 VaD 应用尼莫地平的肯定或否定证据均不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 6 .美金刚的应用。有证据显示,在 VaD 患者中认知有小幅改善,但整体评定中未能发现。推荐美金刚治疗 VaD 的证据不足( 推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 )。 7 .应用 AChEI 治疗 AD 合并 CVD 所致痴呆。 AD 合并 CVD 患者应用加兰他敏对认知、功能、行为和整体评定有小幅疗效。可考虑加兰他敏作为 AD 和 CVD 混合性痴呆的治疗选择( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 8 .对符合美国国立神经病及卒中研究所-瑞士神经科学国际研究会 ( NINDS-AIREN ) 诊断标准的很可能或可能 VaD 患者应用 AChEI 。 a )应用加兰他敏的肯定或否定证据均不足 (推荐强度 C ,证据水平 1 ) ; b )多奈哌齐对认知和整体评定有小幅疗效,对功能评定疗效较差。 —— 本项证据尚可。可考虑多奈哌齐为 VaD 的治疗选择( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 1 )。 痴呆的伦理问题 诊断公开 1 .一旦怀疑认知损害的可能性,即须开始对认知损害或痴呆患者作诊断公开这一过程( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 2 .痴呆诊断和公开的过程中,都要考虑提供教育和讨论的机会( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .通过对患者及其家属和照料者的教育,评估和处理潜在的不良心理影响( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 4 .一经确诊,即应以合乎患者意愿的方式,向患者、家属或照料者公开( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 5 .一旦诊断公开,就必须制定和讨论随访计划( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 治疗同意 1 .仍必须优先为患者提供最佳的规范的治疗( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 2 .患者及其家属和照料者都必须明确区分参与研究与临床医疗。作为规范的医疗和研究程序,所有人都必须明确医师治疗患者与进行研究潜在的角色差异。在科研机构,推荐由普通医师而非研究医师提供一般治疗,以保证治疗决策符合患者的最大利益( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 3 .痴呆或其他形式认知损害的诊断,并不排除提供知情同意的能力,对于治疗决策、参与临床试验或参与非治疗性研究均是如此。参与特殊治疗或试验研究的特定阶段,必须考虑患者作出知情决策的能力( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 4 .在研究中,要评估潜在的受试者理解相关事项的能力,这项程序要求是合理的。描述的相关事项包括研究的性质、参与的结果 (如潜在的风险和利益) 和可替换的选项。但在目前的医疗或研究中,推荐采用某一特定的标准化方法以确定决策能力的证据尚不足( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 5 .即使在认知损害或痴呆患者无能力作出合法的决策时,医师和研究人员均应综合考虑患者及其家属和照料者对治疗和研究的决策。在研究机构,研究伦理委员会可明确要求获取两者的同意决定( 推荐强度 B ,证据水平 3 )。 6 .一段时间后,必须识别患者治疗和研究决策能力潜在的变化。患者可能由正式的同意转变为非正式的答应。无论是医疗还是研究,患者答应几乎是必要的,但决定停止治疗也必须是一种选择( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )。 7 .临床医师和研究人员应竭尽所能,确保代理人关于医疗和研究所作的决策,是基于最佳理念和患者最高价值。代理人有代表患者的职责,且各方须意识到决策实施过程中的挑战( 推荐强度 A ,证据水平 3 )
欧洲心脏衰竭期刊 ( European Journal of Heart Failure ) 是 排名第一 的心脏衰竭领域期刊,致力于推进心脏衰竭管理的知识研究,期刊刊发的综述和社论性文章,旨在提高公众对心脏衰竭领域的了解和对心脏衰竭的预防,检测和治疗等知识的认识。 热门文章 Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology–Heart Failure meeting 2015: AUGMENT-HF, TITRATION, STOP-HF, HARMONIZE, LION HEART, MOOD-HF, and renin–angiotensin inhibitors in patients with heart and renal failure Pierpaolo Pellicori and Andrew L. Clark State of the Art: Newer biomarkers in heart failure Rudolf A. de Boer, Lori B. Daniels, Alan S. Maisel and James L. Januzzi Jr Neprilysin inhibition to treat heart failure: a tale of science, serendipity, and second chances John J.V. McMurray 特刊 NEW - Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) HFA Heart Failure Awareness Days Top cited articles: Celebrating 5 years as Editor-in-Chief of EJHF Sleep Apnoea / Sleep-disordered Breathing and Heart Failure 综述 NEW - In-hospital worsening heart failure Javed Butler, Mihai Gheorghiade, Anita Kelkar, Gregg C. Fonarow, et al Agents with vasodilator properties in acute heart failure: how to design successful trials Alexandre Mebazaa, Dan Longrois, Marco Metra, et al 最新声明 NEW - Recommendations on pre-hospital early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine Alexandre Mebazaa, M. Birhan Yilmaz, Phillip Levy, et al European Heart Rhythm Association/Heart Failure Association joint consensus document on arrhythmias in heart failure, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society Gregory Y.H. Lip, Frank R. Heinzel, Fiorenzo Gaita, Jose Rámon Gonzalez Juanatey et al 编辑精选文章 August 2015 NEW - Searching for new mechanisms of myocardial fibrosis with diagnostic and/or therapeutic potential NEW - Thromboembolic risk stratification of patients hospitalized with heart failure in sinus rhythm: a nationwide cohort study 高被引论文 2015 年高关注度论文 Renal effects of the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction International REgistry to assess medical Practice with lOngitudinal obseRvation for Treatment of Heart Failure (REPORT-HF): rationale for and design of a global registry 2013 年和2014年高被引论文 Cardiac output response to exercise in relation to metabolic demand in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction EURObservational Research Programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot)
Parainfluenza virus 5 expressing the g protein of rabies virusprotects mice after rabies virus infection(表达狂犬病病毒G蛋白的副流感病毒5型可保护已感染狂犬病毒的小鼠)。 ( J Virol. 2015 Mar 15;89(6):3427-9. doi: 10.1128/JVI.03656-14. Epub 2014 Dec 31.) 狂犬病仍然是对全球公共卫生的主要威胁之一。狂犬病是一种死亡率最高(几乎达 100%)的传染病。而且 狂犬病只能预防,不能治疗 :狂犬病一旦出现症状,目前尚无能防止死亡的有效治疗方法。 至今国际主流学术界从未正式承认过任何一例狂犬病治疗成功的病例。 人被患病动物咬伤后,只有及时预防性注射合格的狂犬病疫苗才可能挽救生命。若错过了最佳的处治时间,狂犬病毒会沿外周神经系统逐渐转移到中枢神经系统,最终到达大脑。一旦大脑受感染并引发神经性症状,即狂犬病一旦发病,则受感染者通常必死无疑,此时任何治疗措施都无法挽救生命。 由于狂犬病的潜伏期通常较长,被疯动物咬伤后及时预防性接种疫苗的效果相当好。但狂犬病的潜伏期变化很大,从一周到数月(极个别情况下甚至可能超过一年),所以被疯动物咬伤后接种疫苗有效的时间间隔—— 窗口期 的长短是不同的。 窗口期 的长短取决于伤口与大脑的距离、伤口的严重程度、伤口处置情况、病毒毒株的特性、受伤者的免疫状态等。所以一般而言,被疯动物咬伤后接种狂犬病疫苗越早,效果就越好。对于人类来说,成功预防接种的 窗口期 可能在 6天之内;但由于狂犬病的潜伏期变化很大,因此接种疫苗有效的 窗口期 也有可能长达一个月甚至更久。 最近, 美国佐治亚大学华裔科学家 傅振芳 教授等 开发出了一种新型狂犬病疫苗,在小鼠实验中证明有望延长狂犬病疫苗预防接种的 窗口期 ,使延时的接种仍能达到成功治疗狂犬病的目标。 在该项研究中,所使用小鼠在实验室狂犬病病毒株感染后疫苗接种有效的 窗口期 是 6天。研究人员使用的病毒毒株到达试验小鼠大脑的时间在3天之内,神经系统症状通常在第6天出现,这些症状的出现就意味着病毒感染已经进展到无药可救的程度。然而作者发现,新疫苗PIV5-G在第6天,即在小鼠已经开始出现症状时使用,仍能挽救50%小鼠的生命。而如果此时使用其他现有的疫苗,结果通常是白费功夫。 所以,该新型重组疫苗能治愈晚期,即感染已波及大脑的狂犬病。 在本项研究中,作者用 副流感病毒 5型(parainfluenza virus 5,简称 PIV5 ) 表达狂犬病糖蛋白( G),并将该重组病毒( PIV5-G )用于治疗狂犬病病毒感染。 PIV5是上呼吸道病毒,通常会感染狗,但是对人类无害。PIV5可用作狂犬病蛋白质的理想递送系统,从而使免疫系统产生抗体来对抗狂犬病毒的感染。 PIV5-G 是一种可能用于预防和治疗狂犬病毒感染的很有希望的疫苗。 这项研究已于去年 12月31日由国际著名专业杂志《病毒学杂志》(Journal of Virology)在线发表,并将于今年3月15日正式发表在该杂志上 ( J Virol. 2015 Mar 15;89(6):3427-9. doi:10.1128/JVI.03656-14. Epub 2014 Dec 31.) 。 相关论文的题目是: Parainfluenza virus 5 expressing the g protein of rabiesvirus protects mice after rabies virus infection(表达狂犬病病毒G蛋白的副流感病毒5型可保护已感染狂犬病毒的小鼠)。论文的作者为 Huang Y , Chen Z , Huang J , Fu Z , He B . 研究报告的作者傅振芳教授说,“目前在世界上的许多地方,迫切需要有更好的狂犬病治疗方法。我们认为这种技术可以作为一个很好的平台,我们希望最终能挽救更多的生命。” 该论文的另一位作者,佐治亚大学华裔科学家 He B 教授说,“这是我们在科学文献中所看到的报导中最有效的治疗……,如果我们能改进这些结果,让治疗效果进一步提高并能用于人类,我们可能找到了针对晚期狂犬病感染的第一种真正有效的治疗方法。” He B 教授表示,“这些初步实验结果非常让人兴奋,我们相信可以把新疫苗与其他疗法结合起来以提高生存率,让已出现症状的动物也能存活下来。”
作者:医脉通 来源:医脉通 日期:2014-12-24 此文章来源于 www.cmt.com.cn 整理了近年来 丙型肝炎 药物治疗的最新进展,将分几期陆续为大家奉上。接下来重点介绍其他几种直接抗病毒药物的研究进展。 索非布韦/GS-5816 一些报道介绍了新组合—— SOF 联合GS-5816(一种研究性HCV NS5A蛋白抑制剂,对所有HCV基因型包括基因3型患者有皮摩尔抗病毒活性)——的安全性和有效性。这是一个重要的进步,因为难治性基因3型感染的选择是有限的;目前唯一可用的全口服疗法需要24周的治疗,含有利巴韦林。 Tran和同事 报道了2期研究的最终结果,该研究评估了基因型1-6感染、无肝硬化初治患者应用SOF/GS-5816有或无利巴韦林的情况。SOF/GS-5816 (100 mg)治疗8周或12周的耐受性良好,停药和不良事件的发生率低,SVR12率高。这项研究表明,SOF联合GS-5816、无 RBV 的联合用药是适当的治疗方案,应在3期研究进一步评估研究。 Pianko和他的同事 报道,应用SOF(400 mg) 联合 GS-5816 (100 mg) 不联合RBV连续治疗基因1或3型感染伴或不伴肝硬化经治患者12周达到较高的SVR12率。 SOF和GS-5816的耐受性良好,停药和不良事件的发生率较低。 Gane和他的同事 评估了SOF/ GS-5816方案较短期用药(8周)治疗基因型3患者是否有效。在104例初治、无肝硬化患者中,SOF/GS-5816(Gane)治疗8周,有或无利巴韦林,产生较高的SVR12率(88%-100%)。治疗的耐受性良好,没有与SOF或GS-5816相关的明确安全问题。 SOF和GS-5816联合方案治疗12周对初治和经治基因型1-6的无肝硬化患者有较高的疗效。 MK-5172 (Grazoprevir) 和 MK-8742 (Elbasvir) Lawitz及其同事 评估了MK-5172联合MK-8742、伴或不伴RBV治疗基因1型感染和基线反应差特征(肝硬化或既往对peg-IFN/RBV无反应)患者的有效性、安全性和有效性。该激进方案在治疗仅4周时取得了很高的疗效比。很大一部分患者既不需要应用RBV,也不需要把治疗时间从12周延长至18周就能达到SVR12。 Sulkowski和他的同事 还评估了每日一次MK-5172和MK-8742联合RBV治疗初治、无肝硬化、基因1型HCV单一感染和HIV/ HCV共感染患者的疗效、安全性和反应持久性。单一感染和共感染患者治疗12周有或无利巴韦林的SVR12率分别为95%和93%。 ABT-450/r, OMB itasvir 和 Dasabuvir 基因型1a和1b 按利托那韦剂量给予ABT-450、按DAS剂量给予OMB的无干扰素、全口服、3种直接作用抗病毒药物(3D)共配制的治疗方案,在HCV基因1型感染的患者中达到了较高的SVR率。研究提出进一步研究本方案安全性和有效性的特征。 Everson和他的同事 报道了对4项评估3D方案有或无RBV治疗初治和peg-IFN/RBV经治基因型1a、有或无肝硬化患者SVR12率的3期临床试验的汇总数据。初治、无干扰素患者接受3D/ RBV 的SVR12率(96%)高于只接受3D方案患者的SVR12率(90%)。观察到肝硬化患者治疗12周和24周均达到了较高的SV12率。但是, 基因型1a感染的肝硬化和既往无应答患者,观察到治疗时间越长,SVR12率越高。在接受3D/ RBV的患者中,治疗时病毒学失败率和治疗12周后复发率较低,严重不良反应事件和因不良事件导致的停药发生率3%。既往难治性无应答和/或肝硬化患者亚群中,3D/ RBV疗法达到了较高的SVR12率。基因型1a感染、既往无应答的肝硬化患者可能受益于更长的治疗持续时间。 晚期肝病 含干扰素方案治疗 HCV感染 患者的疗效受晚期肝病的影响,临床上的低蛋白血症或血小板减少症证实了这一点。 Fried和他的同事 检验了全口服3D方案联合利巴韦林(3D/ RBV)治疗初治和经治HCV基因型1感染和代偿性肝硬化患者的疗效和安全性。治疗12周组和24周组的总体SVR12率分别为92%和96%。SVR12率没有显着的性别、年龄、身体质量指数或HCV RNA水平差异。血小板计数100×109 / L患者的SVR12率为89%-97%,血清白蛋白水平35g/L患者的SVR12率为84%-89%,表明3D/RBV方案的疗效有较宽的亚组范围,包括肝脏合成功能受损和/或门脉高压证据的患者。 Daclatasvir 联合索非布韦治疗基因3型感染患者 在152例慢性HCV基因3型感染的患者中,对DCV和SOF全口服、每日一次方案治疗12周的疗效和安全性进行了评估。 初治和经治患者的总体SVR12率分别为91%和86%。存在肝硬化有显著的负面影响,只有63%的患者达到SVR。该联合方案是安全的,耐受性良好。 联合Asunaprevir 和 BMS-791325治疗肝硬化患者 在一项3期、国际临床试验中,该方案伴或不伴RBV被用来治疗初治和经治HCV基因1型感染、代偿性肝硬化患者。 患者被随机分为接受固定剂量DCV (30 mg)、 ASV (200 mg)和 BMS-791325 (75 mg)联合治疗方案组,伴盲性利巴韦林或安慰剂,每日两次,共12周。该全口服治疗在肝硬化患者中达到了较高的SVR12率(87%-98%);观察到6%的患者出现病毒学失败。 评估真实世界结果 SMV和SOF在1年前被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准。考虑到在临床试验中报道的基于SMV或SOF方案的成功,Jensen和同事 旨在评估真实世界结果。他们采用从HCV TARGET联盟获得的数据确定患者的喜好,HCV TARGET联盟代表了广泛的学术性和社区性临床操作。 自2014年1月,共1107名患者开始抗病毒治疗。在基因1型患者中,60%的患者使用标示外SOF/ SMV,有或无RBV,28%的患者使用SOF/ Peg-IFN/RBV,11%的患者单一使用SOF/ RBV。超过95%的基因型2或3患者采用SOF/ RBV方案。SOF/ SMV有或无RBV方案也是肝硬化患者(50%)和肝移植后患者(54%)最常用的方案。观察到的SVR率,SOF/Peg-IFN/RBV为85%,SOF/ RBV为90%。68%的患者使用标示外联合用药(53%为SOF/ SMV,其SVR为89%;15%为SOF/ SMV/ RBV,其SVR为89%)。不良事件主要与peg-IFN/RBV有关。 研究者得出结论,当这些方案实际应用时,“治愈率”类似于2期和3期研究观察到的结果。标示外使用口服SOF与SMV的高治愈率(在当时)在肝硬化患者、肝移植后患者和老年患者中尤为明显。 参考文献 9. Tran TT, Morgan TR, Thuluvath PJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of treatment with sofosbuvir+GS-5816±RBV for 8 or 12 weeks in treatment na ve patients with genotype 1-6 HCV infection. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 80. 10. Pianko S, Flamm SL, Shiffman ML, et al. High efficacy of treatment with sofosbuvir+GS-5816 ±RBV for 12 weeks in treatment experienced patients with genotype 1 or 3 HCV infection. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 197. 11. Gane EJ, Hyland RH, An D, et al. Once daily sofosbuvir with GS-5816 for 8 weeks with or without RBV in patients with HCV genotype 3 without cirrhosis result in high rates of SVR12: The ELECTRON2 study. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 79. 12. Lawitz E, Ganes EJ, Pearlman B, et al. Efficacy and safety of MK-5172 and MK-8742 ± RBV in hepatitis C genotype 1 infected patients with cirrhosis or previous null response: Final results of the C-WORTHY Study (Parts A and B). Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 196. 13. Sulkowski MS, Hezode C, Gerstoff J, et al. Efficacy and safety of MK-5172 + MK-8742 ± RBV in HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected treatment-na ve, non-cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: The C-WORTHY study (Final results, Parts A and B). Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 236. 14. Everson GT, Dusheiko G, Coakley E, et al. Integrated efficacy analysis of four phase 3 studies in HCV genotype 1a-infected patients treated with ABT-450/r/ombitasvir and dasabuvir with or without RBV. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 83. 15. Fried M, Forns X, Reau N, et al. TURQUOISE-II: Regimens of ABT-450/r/ombitasvir and dasabuvir with RBV achieve high SVR12 rates in HCV genotype 1-infected patients with cirrhosis, regardless of baseline characteristics. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 81. 16. Nelson DR, Cooper JN, Lalezari JP, et al. All-oral 12-week combination treatment with daclatasvir (DCV) and sofosbuvir (SOF) in patients infected with HCV genotype (GT) 3: ALLY-3 phase 3 study. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract LB-3. 17. Muir A, Poordad F, Lalezari JP, et al. All-oral fixed-dose combination therapy with daclatasvir/asunaprevir/BMS-791325, RBV, for patients with-chronic HCV genotype 1 infection and compensated cirrhosis: UNITY-2 Phase 3 SVR12 results. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract LB-2. 18. Jensen DM, O'Leary JG, Pockros PJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-containing regimens for hepatitis C: real-world experience in a diverse, longitudinal observational cohort. Program and abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD); November 7-11, 2014; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 45.
这个题目咋一看来有点恶心,的确,但这本身就是一个有关“恶心”的话题,难免有点重口味了,看官如有洁癖,好心劝您一句,就此打住不再往下看了…… 去年年末,英国凯特王妃自从确认怀孕后,孕后反应一直非常严重,甚至被迫入院接受治疗,尽管经过医生的处理后“感觉良好”,但出院后孕吐症状仍非常严重,甚至原定的出席影片《霍比特人:意外旅程》的活动也被迫取消。王妃的健康当然牵动着亿万人的神经,沾王妃的光,“孕吐”一词在互联网及其他各种媒体上立时变得炙手可热起来。 孕吐,俗称害喜,中医称为恶阻,是许多孕妇在怀孕初期会经历的一种生理现象,约发生自受孕后第5、6周,但也有更早的,因人而异。因孕吐常在早晨特别明显,所以英语称孕吐为“晨吐(Morning Sickness)”。约50%~80%的孕妇会出现孕吐现象。孕吐往往造成孕妇的身心不适,严重者无法进食和经口补充水分,需要到医院接受治疗,也称妊娠剧吐(hyperemesis gravidarum)或急性孕吐(acute morning sickness)。但遗憾的是,孕吐的原因至今尚无定论。 怀孕,孕吐——看上去有点自相矛盾!在孕妇怀孕早期,成长中的胎儿正需要大量营养物质来培育,孕妇的胃为何会拒绝饮食的摄入呢? 多年来,很多医生将孕吐的发生归罪于孕妇体内激素水平过高,他们认为,这些激素可大大提升孕妇的嗅觉,使其对各种香味异常敏感,故而比怀孕前更容易出现恶心和呕吐症状。也有人认为孕吐是由于孕妇在怀孕期间经常处于低血糖状态所致;还有人认为与孕妇体内缺镁有关。但是,不少学者对上述理论不以为然,认为其不符合进化论的规则,因为孕吐对胎儿的健康并无好处。 上世纪70年代末,科学家提出一个新的理论:孕吐可保护胎儿免受毒素的侵害。1992年Margaret教授证实,孕吐是孕妇适应进化的一部分。2000年,美国康奈尔大学对16个国家和地区的79000位孕妇进行研究,发现65%的孕妇至少对一种食物有厌恶感,其中28%的人无法忍受畜产品(肉、蛋、鱼等),16%的人不愿饮用含咖啡因的饮料,8%的人则对强味蔬菜不感冒(如西兰花)。他们认为,在怀孕期间,孕妇的免疫系统很容易受到外来伤害,潜在的毒素会使孕妇产生恶心感,而将这些毒素吐出,会使宝宝和自身免受伤害。这个理论有什么错误呢?错误如下:首先,孕妇不能吃的这些东西,好多正是医生给她们推荐的高营养饮食(草鸡蛋,含油多的鱼,新鲜的牛肉和羊肉),而这些食物并不含毒!第二,许多孕妇在孕吐期间都在避免进食大量食物,而且食料的选择都很小心,但尽管如此,孕吐依旧。 还有另外一种理论,最近获得了一些关注:美国纽约州立大学阿尔巴尼分校心理学家戈登·盖洛普(Gordon Gallup)认为,孕吐的原因实际上是由精液造成的。因为胎儿的DNA一半来自父亲,母亲的身体对精子中的遗传物质具有本能的排斥反应,把它当作一种异物,从而引发恶心,呕吐。 为了更好地理解这一点,我们需要复习一下母亲体内免疫系统对胎儿的反应。由于胎儿所携带的DNA中有一半来自父亲,母亲在怀孕的最初阶段会将胎儿当作外源性异物或感染源来对待,这种反应会触发母亲的免疫反应,表现为恶心、呕吐、身体不适等症状(又名孕吐)。对于这种因免疫反应而发生的病状,最好的治疗方法是提前让母体接触这种导致免疫反应的病因。也就是说,一个女人在授精受孕前或怀孕早期阶段,如果有更多的机会接触到供精者的精液,那么母体对胎儿体内来自父亲的遗传物质的耐受性就会更强。这种耐受性可以扩展到对胎儿的耐受,达到母体免疫抑制的效果。这样的话,母体就不会再出现过激的免疫反应,孕吐自然也就不明显了。 Gallup对孕吐病因的重新诠释太富有革命性,事实上这一理论还没有来得及进行验证,但即使是这样,他的神奇理论仍然得到很多国际上鼎鼎大名的生殖领域专家的共鸣,这在学术界并不常见。2012年在新罕布什尔州普利茅斯召开的东北地区进化心理学会年会上,Gallup针对孕吐的发病机制提出了一整套明确的预测。首先,他认为孕吐的严重程度与男性供精者有密切关系,风险因素包括使用安全套、人工授精、以及配偶关系不稳定等。研究发现,女性同性恋者因此前很少接触男性的精液,在接受人工授精怀孕后会恶心、呕吐得更为厉害。有着稳定婚姻的女性,因精子均来自同一个男性,随着女性怀孕的次数增加,孕吐反应会越来越轻。相反,一旦更换供精者,则孕吐又会再次卷土重来。 Gallup为此提出一个既雷人又恶心的治疗观点——口交有助于缓解孕吐!这个论点听起来好像是丈夫在哄骗怀孕太太时说的谎,但这却是千真万确的事实!孕吐是女性怀孕时因接触外来物质(精子)所产生的生理反应,以开始怀孕后头三个月最为严重。服用精液借助单纯的“消化过程”,或许能让身体更加习惯接受这种外来物,并对此产生耐受性。因此,孕妇帮自己的那位口交并不是单纯为了迎合伴侣的性需求,而是要让自己在怀孕期间更健康。当然,所吞咽的精子和随后导致怀孕的精子必须确保是来自同一个父亲,这样才会有效。 美国国家生物技术信息中心曾在2000年公布一项调查,其中提到口交可以减少妊娠毒血症(Pre-eclampsia)的发生,这是一种因怀孕而引发的高血压、蛋白尿等综合病症。荷兰莱顿大学医学院Koelman等研究人员发现孕妇口吞精液与孕妇子痫发病率降低有密切关系,由于怀孕与器官移植很类似,因此他们假定,诱导孕妇对于胎儿中父亲来源人白细胞抗原(HLA)分子的耐受性是个关键,其它研究数据也表明,接触尤其是通过口交接触可溶性HLA(sHLA)或者HLA衍生肽能起到免疫耐受的效果。故而,精液中存在的sHLA抗原也可能导致怀孕母体对于父源抗原的耐受力。他们通过酶联法验证了精液中确实存在着假想中的可溶性HLA(sHLA),其水平含量因人而异。初步数据也表明,在患子痫的孕妇中,精液sHLA的水平较对照组的要低。可见,提高孕妇体内精液sHLA的水平,可能是一种有效的提高孕妇对异源抗原耐受性的方法,降低孕妇子痫的发生率【注】。 当然,尽管精液的确是不错的东西,但是由于人们对意外怀孕和性传播疾病有着本能的恐惧,而这大大影响了人们对它的喜爱程度。 【注】 孕妇子痫是指孕妇妊娠晚期或临产时或新产后,眩晕头痛,突然昏不知人,两目上视,手足抽搐,全身强直、少顷即醒,醒后复发,甚至昏迷不醒的疾病,又称“妊娠痫证”。子痫仍然是世界范围内的构成孕产妇生命威胁的常见疾病,在发达国家,子痫发病率大约平均 1/2000 次分娩;子痫患者的死亡率约 1% 。子痫的发病机理可能涉及母体、胎盘和胎儿等多种因素,目前没有任何单一因素能解释子痫发病的病因和机制,但是免疫调节功能异常机制近 十 几年来受到很多重视,该理论认为母体对于父亲来源的胎盘和胎儿抗原的免疫耐受缺失或者失调,是子痫前期病因的重要组成部分。 参考文献: 凯特孕吐仍非常严重 被迫缺席《霍比特人》首映 The REAL Cause Of Morning Sickness Doctor Says Swallowing Sperm Cures Morning Sickness Can Oral Sex Cure Morning Sickness?——Practical advice from a new hypothesis about pregnancy
期刊: Occupational Therapy International 中风是引起瘫痪的一大诱因,此类病患也是职业治疗师收治最多的。近一个世纪以来,职业治疗师对中风患者使用的治疗措施已有大量记载,但是,这些治疗方法的长期疗效并不显著。 这期职业疗法国际特刊中的文章探讨了一些新方法,抽样调查显示运用这些新方法或许能提高职业疗法的成功率。 期刊 Occupational Therapy International 历史悠久,专注于为中风患者的职业疗法干预提供研究案例。 期刊: Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 期刊 Australian Occupational Therapy International 也有一期特刊与此相关,欢迎大家阅读。
RNA interference targeting human FAK and EGFR suppresses human non-small-cell lung cancer xenograft growth in nude mice 共8页。 摘要: Transfection of plasmid vectors coexpressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) significantly inhibited protein level of FAK and EGFR. Knockdown of FAK and EGFR expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells in vitro. In A549 subcutaneous xenograft model, mice treated for 3 weeks with plasmid that coexpresses FAK and EGFR shRNA had significantly smaller tumors than those in control mice (Po0.01). FAK and EGFR dual silencing also significantly decreased microvessel density, tumor cell proliferation and increased the level of apoptosis in tumor cells. Moreover, administration with plasmid that coexpresses FAK and EGFR shRNA significantly inhibited the A549 experimental lung metastases. Collectively, our data suggest that the dual inhibition of FAK and EGFR by using plasmid vector-based RNA interference might be a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of human NSCLC. 下载地址: http://www.pipipan.com/file/22112153
泰山医学院氢气临床研究论文2013.pdf 代谢综合征可以说是经济发展到一定高度后社会必然出现的流行病。肥胖、 Ⅱ 型糖尿病、糖耐量异常、高血压、高甘油三脂血症等临床疾病的聚集并非偶然。 1988 年美国著名内分泌专家 Reaven 发现胰岛素抵抗,并胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、糖耐量异常、高甘油三脂血症和高血压统称称为 “X 综合征 ” 。现在医学界一般说的代谢综合征,就是指 Reaven 综合征,就是代谢综合症。这是脑血管、心血管、肝脏、肾脏等多种疾病的最普遍诱因。因此针对代谢综合征治疗开展研究可以说具有重要意义。但是由于这一疾病或状态本身似乎并不是严重的疾病状态,给治疗这类疾病也带来困惑,因此医生对这些患者的最常见方式是吓唬加改善生活方式。 日本学者曾经报道过使用氢水治疗代谢综合征,也有学者曾经有关于脑干梗死、血液透析、红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎、巴金森病、运动后疲劳、化疗副作用等临床研究的报道。中国学者目前在国际上发表的研究论文在国际上超过 1/3 ,但遗憾地是过去没有一篇临床研究论文。今天这一局面被山东泰山医学院动脉粥样硬化研究所的一篇关于氢水治疗代谢综合征的研究论文打破。而且在研究深度上,远远超过国外同类研究,不仅证明氢气水对代谢综合征具有治疗效果,而且从多种角度分析了这种治疗效果的分子机制。泰山医学院动脉粥样硬化研究所秦树存研究团队长期致力于动脉硬化脂蛋白相关分子的研究,最近几年在氢气和动脉硬化和脂蛋白相关基础研究中领先于国际,现在中国第一篇临床研究报道的发表将再次确立该团队在氢气生物学效应研究中的领先地位。 论文摘要:该团队过去发现氢气有利于高脂饮食喂养叙利亚金黄地鼠。本研究的目的是证明氢水( 0.9-1.0 升 / 天)对人类代谢综合征患者是否有效。研究对象为 20 个潜在的代谢综合征患者,通过观察氢气水对患者血清脂蛋白和生物活性物质的影响。结果发现,连续饮氢水 10 周后,血清总胆固醇( TC )和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇( LDL-C )发生降低。 Western blot 分析显示载脂蛋白 B100 (载脂蛋白 B100 )和 apoE 血清中显着减少。此外还发现,氢气水可显着提高高密度脂蛋白( HDL )功能,他们对这种影响进行了四个方面的深入分析,即( i )防止低密度脂蛋白氧化损伤;( ii )抑制 TNF- α诱导的单核细胞黏附内皮细胞;( iii )促进泡沫细胞释放胆固醇;(ⅳ)保护 TNF- α诱导的血管内皮细胞凋亡。此外发现氢气水可增加抗氧化酶活性如超氧化物歧化酶增加,使硫代巴比妥酸反应物质和全血清低密度脂蛋白减少。总之,补充富氢气水可降低血清 LDL-C 和 apoB 水平,改善血脂异常受伤 HDL 功能,减少氧化应激,会产生许多有益作用,是代谢综合征潜在理想的预防手段。 该论文目前在线发表在 J LipidRes 。论文题目为 Hydrogen-rich water decreases serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterollevels and improves high-density lipoprotein function in patients withpotential metabolic syndrome. J Lipid Res. 2013 Apr 22. Hydrogen-richwater decreases serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and improveshigh-density lipoprotein function in patients with potential metabolicsyndrome. Song G , Li M , Sang H , Zhang L , Li X , Yao S , Yu Y , Zong C , Xue Y , Qin S . Source TaiShanMedical University, China; Abstract Wehave found hydrogen (dihydrogen; H2) has beneficial lipid-lowering effects inhigh-fat diet-fed Syrian golden hamsters. The objective of this study was tocharacterize the effects of H2-rich water (0.9-1.0 L/day) on the content,composition, and biological activities of serum lipoproteins on 20 patients withpotential metabolic syndrome. Serum analysis showed that consumption of H2-richwater for 10 weeks resulted in decreased serum total-cholesterol (TC) andlow-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Western blot analysisrevealed a marked decrease of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) and apoE in serum.Besides, we found H2 significantly improved high-density lipoprotein (HDL)functionality assessed in four independent ways, namely (i) protection againstLDL oxidation, (ii) inhibition of TNF-α induced monocyte adhension toendothelial cells, (iii) stimulation of cholesterol efflux from macrophage foamcells, (iv) protection of endothelial cells from TNF-α induced apoptosis.Further, we found consumption of H2-rich water resulted in an increase inantioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and a decrease in thiobarbituricacid-reactive substances in whole serum and LDL. In conclusion, supplementationwith H2-rich water appear to decrease serum LDL-C and apoB levels, improvedyslipidemia injured HDL functions, and reduce the oxidative stress and mayhave a beneficial role in prevention of potential metabolic syndrome. PMID: 23610159
治疗H7N9的药物帕拉米韦(Peramivir)全球概览 2013年3月底,在我国上海和安徽两地率先发现H7N9型禽流感人感染病例。2013年4月5日,国家食品药品监督管理总局批准了抗流感新药帕拉米韦氯化钠注射液,现有临床试验数据证明其对甲型和乙型流感有效(H7N9属于甲型流感病毒亚型)。 值此禽流感疫情威胁之际,针对治疗H7N9的药物帕拉米韦(Peramivir),汤森路透利用其全球领先的生命科学信息数据库平台Cortellis for Competitive Intelligence(简称Cortellis for CI),公开发布帕拉米韦药物的全球研发/上市情况,为药物研究工作者提供有价值的参考信息,助力人类健康事业的发展! 帕拉米韦药物全球研发进展 http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com.cn/press/press20130412/
来自国内多家单位合作的一项关于氢气生理盐水治疗脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的研究,最近在线发表在《脑研究》。过去曾经有报道呼吸氢气对这一疾病治疗效果的研究,本研究采用注射氢气生理盐水的方法,再次验证了氢气对脊髓缺血的治疗效果。 脊髓缺血是临床上大血管手术中非常常见并发症,由于大血管手术,特别是主动脉手术过程中必须阻断血流,而所支配的下肢、腹腔器官和脊髓都可能受到缺血再灌注损伤,而脊髓对缺血最为敏感,因此是非常常见的临床问题。当然在脊髓创伤和脊髓血栓形成也可以发生脊髓缺血损伤。 本研究采用兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤模型,采用静脉注射氢气生理盐水的方法,并对线颗体、氧化损伤、炎症反应和细胞凋亡等方面的指标进行了观察,结果发现,氢气生理盐水治疗可以有效治疗脊髓缺血损伤。提示氢气生理盐水在脊髓损伤上具有潜在应用价值。 Beneficial effects of hydrogen-rich saline against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits Leshun Zhoua, 1, Xiaowu Wangb, 1, Weining Xuec, d, 1, Keliang Xiee, Yi Huangf, Hongguang Chene, Gu Gonga, , , Yi Zengf, , a Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, P. R. China b Centre of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province, P. R. China c Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China d Department of First Surgery, No. 22 Hospital of PLA, Geermu 816000, Qinghai Province, P. R. China e Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China f Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China Accepted 10 April 2013Available online 17 April 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.007, How to Cite or Link Using DOIPermissions Reprints Highlights • Hydrogen-rich saline is beneficial to spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. • Activation of mitoKATP channels contributes to the protection of hydrogen-rich saline. • Hydrogen-rich saline can reduce oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. Abstract Hydrogen-rich saline (HS) is reported to be a new therapeutic agent in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced organ damage. The present study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of HS against spinal cord I/R injury and its associated mechanisms. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by infrarenal aortic occlusion for 20 min in male New Zealand white rabbits. Different doses of HS were intravenously (i.v.) administered at 5 min before or after the beginning of reperfusion. Moreover, the roles of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mitoKATP), oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis was assessed. Here, we found that I/R-challenged rabbits exhibited significant spinal cord injury characterized by the decreased numbers of normal motor neurons and hind-limb motor dysfunction, which was significantly ameliorated by 5 mL/kg and 10 mL/kg HS treatment before reperfusion or 10 mL/kg HS treatment after reperfusion. However, the protective effects of HS treatment in spinal cord I/R injury were partially abolished by the selective mitoKATP channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD). Moreover, we showed that the beneficial effects of 10 mL/kg HS treatment against spinal cord I/R damage were associated with the decreased levels of oxidative products and pro-inflammatory cytokines , as well as the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes in serum at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after reperfusion and in spinal cord at 72 h after reperfusion. Furthermore, HS treatment (10 mL/kg) reduced caspase-3 activity in the spinal cord of this model. Thus, HS may be an effective therapeutic agent for spinal cord I/R injury via activation of mitoKATP channels as well as reduction of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis.
女人特有的老朋友,终于如潮如涌地来了。七天后,比往常多滞留了两天后,终于恋恋不舍地走了。 I am now a normal woman in my fourties, I said to myself. 在经过四个月的绝经期后,我终于成了正常的女人了。 在所有的治疗当中,内分泌是对人伤害最小的一种治疗方式,对我而言,却是影响最大的一种治疗方式。服用tamoxifen,会引起闭经,潮热,身体像打摆子一样忽冷忽热,别人盖两层被子的时候,我得把被子都掀开,而别人穿单衫的时候,我得穿羽绒服。晚上难以入眠,入眠后又不断地醒过来。整个的生命不知道漂浮在什么地方......因而痛苦,无助。 三个月前体检时,各种激素指标都是绝经期的指标,但子宫内膜已经厚达8mm。也知道一直增厚的话,有可能引起子宫内膜癌。因而一直不知道该怎么处理。 其实,一直也知道,相对于卵巢功能下降所引起的激素水平下降,这种药物所引起的激素水平下降,并不意味着身体机能的衰退。 内分泌治疗初期,内裤前所未有的干净,像是没有发育的小姑娘,后来子宫内膜增厚,就有东西分泌出来,当时曾幻想着这种分泌能够把子宫内膜刮薄,不用受刮宫之苦。 先前一个病友在我还没有内分泌治疗的时候就告诉过我,说,内分泌治疗后,就没有情欲了。当时还不信,当时放化疗,身体很弱,依旧有情欲。 偶尔在电视里看一些男女亲热的镜头,还是能够感到体内有一些冲动的。但如果没有这些刺激,就什么冲动也没有。只是有时候心理特别不安宁,情绪也特别紧张,无以释放,就和遇到的人和事吵架。 一个病友告诉我说,她当时也有几个月月经没有来,去问医生,医生说她可能绝经了,她火冒三丈,说我刚刚42岁,还要生小孩呢,怎么就会绝经,她后来看了中医,月经就来了,此后一直正常,现在已经过了五六年,每28-29天一次。 上次去一个老中医家看病,遇到一个45岁已经得病三年的病人,说她刚开始的时候,几个月后会来一次,后来就索性不来的。 我不知道我会是那种情况,我希望是前者,不用担心子宫内膜癌,总让生活轻松一些。 明天去医院进行第三次体检,如果没有问题,我应该就是正常人了。现在唯一的问题是晚上还会醒来,但似乎已经不影响精力了,除了每天要花4个小时熬药喝药,我都记不得自己是个病人了。
以陈赛娟院士为通讯作者的一篇评述文章“急性白血病基因突变与多步骤发病机制”近日同时发表在《中国科学——生命科学》中英文版上。该文强调三氧化二砷与全反式维甲酸享有共同的分子靶点,都是 PML-RAR α, 即分子药理机制相同,但作用位点有差异。以下是该文述及急性早幼粒细胞白血病发病机制与三氧化二砷或全反式维甲酸治疗作用的文字: 急性白血病(acute leukemia, AL)是起源于造血干/祖细胞(hematopoietic stem/precursor cell, HSPC)的一组恶性疾病,在多条通路上多个分子事件的共同作用下,恶性克隆异常增生导致疾病的最终发生。随着白血病基因组计划的进行,目前对AL的发病机制有了更深一步的认识,在部分AL中已经可以对发病机制进行精确的分子学解剖,并发现导致白血病的驱动基因突变 。不仅如此,这些重要的分子事件也为临床靶向治疗提供了“靶标”,经典的模板就是在急性早幼粒细胞白血病(acute promyelocytic leukemia, APL)中,应用全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA)和三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide, ATO)从不同的作用途径降解PML-RAR α, 使疾病获得治愈 。此外,与白血病相关的不同的基因异常或突变目前也认为与AL的生物学和临床行为有关,并应用于指导临床治疗。 1 APL的发病机制和ATRA/ATO的作用 PML-RAR α 是APL发病的重要融合基因,源于t(15;17)染色体易位,编码一种具有转录调控作用的融合蛋白。PML-RAR α 的转基因小鼠虽然一年后延迟发病但可出现典型的APL,这证实PML-RAR α 是APL的关键驱动(driver)突变 。 PML-RAR α 由2个部分组成,PML的N端RBCC区(RING, B Boxes和coiledcoil)和大部分RAR。目前认为,PML-RAR α 具有显性负调控作用,影响多个细胞发育过程,如髓系分化、凋亡和DNA复制和修复 。此外,PML-RAR α 的致病作用还包括与RXR α 结合, 与染色质重塑复合物相互作用,并可抑制关键的髓系转录因子PU.1 。 PML-RAR α 的特殊结构也使它成为2个有效药物, 即ATRA和ATO的靶标 。砷剂可以与PML的RBCC区结合,而ATRA靶向PML-RAR的RAR部分,从而导致PML-RAR α 的降解,使APL获得治愈 。此外,动物模型显示ATO可以清除白血病起始细胞(leukemia initiating cells, LICs) ,除了PML-RAR α, 它还可以靶向其他一些与LICs特征有关的蛋白,如PML、Gli2和NF-kB ;而ATRA则诱导LICs的分化及自我更新。 中文全文PDF版可从以下链接地址下载: http://life.scichina.com:8082/sciC/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDFid=509873 如果你已经了解上述全反式维甲酸的作用机理,那么下面的新发现你可能还没有听说过。以下是陈竺和陈赛娟等刚刚发表在《美国科学院院刊》上的一篇最新论文的摘要,题目是“8-氯苯基硫代环腺苷酸/全反式维甲酸通过促进细胞分化和PLZF/RAR α 靶向易位(11;17)型急性早幼粒细胞白血病”。注意:普通APL的染色体易位都是t(15;17),形成PML-RAR α 融合基因,而变异 APL 的染色体易位是t(11;17),形成PLZF-RAR α 融合基因。 【 原文 】 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (点击可查看摘要)2013 Feb 4. 8-CPT-cAMP/all-trans retinoic acid targets t(11;17) acute promyelocytic leukemia through enhanced cell differentiation and PLZF/RARα degradation. Jiao B , Ren ZH , Liu P , Chen LJ , Shi JY , Dong Y , Ablain J , Shi L , Gao L , Hu JP , Ren RB , de Thé H , Chen Z , Chen SJ . Source State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. Abstract The refractoriness of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with t(11;17)(q23;q21) to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based therapy concerns clinicians and intrigues basic researchers. By using a murine leukemic model carrying both promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger/retinoic acid receptor-α (PLZF/RARα) and RARα/PLZF fusion genes, we discovered that 8-chlorophenylthio adenosine-3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-CPT-cAMP) enhances cellular differentiation and improves gene trans-activation by ATRA in leukemic blasts. Mechanistically, in combination with ATRA, 8-CPT-cAMP activates PKA, causing phosphorylation of PLZF/RARα at Ser765 and resulting in increased dissociation of the silencing mediator for retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors/nuclear receptor corepressor from PLZF/RARα. This process results in changes of local chromatin and transcriptional reactivation of the retinoic acid pathway in leukemic cells. Meanwhile, 8-CPT-cAMP also potentiated ATRA-induced degradation of PLZF/RARα through its Ser765 phosphorylation. In vivo treatment of the t(11;17) APL mouse model demonstrated that 8-CPT-cAMP could significantly improve the therapeutic effect of ATRA by targeting a leukemia-initiating cell activity. This combined therapy, which induces enhanced differentiation and oncoprotein degradation, may benefit t(11;17) APL patients. 【解说】 急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)即AML-M3型白血病,占急性非淋巴细胞白血病的10-25%。绝大多数APL病人具有特征性的非随机染色体t(15:17),该易位使15号染色体上的早幼粒细胞白血病(PML)基因与位于17号染色体上的维甲酸受体α(RARα)基因融合,表达PML-RARα融合蛋白,病人对全反式维甲酸(ATRA)治疗敏感。 在变异型t(11;17)(q23;q21)APL患者的t(11:17)(q23;q21)中,11号染色体上的早幼粒细胞白血病锌指(PLZF)基因与位于17号染色体上的RARα基因融合,这些患者体内同时表达PLZF-RARα和RARα-PLZF两种融合蛋白。变异型t(11;17)(q23;q21)APL对ATRA不敏感,因此预后差。 采用8-CPT-cAMP结合ATRA的联合治疗策略,在携带PLZF/RARα和RARα/PLZF两种融合基因的小鼠白血病模型中发现,8-CPT-cAMP可增强ATRA诱导的幼稚白血病细胞分化及基因反式激活。8-CPT-cAMP结合ATRA,可以激活蛋白激酶A(PKA),引起PLZF/RARα中丝氨酸765位点的磷酸化,促进维甲酸和甲状腺激素受体沉默因子/受体辅阻遏子与PLZF/RARα分离,这可导致白血病细胞中局部染色质改变以及维甲酸信号通路激活。 此外,8-CPT-cAMP还促进ATRA对丝氨酸765位点的磷酸化诱导PLZF/RARα降解。在t(11;17)APL小鼠模型治疗试验中,他们证实8-CPT-cAMP可显著提高ATRA治疗效应,并能靶向抑制白血病起始细胞(leukemia-initiating cell)活性。因此 ,8-CPT-cAMP结合ATRA后通过诱导分化和癌蛋白降解来发挥治疗效应。
砒霜治疗白血病研究文献中的知识发现 从研究文献中发现隐含的知识概念,对科研选题和相关研究也许有启发作用和参考价值。 检索用词: A-query: leukemia C-query: arsenic trioxide The B-list contains title words and phrases (terms) that appeared in both the A and the C literature. 1248 articles appeared in both literatures and were not included in the process of computing the B-list but can be viewed here . The results of this search are saved under id # 20129 and can be accessed from the start page after you leave this session. There are 5174 terms on the current B-list (砒霜治疗白血病研究文献中发现904个相关知识概念are predicted to be relevant), which is shown ranked according to predicted relevance. The list can be further trimmed down using the filters listed in the left margin. To assess whether there appears to be a biologically significant relationship between the AB and BC literatures for specific B-terms, please select one or more B-terms and then click the button to view the corresponding AB and BC literatures. Use Ctrl to select multiple B-terms. 详细信息见: http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/edit_b.cgi?refresh=TID=20129 http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/umls.cgi?task=filterID=20129 http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/edit_b.cgi 基因和分子序列(138个)知识发现如下: job id # 20129 started Tue Feb 12 20:21:26 2013 Max_citations: 50000 Stoplist: /var/www/arrowsmith_uic/data/stopwords_pubmed Ngram_max: 3 A_query_raw: leukemia Tue Feb 12 20:22:01 2013 A query = leukemia started Tue Feb 12 20:22:02 2013 A query resulted in 50000 titles C_query_raw: leukemia Tue Feb 12 20:22:04 2013 C: leukemia 251106 A: pubmed_query_A 251106 AC: ( leukemia ) AND ( leukemia ) 251106 C_query_raw: arsenic trioxide Tue Feb 12 20:22:16 2013 C: arsenic trioxide 2378 A: pubmed_query_A 251106 AC: ( leukemia ) AND ( arsenic trioxide ) 1248 C_query_raw: arsenic trioxide Tue Feb 12 20:22:22 2013 C: arsenic trioxide 2378 A: pubmed_query_A 251106 AC: ( leukemia ) AND ( arsenic trioxide ) 1248 C query = arsenic trioxide started Tue Feb 12 20:22:22 2013 C query resulted in 2378 titles A AND C query resulted in 1248 titles 5174 B-terms ready on Tue Feb 12 20:22:36 2013 Sem_filter: Genes Molecular Sequences, and Gene Protein Names 460 B-terms left after filter executed Tue Feb 12 20:24:22 2013 B-list on Tue Feb 12 20:25:17 2013 1 akt 2 jnk 3 caspase-3 4 caspase 5 cyclin dependent kinase 6 vegf 7 pi3k 8 survivin 9 microrna 10 pml 11 bcr abl 12 herg 13 p38 mapk 14 mtor 15 bcl-2 16 p38 17 nf kappab 18 bcr 19 beta catenin 20 bcl xl 21 topoisomerase 22 c jun n 23 abl 24 transcription factor 25 p16 gene 26 socs-1 27 notch1 28 autophagy 29 daxx 30 cyclin 31 c myc 32 cox-2 33 sp1 34 homeobox 35 bax 36 p15ink4b 37 flt-1 38 ccaat enhancer binding 39 mdm2 40 estrogen receptor alpha 41 k ras 42 trim5alpha 43 nkg2d 44 homeobox gene 45 zinc finger protein 46 vegf c 47 p53 48 p27kip1 49 mycn 50 c jun 51 erk1 52 mda-7 53 cdna library 54 notch 55 scid 56 syk 57 rxr 58 evi1 59 cd95 60 trail 61 p27 62 pten 63 p15ink4b gene 64 cdkn2b 65 cdkn2a 66 dmsa 67 c jun nh2-terminal 68 tyrosine kinase 69 related gene 70 socs-1 gene 71 dna methyltransferase 72 foxo3a 73 yy1 74 p glycoprotein 75 caspase-8 76 nadph oxidase 77 cd4 78 nf kappa b 79 histone deacetylase 80 nf 81 topoisomerase i 82 cpg island 83 rho kinase 84 uncoupling protein 85 trf1 86 isoform 87 receptor flt-1 88 methyltransferase 89 ikappab 90 protein kinase 91 mmp-2 92 mds 93 glutathione transferase 94 shp-1 95 sumo-1 96 tumor suppressor 97 bak 98 nd10 99 synergistic induction apoptosis 100 cd133 101 microsatellite 102 gata-3 103 myc 104 cyclin e 105 bim 106 fas 107 rxr alpha 108 ppargamma 109 survivin gene 110 p53 gene 111 apoptosis related gene 112 c kit 113 myc gene 114 sca-1 115 bnip3 116 cyp1a1 117 nrf2 118 mek 119 kdr 120 rhoa 121 c myc gene 122 bcl2 123 ras 124 oncogene 125 fasl 126 telomerase reverse transcriptase 127 cyclin d1 128 pcna 129 tubulin 130 cdna 131 hedgehog gli 132 znf198 133 prostate cancer 134 xpc 135 hsp70 136 hedgehog 137 jab1 138 cell cycle progression
砒霜治疗白血病:多学科综合治疗研究成果 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=280034do=blogid=661016 张伯礼院士:中医药学在转化医学中大有可为 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2012/7/267384.shtm 砒霜治疗白血病:转化医学研究进展 Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):240-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1183424. Arsenic trioxide controls the fate of the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein by directly binding PML. Zhang XW , Yan XJ , Zhou ZR , Yang FF , Wu ZY , Sun HB , Liang WX , Song AX , Lallemand-Breitenbach V , Jeanne M , Zhang QY , Yang HY , Huang QH , Zhou GB , Tong JH , Zhang Y , Wu JH , Hu HY , de Thé H , Chen SJ 陈赛娟, Chen Z 陈竺. Source State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China. Erratum in Science. 2010 May 21;328(5981):974. Abstract Arsenic, an ancient drug used in traditional Chinese medicine, has attracted worldwide interest because it shows substantial anticancer activity in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) exerts its therapeutic effect by promoting degradation of an oncogenic protein that drives the growth of APL cells, PML-RARalpha (a fusion protein containing sequences from the PML zinc finger protein and retinoic acid receptor alpha). PML and PML-RARalpha degradation is triggered by their SUMOylation, but the mechanism by which As2O3 induces this posttranslational modification is unclear. Here we show that arsenic binds directly to cysteine residues in zinc fingers located within the RBCC domain of PML-RARalpha and PML. Arsenic binding induces PML oligomerization, which increases its interaction with the small ubiquitin-like protein modifier (SUMO)-conjugating enzyme UBC9, resulting in enhanced SUMOylation and degradation. The identification of PML as a direct target of As2O3 provides new insights into the drug's mechanism of action and its specificity for APL. Comment in The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version. Destroy user interface control Medicine. Poisonous contacts. PMID:20378816 Free full text The following toggler user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version. Destroy user interface control Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances Publication Types Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH Terms Arsenic/metabolism* Arsenicals/metabolism* Arsenicals/pharmacology* Cell Line Humans Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics Mutant Proteins/chemistry Mutant Proteins/metabolism Mutation Nuclear Proteins/chemistry Nuclear Proteins/genetics Nuclear Proteins/metabolism* Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism* Oxazines/metabolism Oxides/metabolism* Oxides/pharmacology* Protein Conformation Protein Multimerization Protein Structure, Secondary Protein Structure, Tertiary Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Transcription Factors/chemistry Transcription Factors/genetics Transcription Factors/metabolism* Tumor Suppressor Proteins/chemistry Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism* Ubiquitination Zinc Fingers Substances Arsenicals Mutant Proteins Nuclear Proteins Oncogene Proteins, Fusion Oxazines Oxides ReAsH-EDT2 compound Receptors, Retinoic Acid Recombinant Fusion Proteins SUMO2 protein, human Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins Transcription Factors Tumor Suppressor Proteins p-aminophenylarsine oxide promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion oncoprotein retinoic acid receptor alpha arsenic trioxide PML protein, human Arsenic The following toggler user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version. Destroy user interface control LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources HighWire EBSCO Ovid Technologies, Inc. Other Literature Sources See the articles recommended by F1000Prime's Faculty of 5,000 renowned researchers and clinicians, assisted by 5,000 associates. - F1000 Medical PML Gene - Genetics Home Reference RARA Gene - Genetics Home Reference Arsenic - MedlinePlus Health Information Molecular Biology Databases ARSENIC TRIOXIDE - HSDB ARSENIC, ELEMENTAL - HSDB ARSENIC COMPOUNDS - HSDB Front Med. 2011 Dec;5(4):341-7. doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0169-z. Epub 2011 Dec 27. Current treatment strategy of acute promyelocytic leukemia . Mi J . Source Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. jianqingmi@shsmu.edu.cn Abstract Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a unique subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The prognosis of APL has changed from the worst among the AMLs to currently the best. The application of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in the induction therapy of APL decreases the high mortality of newly diagnosed patients, thereby significantly improving the response rate. ATRA combined with anthracycline-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment, and for high-risk patients, high doses cytarabine have a beneficial effect on relapse prevention. In recent years, the indications of arsenic trioxide (ATO) therapy for APL have been extended from the salvage therapy for relapse patients to the first-line treatment of de novo APL. The introduction of both ATRA and ATO represents great achievements in translational medicine. In this review article, we discuss the therapeutic strategies for this disease, including the initial approaches to newly diagnosed patients, prevention, and treatment of side effects and relapse to ensure the best and timely treatment for each newly diagnosed APL patient. PMID:22198746 The following toggler user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version. Destroy user interface control Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances Publication Types Review MeSH Terms Anthracyclines/administration dosage Anthracyclines/therapeutic use Antineoplastic Agents/administration dosage Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration dosage Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use Arsenicals/administration dosage* Arsenicals/therapeutic use Cytarabine/administration dosage* Cytarabine/therapeutic use Humans Leukemia , Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy* Leukemia , Promyelocytic, Acute/epidemiology Oxides/administration dosage* Oxides/therapeutic use Prognosis Recurrence/prevention control Survival Rate/trends Tretinoin/administration dosage* Tretinoin/therapeutic use Substances Anthracyclines Antineoplastic Agents Arsenicals Oxides arsenic trioxide Cytarabine Tretinoin The following toggler user interface control may not be accessible. 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Destroy user interface control LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources Springer OhioLINK Electronic Journal Center Other Literature Sources Labome Researcher Resource - ExactAntigen/Labome Medical acute promyelocytic leukemia - Genetics Home Reference Acute Myeloid Leukemia - MedlinePlus Health Information Molecular Biology Databases ARSENIC TRIOXIDE - HSDB TRANS-RETINOIC ACID - HSDB CYTARABINE - HSDB ARSENIC COMPOUNDS - HSDB 研究文献分析结果如下: 检索策略 leukemia and arsenic trioxide and Translational Research 数据来源 http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB0fyuvjqgch8orIeIpI0 Top Years Publications 2008 4 2012 2 2011 2 2010 2 2009 1 2006 1 2005 1 2003 1 1999 1 2000 1 1998 1 Top Countries Publications United States 8 France 3 China 2 Italy 2 Australia 1 Taiwan 1 Top Cities Publications Stanford 2 Roma 2 Paris 2 New York City 2 Fuzhou 1 Canberra 1 Shanghai 1 Houston 1 Los Angeles 1 Chicago 1 Tainan City 1 Rennes 1 Miami 1 Top Journals Publications Exp Cell Res 2 Clin Cancer Res 1 Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 1 Mol Cancer 1 Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 1 Cancer Cell 1 Apoptosis 1 Mol Cancer Ther 1 Curr Hematol Malig Rep 1 J Biol Chem 1 Cell Signal 1 Oncogene 1 J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1 Haematologica 1 Blood 1 Embo J 1 Top Authors Publications Knox S 1 Tian J 1 Zhao H 1 Nolley R 1 Reese S 1 Young S 1 Li X 1 Peehl D 1 Chen Y 1 Huang H 1 Chen P 1 Lu R 1 Lin Z 1 Wu Y 1 Blackburn A 1 Sun R 1 Board P 1 Garaci E 1 Lucibello M 1 Gambacurta A 1 1 2 3 4 5 Top Terms Publications Humans 15 Oxides 14 Arsenicals 13 Proteins 11 Leukemia 10 Genes 8 Granulocyte Precursor Cells 8 Apoptosis 8 Cell Line, Tumor 7 Neoplasms 7 Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute 7 apoptosis 7 Antineoplastic Agents 7 Reactive Oxygen Species 6 Protein Processing, Post-Translational 6 induction of apoptosis 6 Therapeutics 5 Oxygenators 5 Oxygen 5 Signal Transduction 5 1 2 3 ... 33 publications over time world map
砒霜治疗白血病:多学科综合治疗研究成果 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=280034do=blogid=661016 砒霜治疗白血病:循证医学研究文献分析报告 检索策略: leukemia and arsenic trioxide and (systematic review or meta analysis) 文献检索分析平台 http://pro.medch.cn/Pubmed/Statistic Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2009 Sep;7(9):801-8. doi: 10.3736/jcim20090901. . Xu SN , Chen JP , Liu JP , Xia Y . Source Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). METHODS: The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2009), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (from 1970 to January 2009), MEDLINE (from 1978 to October 2008), EMBASE (from 1950 to March 2009), Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database (from 1978 to December 2008), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI, from 1994 to December 2008), and China Medical Academic Conference Database (from 1994 to December 2008) were electronically searched. We also searched the Meta-Register of controlled trials, Conference Proceedings of American Society of Hematology (from 1946 to December 2008) and Conference Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology (from 1946 to December 2008) on the internet for grey literature. The related journals in the library of Third Military Medical University were hand-searched. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ATO in treatment of APL were included. We adopted complete remission, overall survival rate, disease free survival rate, time to complete remission, relapse rate, mortality and adverse reactions as outcome indicators. Data were entered and analyzed with the Cochrane review manager software 5.0 (RevMan 5.0). RESULTS: After merger of the included trials, five eligible RCTs with 328 cases were included. All the RCTs focused on the comparison of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus ATO regimen with ATRA monotherapy. Meta-analysis showed that the effect indexes for time to complete remission, two-year disease free survival rate, relapse rate, incidence of edema and incidence rate of QT interval prolongation were -1.20 , 8.64 , 0.21 , 4.16 and 22.10 , respectively. The influences on other outcome indicators such as complete remission and leukocytosis were statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION: ATO can prolong disease free survival and reduce the time to complete remission and relapse rate of newly diagnosed APL patients, and increase the incidence of edema and prolongation of corrected QT interval during the treatment. Due to limitation of the included trials, this conclusion needs to be validated by further studies. PMID:19747432 Free full text The following toggler user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version. Destroy user interface control Publication Types Publication Types English Abstract The following toggler user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version. Destroy user interface control LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources Shanghai Association of Integrative Medicine;Shanghai Changhai Hospital,China - PDF EBSCO 1. The efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide with or without all-trans retinoic acid for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: a meta-analysis. Wang H. Chen XY. Wang BS. Rong ZX. Qi H. Chen HZ. Leuk. Res.. 2011;35(9):1170-7 PMID:21774985 2. How I treat adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Bazarbachi A. Suarez F. Fields P. Hermine O. Blood. 2011;118(7):1736-45 PMID:21673346 3. . Xu SN. Chen JP. Liu JP. Xia Y. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2009;7(11):1024-34 PMID:19912733 4. . Xu SN. Chen JP. Liu JP. Xia Y. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2009;7(9):801-8 PMID:19747432 检索结果 254篇 系统综述文献 pubmed_result (1).txt Top 20 of Journals 文献的期刊分布 1. leukemia lymphoma browse it with it or it without it 254 2. seminars in hematology browse it with it or it without it 11 3. the oncologist browse it with it or it without it 8 4. hematology / the education program of the american society of hematology. american society of hematology. education program browse it with it or it without it 6 5. leukemia : official journal of the leukemia society of america, leukemia research fund, u.k browse it with it or it without it 6 6. current oncology reports browse it with it or it without it 6 7. acta haematologica browse it with it or it without it 5 8. oncogene browse it with it or it without it 5 9. expert opinion on pharmacotherapy browse it with it or it without it 5 10. the japanese journal of clinical hematology browse it with it or it without it 5 11. international journal of hematology browse it with it or it without it 5 12. best practice research. clinical haematology browse it with it or it without it 5 13. blood browse it with it or it without it 4 14. oncology (williston park, n.y.) browse it with it or it without it 4 15. current opinion in hematology browse it with it or it without it 4 16. current topics in microbiology and immunology browse it with it or it without it 4 17. blood reviews browse it with it or it without it 3 18. current hematologic malignancy reports browse it with it or it without it 3 19. acta pharmacologica sinica browse it with it or it without it 3 Top 20 of Countries 文献的国家和地区分布 1. usa browse it with it or it without it 95 2. china browse it with it or it without it 34 3. france browse it with it or it without it 18 4. japan browse it with it or it without it 13 5. italy browse it with it or it without it 12 6. spain browse it with it or it without it 7 7. germany browse it with it or it without it 7 8. canada browse it with it or it without it 7 9. lebanon browse it with it or it without it 5 10. australia browse it with it or it without it 4 11. hong kong browse it with it or it without it 3 12. austria browse it with it or it without it 2 13. united kingdom browse it with it or it without it 2 14. taiwan browse it with it or it without it 2 15. ireland browse it with it or it without it 1 16. greece browse it with it or it without it 1 17. czech republic browse it with it or it without it 1 18. india browse it with it or it without it 1 19. israel browse it with it or it without it 1 20. sweden browse it with it or it without it 1 Top 20 of Citiess 文献的城市分布 1. chicago browse it with it or it without it 20 2. new york browse it with it or it without it 20 3. shanghai browse it with it or it without it 19 4. paris browse it with it or it without it 18 5. houston browse it with it or it without it 14 6. rome browse it with it or it without it 8 7. los angeles browse it with it or it without it 7 8. cleveland browse it with it or it without it 6 9. london browse it with it or it without it 6 10. valencia browse it with it or it without it 5 11. beirut browse it with it or it without it 5 12. portland browse it with it or it without it 4 13. montreal browse it with it or it without it 4 14. buffalo browse it with it or it without it 4 15. boston browse it with it or it without it 4 16. quebec browse it with it or it without it 4 17. fukuoka browse it with it or it without it 2 18. baltimore browse it with it or it without it 2 19. taipei browse it with it or it without it 2 20. rochester browse it with it or it without it 2 Top 20 of Authors 文献的作者分布 1. Tallman MS browse it with it or it without it 25 2. Chen Z browse it with it or it without it 18 3. de Thé H browse it with it or it without it 13 4. Chen SJ browse it with it or it without it 13 5. Lo-Coco F browse it with it or it without it 10 6. Fenaux P browse it with it or it without it 9 7. Wang ZY browse it with it or it without it 9 8. Sanz MA browse it with it or it without it 7 9. Douer D browse it with it or it without it 7 10. Lengfelder E browse it with it or it without it 6 11. Grimwade D browse it with it or it without it 6 12. Chen GQ browse it with it or it without it 6 13. Hermine O browse it with it or it without it 5 14. Nasr R browse it with it or it without it 5 15. Waxman S browse it with it or it without it 5 16. Zhu J browse it with it or it without it 5 17. Shen ZX browse it with it or it without it 5 18. Bazarbachi A browse it with it or it without it 4 19. Büchner T browse it with it or it without it 4 20. Lallemand-Breitenbach V browse it with it or it without it 4 Top 20 of Departments 文献的科室部门分布 1. department of medicine browse it with it or it without it 20 2. department of hematology browse it with it or it without it 16 3. department of leukemia browse it with it or it without it 11 4. department of internal medicine browse it with it or it without it 7 5. department of hematology and oncology browse it with it or it without it 4 6. department of hematology and medical oncology browse it with it or it without it 4 7. department of cellular biotechnologies and hematology browse it with it or it without it 3 8. department of haematology browse it with it or it without it 3 9. department of medical and molecular genetics browse it with it or it without it 3 10. department of interdisciplinary oncology browse it with it or it without it 2 11. department of biopathology browse it with it or it without it 2 12. department of bioimmunotherapy browse it with it or it without it 2 13. department of pediatrics browse it with it or it without it 2 14. department of biomedical sciences browse it with it or it without it 1 15. department of anatomy browse it with it or it without it 1 16. department of cell physiology browse it with it or it without it 1 17. department of clinical sciences browse it with it or it without it 1 18. department of chemistry browse it with it or it without it 1 19. department of adult oncology browse it with it or it without it 1 20. department of pediatric hematology/oncology browse it with it or it without it 1 Top 20 of Year 文献的年代分布 1. 2002 browse it with it or it without it 29 2. 2007 browse it with it or it without it 28 3. 2001 browse it with it or it without it 23 4. 2008 browse it with it or it without it 21 5. 2003 browse it with it or it without it 21 6. 2004 browse it with it or it without it 19 7. 2011 browse it with it or it without it 19 8. 2010 browse it with it or it without it 18 9. 2005 browse it with it or it without it 17 10. 2006 browse it with it or it without it 15 11. 2012 browse it with it or it without it 14 12. 2000 browse it with it or it without it 13 13. 2009 browse it with it or it without it 12 14. 1999 browse it with it or it without it 8 15. 1998 browse it with it or it without it 3 16. 1997 browse it with it or it without it 2 Top 20 of Important words 文献中的重要词汇 1. arsenic browse it with it or it without it 220 2. leukemia browse it with it or it without it 203 3. treatment browse it with it or it without it 174 4. patients browse it with it or it without it 161 5. retinoic acid browse it with it or it without it 127 6. chemotherapy browse it with it or it without it 109 7. disease browse it with it or it without it 102 8. cell browse it with it or it without it 91 9. therapeutic browse it with it or it without it 87 10. review browse it with it or it without it 78 11. cells browse it with it or it without it 69 12. role browse it with it or it without it 69 13. myeloid leukemia browse it with it or it without it 61 14. survival browse it with it or it without it 60 15. apoptosis browse it with it or it without it 59 16. relapse browse it with it or it without it 56 17. will browse it with it or it without it 43 18. transplantation browse it with it or it without it 39 19. gene browse it with it or it without it 38 20. drugs browse it with it or it without it 37 Top 20 of Mesh Full 文献的研究学科和问题方面(主题词/副主题词组配) 1. Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use browse it with it or it without it 160 2. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/therapy browse it with it or it without it 157 3. Arsenicals/therapeutic use browse it with it or it without it 149 4. Oxides/therapeutic use browse it with it or it without it 142 5. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy browse it with it or it without it 130 6. Arsenicals/pharmacology browse it with it or it without it 93 7. Oxides/pharmacology browse it with it or it without it 90 8. Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology browse it with it or it without it 89 9. Tretinoin/therapeutic use browse it with it or it without it 85 10. Arsenicals/administration dosage browse it with it or it without it 52 11. Oxides/administration dosage browse it with it or it without it 50 12. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use browse it with it or it without it 46 13. Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects browse it with it or it without it 40 14. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology browse it with it or it without it 35 15. Oxides/adverse effects browse it with it or it without it 35 16. Apoptosis/drug effects browse it with it or it without it 34 17. Arsenicals/adverse effects browse it with it or it without it 33 18. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics browse it with it or it without it 29 19. Tretinoin/administration dosage browse it with it or it without it 28 20. Cell Differentiation/drug effects browse it with it or it without it 23 Top 20 of Substances 文献中的化学物质信息 1. antineoplastic agents browse it with it or it without it 169 2. arsenicals browse it with it or it without it 160 3. arsenic trioxide browse it with it or it without it 155 4. oxides browse it with it or it without it 155 5. tretinoin browse it with it or it without it 90 6. oncogene proteins, fusion browse it with it or it without it 25 7. promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion oncoprotein browse it with it or it without it 23 8. neoplasm proteins browse it with it or it without it 20 9. antibodies, monoclonal browse it with it or it without it 15 10. piperazines browse it with it or it without it 14 11. imatinib browse it with it or it without it 13 12. pyrimidines browse it with it or it without it 13 13. cytarabine browse it with it or it without it 13 14. enzyme inhibitors browse it with it or it without it 12 15. angiogenesis inhibitors browse it with it or it without it 11 16. transcription factors browse it with it or it without it 11 17. antibodies, monoclonal, humanized browse it with it or it without it 10 18. aminoglycosides browse it with it or it without it 9 19. gemtuzumab browse it with it or it without it 9 20. histone deacetylase inhibitors browse it with it or it without it 9 Top 20 of Mesh 研究主题(医学主题词) 1. antineoplastic agents browse it with it or it without it 176 2. leukemia, promyelocytic, acute browse it with it or it without it 167 3. arsenicals browse it with it or it without it 161 4. oxides browse it with it or it without it 155 5. tretinoin browse it with it or it without it 90 6. prognosis browse it with it or it without it 74 7. clinical trials as topic browse it with it or it without it 60 8. treatment outcome browse it with it or it without it 51 9. antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols browse it with it or it without it 48 10. neoplasm proteins browse it with it or it without it 45 11. apoptosis browse it with it or it without it 44 12. remission induction browse it with it or it without it 35 13. recurrence browse it with it or it without it 32 14. oncogene proteins, fusion browse it with it or it without it 28 15. cell differentiation browse it with it or it without it 28 16. hematopoietic stem cell transplantation browse it with it or it without it 25 17. drug resistance, neoplasm browse it with it or it without it 21 18. hematologic neoplasms browse it with it or it without it 19 19. myelodysplastic syndromes browse it with it or it without it 17 20. antibodies, monoclonal browse it with it or it without it 16
检索策略和检索结果: Found 56 studies with search of: 白血病 leukemia and 砒霜(三氧化二砷)arsenic trioxide 详细数据见: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=leukemia+AND+arsenic+trioxidepg=1 Query Suggestions: The term, leukemia and arsenic trioxide, must be relaxed or trimmed to find documents Relax term to: leukemia AND arsenic trioxide leukemia AND arsenic trioxide Trim term to: arsenic trioxide arsenic trioxide Trim term to: leukemia leukemia Recognized Terms and Synonyms: leukemia and arsenic trioxide: 0studies arsenic trioxide: 97studies arsenic sesquioxide arsenous acid anhydride arsenous anhydride arsenous oxide as2o3 diarsenic trioxide naonobin trisenox white arsenic leukemia: 4274studies leucocythaemias leukemias trioxide: 111studies arsenic: 128studies as element Related Terms: Click on a related term to refine your search. This will narrow your search by adding an additional search term. If your search becomes too narrow (finds too few studies), broaden it by removing search terms with the Refine Search page. A acute promyelocytic leukemia aida regimen all trans retinoic acid apl apl-r arsenic sesquioxide arsenic trioxide arsenic(iii) oxide arsenous acid anhydride as2o3 aspergum aspirtab atra B buffex E easprin entaprin entercote F fab m3 G genacote genprin L leukemias acute promyelocytic leukemia M m3/m3 magnaprin minitabs N nrx 195183 P pml postremission therapy R rara T tamibarotene tretinoin trisenox V vesanoid Z zorprin 全部临床试验报告: study_fields.txt
司美替尼( Selumetinib )可以用于低级浆液性卵巢癌的治疗 司美替尼 ( Selumetinib )(结构式见下图)是一种小分子 MEK 抑制剂,关于其用于癌症治疗已经有不少报道,如 司美替尼联合多西紫杉醇治疗: KARS 突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌 ; 司美替尼治疗转移性胆道癌耐受性尚可 ; 司美替尼单药治疗肝细胞癌效果甚微 ; 窥一斑而探全豹,观滴水可测沧海 2012 ASCO 临床肿瘤学进展盘点 ; 司美替尼对复发的卵巢低分化鳞癌有效 等,但是 2013 年 2 月 8 日 《科学日报》( ScienceDaily )网站报道了 美国 德克萨斯大学 MD 安德森癌症中心 ( The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center )的最新研究成果发现, 司美替尼 对于低级浆液性卵巢癌有一定的治疗效果。 司美替尼(Selumetinib)化学结构 图 1 司美替尼 ( Selumetinib )结构式 低级浆液性卵巢癌是不太常见的侵略性的一种癌症,当前线治疗失败时,非常难治。就是手术之后,无论有还是没有预先 化疗,低级浆液性卵巢癌的复发率很高 , 化疗和激素治疗是相对无效的。治疗应答率是以个位数来衡量。 美国德克萨斯大学 MD 安德森癌症中心 ,妇科肿瘤学和生殖医学系教授 David Gershenson 医学博士 以及他的研究团队,在过去 20 年一直在关注 低级浆液性卵巢癌 疾病的研究, 并寻找新的治疗方法, 因为这种疾病占 卵巢癌病例的 10% 。就是治疗之后复发或者持续比例在 80% 到 85% 之间。但是 司美替尼 可以阻止肿瘤 增长或者使肿瘤 缩小。 在第一次对低级浆液性卵巢癌有针对性疗法的临床试验( 2007 年 12 月 17 日到 2009 年 11 月 23 日 )中 ,52 例 低级浆液性卵巢癌患者 中有 8 例 ( 占 15%) 出现肿瘤收缩,有 34 例 ( 占 65%) 在两年之内尚未发现疾病有所进展。 相关研究结果刊登在 2 月出版的《柳叶刀肿瘤学》( The Lancet Oncology )杂志上,更多信息请浏览: The Lancet Oncology, Volume 14, Issue 2 , Pages 134 - 140, February 2013 doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70572-7 Cite or Link Using DOI Published Online: 21 December 2012 Selumetinib in women with recurrent low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary or peritoneum: an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study Original Text Prof John Farley MD a , William E Brady PhD b , Vinod Vathipadiekal PhD c , Heather A Lankes PhD b , Prof Robert Coleman MD d , Prof Mark A Morgan MD e , Prof Robert Mannel MD f , Prof S Diane Yamada MD g , Prof David Mutch MD h , Prof William H Rodgers MD i , Michael Birrer MD c , David M Gershenson MD d Summary Background Low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary is chemoresistant but mutations in the MAPK pathway could be targeted to control tumour growth. We therefore assessed the safety and activity of selumetinib, an inhibitor of MEK1/2, for patients with this cancer. Methods In this open-label, single-arm phase 2 study, women (aged ≥18 years) with recurrent low-grade serous ovarian or peritoneal carcinoma were given selumetinib (50 mg twice daily, orally) until progression. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who had an objective tumour response according to RECIST version 1.1, assessed for all the treated patients. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT00551070 . Findings 52 patients were enrolled between Dec 17, 2007, and Nov 23, 2009. All were eligible for analyses. Eight (15%) patients had an objective response to treatment—one patient had a complete response and seven had partial responses. 34 (65%) patients had stable disease. There were no treatment-related deaths. Grade 4 toxicities were cardiac (one), pain (one), and pulmonary events (one). Grade 3 toxicities that occurred in more than one patient were gastrointestinal (13), dermatological (nine), metabolic (seven), fatigue (six), anaemia (four), pain (four), constitutional (three), and cardiac events (two). Interpretation Selumetinib is well tolerated, and is active in the treatment of recurrent low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary or peritoneum. The findings suggest that inhibitors of the MAPK pathway warrant further investigation in these patients.
砒霜治疗白血病,王振义院士的研究团队长期来采用了多学科综合治疗方法,取得了世界公认的研究成果。 我们将从以下几个学科和方法分析论述: 1.中西医结合 砒霜治疗白血病:中西医结合的典范 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=280034do=blogid=661104 2.中医学 3.中药学 4.化学 5.药理学;临床试验 砒霜治疗白血病:临床试验报告(56项) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-280034-661195.html 6.循证医学 砒霜治疗白血病:循证医学研究文献分析报告 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=280034do=blogquickforward=1id=661344 7.转化医学 砒霜治疗白血病:转化医学研究进展 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=280034do=blogid=661402 王院士提倡运用哲学思想和辩证法指导临床实践。 砒霜治疗白血病,王振义院士和陈竺院士的原创性成果获世界公认 全美癌症研究基金会日前宣布,将第七届圣捷尔吉癌症研究创新成就奖授予中国工程院院士王振义和中国科学院院士陈竺,以表彰他们在急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)研究中取得的原创性成果及开发的全新疗法。 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-280034-651184.html 我国科学家研究发现砒霜治疗白血病的药物靶点 http://www.sina.com.cn 2010年04月10日09:00 新华网 Use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia 全文链接 http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/72/2/567.short http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/72/2/567.abstract Use of all - trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia ME Huang, YC Ye, SR Chen, JR Chai… - …, 1988 - bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org Abstract Twenty-four patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) were treated with all - trans retinoic acid (45 to 100 mg/m2/day). Of these, eight cases had been either nonresponsive or resistant to previous chemotherapy; the other 16 cases were previously ... 至2013年2月9日该论文的被引量: Cited by 1837 Related articles All 13 versions Cite
Nature:发现一个新的肺鳞癌治疗靶点 作者: liuchun 来源: 生物谷 2012-9-13 14:29:15 分享到: 0 关键词: 肺鳞癌 基因组 肺症 9月9日,国际著名杂志 Nature 在线发表了一篇题为 Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers (肺鳞癌全基因组的特征描述)的研究论文,报道了一个潜在的肺鳞癌治疗靶点。 肺鳞癌(Lung squamous cell carcinoma)是一种常见的肺癌类型,全世界每年约40万人死于肺鳞癌。然而,至今没有特异性的分子靶标药物用于治疗肺鳞癌。 从事癌症基因组图谱研究的科学家们分析了178个癌症患者的基因组,其中有171位患者,即96%的患者基因组至少存在一个突变位点。科学家们从中得到启示,肺鳞癌患者基因组应该存在突变位点。 进一步研究发现,几乎所有的肺鳞癌患者都表现出体细胞TP53突变。在CDKN2A/RB1 , NFE2L2/KEAP1/CUL3, PI3K/AKT和SOX2/TP63/NOTCH1等信号通路中也出现频繁改变,这些改变为细胞周期调控、氧化应激反应、凋亡信号和鳞状细胞分化等的异常提供了证据。 本论文确立了一个潜在的用于治疗肺鳞癌的分子靶标,使肺鳞癌的个性化治疗变得可能。( 生物谷 Bioon.com) doi:10.1038/nature11404 PMC: PMID: Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network Lung squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of lung cancer, causing approximately 400,000 deaths per year worldwide. Genomic alterations in squamous cell lung cancers have not been comprehensively characterized, and no molecularly targeted agents have been specifically developed for its treatment. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas, here we profile 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas to provide a comprehensive landscape of genomic and epigenomic alterations. We show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with a mean of 360 exonic mutations, 165 genomic rearrangements, and 323 segments of copy number alteration per tumour. We find statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including mutation of TP53 in nearly all specimens. Previously unreported loss-of-function mutations are seen in the HLA-A class I major histocompatibility gene. Significantly altered pathways included NFE2L2 and KEAP1 in 34%, squamous differentiation genes in 44%, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathway genes in 47%, and CDKN2A and RB1 in 72% of tumours. We identified a potential therapeutic target in most tumours, offering new avenues of investigation for the treatment of squamous cell lung cancers. (责任编辑:liuchunchun) NCI Press Release TCGA discovers potential therapeutic targets for lung squamous cell carcinoma Changes in DNA that are important to the initiation and progression of lung cancer also identified by NIH-supported researchers Researchers have identified potential therapeutic targets in lung squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common form of lung cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network study that appeared online Sept. 9, 2012, and in print Sept. 27, 2012, in the journal Nature, comprehensively characterized the lung squamous cell carcinoma genome. The study found a large number and variety of DNA alterations, many of which seem to be driving forces behind pathways that are important to the initiation and progression of lung cancer. TCGA is jointly funded and managed by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI), both part of the National Institutes of Health. “With these findings, TCGA researchers have set the stage for the development, testing and implementation of advanced diagnostics and therapeutics for lung squamous cell carcinoma,” said NIH Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. “These findings also underscore the power and value of our nation’s investment in The Cancer Genome Atlas.” Researchers have made important strides in understanding and developing precision medicine treatments for adenocarcinomas, which are the most common type of lung cancer. But these treatments have been largely ineffective in treating lung squamous cell carcinoma. Lung squamous cell carcinoma frequently develops in the large airways in the center of the lungs, while adenocarcinomas often arise at the edges of the lungs. Lung adenocarcinomas sometimes affect non-smokers, while lung squamous cell carcinomas arise almost exclusively in smokers. “This report provides an unprecedented view of the spectrum and high rate of genomic mutations that are found in lung squamous cell carcinoma,” said Eric D. Green, M.D., Ph.D., NHGRI director. “We hope this report will spur basic research to better understand the genesis of the disease, and in clinical research as these new findings are factored into potential treatment approaches.” In this study, researchers identified promising therapeutic targets, including three families of tyrosine kinases, which are enzymes that function as on or off switches in many cellular functions and are frequently mutated in cancer. These enzymes were found to be mutated or amplified in many of the tumors analyzed by TCGA investigators. Importantly, enzymes in these families have been established as potential therapeutic targets in pre-clinical studies and investigated clinically as therapeutic targets in other cancer types. In an ancillary finding, in 69 percent of the tumors studied, investigators detected gene alterations in important signaling pathways that could also serve as therapeutic targets. Squamous lung cancer subtypes grouped into four columns with horizontal rows depicting genes differing by subtype. “Genomic analysis of lung adenocarcinomas has led to many important therapeutic advances and this new research helps to explain why squamous lung cancers have not been responsive to drugs that work for adenocarcinomas,” said Harold Varmus, M.D., director, NCI. “Because the spectrum of mutations is very different in each type, the identification of these new mutations by TCGA researchers has the potential to lead to therapeutic advances for squamous lung cancers.” For this study, researchers examined tissue samples from 178 patients with untreated lung squamous cell carcinomas. Notably, 96 percent of the patients in this study had a history of tobacco use. Researchers compared the tumor genome to the genome in normal tissue to make sure that a change in the tumor genome was the result of a mutation. The carcinomas exhibited a large number and variety of alterations, many of which appeared to deleteriously affect pathways that are important to the initiation and progression of cancer. Genes that help detoxify cells and repair damage, or are involved in cell specialization, were frequently altered. Researchers also sequenced the whole genomes of 19 tumor and normal tissue pairs to gather comprehensive information about genomic rearrangements. This is the first TCGA report to describe whole genome sequencing, which allows researchers to map the variety of changes that can occur in a tumor’s genome, including the breaking and rejoining of chromosomes and other large structural alterations that might be involved in the genesis of the disease. These whole genome data will be freely available for future in-depth analysis that could help locate mutations in intergenic regions, which are stretches of DNA sequences located between clusters of genes that may not encode proteins but sometimes control nearby genes. Researchers found alterations of the TP53 genein 90 percent of the tumors and inactivation of the CDKN2A gene in 72 percent of tumors . In their non-mutated or unaltered state, both genes function as tumor suppressors to prevent cancer. When they are altered, however, cancer is able to grow unconstrained. Researchers also identified previously unreported mutations that reduce the function of the HLA-A gene in the tumors. HLA controls how the immune system distinguishes the body’s own cells from foreign invaders. Researchers speculate that mutations in the HLA gene may help the tumor escape the body’s regular surveillance of mutated cells. Involvement of the HLA-A gene suggests that treatment strategies for some patients using customized immunotherapies could be effective. Recent clinical trials suggest that new biological agents, which work by decreasing the immune response and allow the immune system to react against cancer cells, may be effective treatments for some lung cancer patients. “These TCGA findings should stimulate a wide variety of new clinical trials for patients with squamous cell lung cancer and specific genotypic alterations,” said Matthew Meyerson , M.D., Ph.D., of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, who co-led the project within TCGA. “These will include clinical trials of PI3 kinase inhibitors and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as well as ways to use genomics to select patients for trials of lung cancer treatments that dial down the immune response.” So far, The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network has published analyses on these cancers: glioblastoma multiforme ( http://cancergenome.nih.gov/newsevents/newsannouncements/news_9_4_2008 ) ovarian serous adenocarcinoma ( http://cancergenome.nih.gov/newsevents/newsannouncements/ovarianpaper ) colorectal adenocarcinoma ( http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/2012/TCGAcolorectal ) This work was supported by the following grants from the NIH: U54HG003067, U54HG003079, U54HG003273, U24CA126543, U24CA126544, U24CA126546, U24CA126551, U24CA126554, U24CA126561, U24CA126563, U24CA143840, U24CA143882, U24CA143731, U24CA143835, U24CA143845, U24CA143858, U24CA144025, U24CA143882, U24CA143866, U24CA143867, U24CA143848, U24CA143843 and R21CA135877 and supplemented by the Recovery Act. More details about The Cancer Genome Atlas, including Quick Facts, QA, graphics, glossary, a brief guide to genomics and a media library of available images can be found at http://cancergenome.nih.gov . Reference: The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers. Nature . Online Sept. 9, 2012, and in print Sept. 27, 2012. DOI: 10.1038/nature11404. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7417/full/nature11404.html Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Nature489 , 519–525(27 September 2012)doi:10.1038/nature11404Received09 March 2012Accepted09 July 2012Published online09 September 2012 Corrigendum (November, 2012) Article tools PDF Citation Reprints Rights permissions Metrics Abstract Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Lung squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of lung cancer, causing approximately 400,000 deaths per year worldwide. Genomic alterations in squamous cell lung cancers have not been comprehensively characterized, and no molecularly targeted agents have been specifically developed for its treatment. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas, here we profile 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas to provide a comprehensive landscape of genomic and epigenomic alterations. We show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with a mean of 360 exonic mutations, 165 genomic rearrangements, and 323 segments of copy number alteration per tumour. We find statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including mutation of TP53 in nearly all specimens. Previously unreported loss-of-function mutations are seen in the HLA-A class I major histocompatibility gene. Significantly altered pathways included NFE2L2 and KEAP1 in 34%, squamous differentiation genes in 44%, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathway genes in 47%, and CDKN2A and RB1 in 72% of tumours. We identified a potential therapeutic target in most tumours, offering new avenues of investigation for the treatment of squamous cell lung cancers. Subject terms: Cancer Genetics Genomics At a glance Figures left right Introduction Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, leading to an estimated 1.4 million deaths in 2010 (ref. 1 ). The discovery of recurrent mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) kinase, as well as fusions involving anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK ), has led to a marked change in the treatment of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, the most common type of lung cancer 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . More recent data have suggested that targeting mutations in BRAF , AKT1 , ERBB2 and PIK3CA and fusions that involve ROS1 and RET may also be successful 6 , 7 . Unfortunately, activating mutations in EGFR and ALK fusions are typically not present in the second most common type of lung cancer, lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) 8 , and targeted agents developed for lung adenocarcinoma are largely ineffective against lung SQCC. Although no comprehensive genomic analysis of lung SQCCs has been reported, single-platform studies have identified regions of somatic copy number alterations in lung SQCCs, including amplification of SOX2 , PDGFRA and FGFR1 and/or WHSC1L1 and deletion of CDKN2A 9 , 10 . DNA sequencing studies of lung SQCCs have reported recurrent mutations in several genes, including TP53 , NFE2L2 , KEAP1 , BAI3 , FBXW7 , GRM8 , MUC16 , RUNX1T1 , STK11 and ERBB4 (refs 11 , 12 ). DDR2 mutations and FGFR1 amplification have been nominated as therapeutic targets 13 , 14 , 15 . We have conducted a comprehensive study of lung SQCCs from a large cohort of patients as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. The twin aims are to characterize the genomic and epigenomic landscape of lung SQCC and to identify potential opportunities for therapy. We report an integrated analysis based on DNA copy number, somatic exonic mutations, messenger RNA sequencing, mRNA expression and promoter methylation for 178 histopathologically reviewed lung SQCCs, in addition to whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 19 samples and microRNA sequencing of 159 samples ( Supplementary Table 1.1 ). Demographic and clinical data and results of the genomic analyses can be downloaded from the TCGA data portal ( https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/docs/publications/lusc_2012/ ). Samples and clinical data Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Tumour samples were obtained from 178 patients with previously untreated stage I–IV lung SQCC. Germline DNA was obtained from adjacent, histologically normal tissues resected at the time of surgery ( n = 137) or from peripheral blood ( n = 41). All patients provided written informed consent to conduct genomic studies in accordance with local Institutional Review Boards. The demographic characteristics are described in Supplementary Table 1.2 . The median follow-up for the cohort was 15.8 months, and 60% of patients were alive at the time of the last follow-up (data updated in November 2011). Ninety-six per cent of the patients had a history of tobacco use, similar to previous reports for North American patients with lung SQCC 16 . DNA and RNA were extracted from patient specimens and measured by several genomic assays, which included standard quality-control assessments ( Supplementary Methods , sections 2–8). A committee of experts in lung cancer pathology performed a further review of all samples to confirm the histological subtype ( Supplementary Fig. 1.1 and Supplementary Methods , section 1). Somatic DNA alterations Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments The lung SQCCs analysed in this study display a large number and variety of DNA alterations, with a mean of 360 exonic mutations, 323 altered copy number segments and 165 genomic rearrangements per tumour. Copy number alterations were analysed using several platforms. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 6.0 array data across the set of 178 lung SQCCs identified a high rate of copy number alteration (mean of 323 segments) when compared with other TCGA projects (as of 1 February 2012), including ovarian cancer (477 segments) 17 , glioblastoma multiforme (282 segments) 18 , colorectal carcinoma (213 segments), breast carcinoma (282 segments) and renal cell carcinoma (156 segments) ( P 1 × 10 −15 by Fisher’s exact test). These segments gave rise to regions of both focal and broad somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), with a mean of 47 focal and 23 broad events per tumour (broad events defined as ≥50% of the length of the chromosome arm). There was strong concordance between the three independent copy number assays for all regions of SCNA ( Supplementary Figs 2.1–2.4 ). At the level of whole chromosome arm SCNAs, lung SQCCs exhibit many similarities to 205 cases of lung adenocarcinoma analysed by TCGA ( Supplementary Fig. 2.1a ). The most notable difference between these cancers is selective amplification of chromosome 3q in lung SQCC, as has been reported 9 , 19 . Using the SNP 6.0 array platform and GISTIC 2.0 (refs 20 , 21 ), we identified regions of significant copy number alteration ( Supplementary Methods , section 2). There were 50 peaks of significant amplification or deletion ( Q 0.05), several of which included SCNAs previously seen in lung SQCCs including SOX2 , PDGFRA and/or KIT , EGFR , FGFR1 and/or WHSC1L1 , CCND1 and CDKN2A 9 , 10 , 19 ( Supplementary Fig. 2.1b and Supplementary Data 2.1 and 2.2 ). Other peaks defined regions of SCNA reported for the first time, including amplifications of chromosomal segments containing NFE2L2 , MYC , CDK6 , MDM2 , BCL2L1 and EYS and deletions of FOXP1 , PTEN and NF1 ( Supplementary Fig. 2.1b ). Whole exome sequencing of 178 lung SQCCs and matched germline DNA targeted 193,094 exons from 18,863 genes. The mean sequencing coverage across targeted bases was 121×, with 83% of target bases above 30× coverage. We identified a total of 48,690 non-silent mutations with a mean of 228 non-silent and 360 total exonic mutations per tumour, corresponding to a mean somatic mutation rate of 8.1 mutations per megabase (Mb) and median of 8.4 per Mb. That rate is higher than rates observed in other TCGA projects including acute myelogenous leukaemia (0.56 per Mb), breast carcinoma (1.0 per Mb), ovarian cancer 17 (2.1 per Mb), glioblastoma multiforme 18 (2.3 per Mb) and colorectal carcinoma (3.2 per Mb) (data as of 1 February 2012, P 2.2 × 10 −16 by t -test or Wilcoxon’s rank sum test for lung SQCC versus all others). In lung SQCC, CpG transitions and transversions were the most commonly observed mutation types, with mean rates of 9.9 and 10.7 per sequenced megabase of CpG context, respectively, for a total mutation rate of 20.6 per Mb. At non-CpG sites, transversions at C:G sites were more common than transitions (7.3 versus 2.9 per Mb; total = 10.2 per Mb) and more common than transversions or transitions at A:T sites (1.5 versus 1.3 per Mb; total = 2.8 per Mb). Significantly mutated genes were identified using a modified version of the MutSig algorithm ( Supplementary Methods , section 3) 22 , 23 . We identified 10 genes with a false discovery rate (FDR) Q value 0.1 ( Supplementary Table 3.1 ): TP53 , CDKN2A , PTEN , PIK3CA , KEAP1 , MLL2 , HLA-A , NFE2L2 , NOTCH1 and RB1 , all of which demonstrated robust evidence of gene expression as defined by reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM) 1 ( Fig. 1 ). TP53 mutation was observed in 81% of samples by automated analysis; visual review of sequencing reads identified a further 9% of samples with potential mutations in regions of sub-optimal coverage or in samples with low purity. Most observed mutations in NOTCH1 (8 out of 17) were truncating alterations, suggesting loss-of-function, as has recently been reported for head and neck SQCCs 22 , 24 . Mutations in HLA-A were also almost exclusively nonsense or splice site events (7 out of 8). Figure 1: Significantly mutated genes in lung SQCC. Significantly mutated genes ( Q value 0.1) identified by exome sequencing are listed vertically by Q value. The percentage of lung SQCC samples with a mutation detected by automated calling is noted at the left. Samples displayed as columns, with the overall number of mutations plotted at the top, and samples are arranged to emphasize mutual exclusivity among mutations. Syn., synonymous. Full size image (81 KB) Download PowerPoint slide (462K) Figures index Next To increase our statistical power to detect mutated genes in the setting of the observed high background mutation rate, we performed a secondary MutSig analysis only considering genes previously observed to be mutated in cancer according to the COSMIC database. This yielded 12 other genes with FDR 0.1: FAM123B (also known as WTX ), HRAS , FBXW7 , SMARCA4 , NF1 , SMAD4 , EGFR , APC , TSC1 , BRAF , TNFAIP3 and CREBBP ( Supplementary Table 3.1 ). Both the spectrum and the frequency of EGFR mutations differed from those seen in lung adenocarcinomas. The two most common alterations in lung adenocarcinoma, Leu858Arg and inframe deletions in exon 19, were absent, whereas two Leu861Gln mutations were detected in EGFR . As described in Supplementary Fig. 3.1 , we verified somatic mutations by performing an independent hybrid-recapture of 76 genes in all samples. A total of 1,289 mutations were assayed, and we achieved satisfactory coverage to have power to verify at 1,283 positions. We validated 1,235 mutations (96.2%) ( Supplementary Fig. 3.1 and Supplementary Methods , section 3). We also verified mutation calls using WGS and RNA sequencing data with similar results ( Supplementary Figs 3.1, 4.3 and Supplementary Methods , sections 3 and 4). WGS was performed for 19 tumour/normal pairs with a mean computed coverage of 54×. A mean of 165 somatic rearrangements was found per lung SQCC tumour pair ( Supplementary Fig. 3.2 ), a value in excess of that reported for WGS studies of other tumour types including colorectal carcinoma (75) 25 , prostate carcinoma (108) 26 , multiple myeloma (21) 23 and breast cancer (90) 27 . Although most inframe coding fusions detected in WGS were validated by RNA sequencing, no recurrent rearrangements predicted to generate fusion proteins were identified ( Supplementary Data 3.1 and 4.1 ). Somatically altered pathways Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Many of the somatic alterations we have identified in lung SQCCs seem to be drivers of pathways important to the initiation or progression of the cancer. Specifically, genes involved in the oxidative stress response and squamous differentiation were frequently altered by mutation or SCNA. We observed mutations and copy number alterations of NFE2L2 and KEAP1 and/or deletion or mutation of CUL3 in 34% of cases ( Fig. 2 ). NFE2L2 and KEAP1 code for proteins that bind to each other, have been shown to regulate the cell response to oxidative damage, chemo- and radiotherapy, and are somatically altered in a variety of cancer types 28 , 29 . We found mutations in NFE2L2 almost exclusively in one of two KEAP1 interaction motifs, DLG or ETGE. Mutations in KEAP1 and CUL3 showed a pattern consistent with loss-of-function and were mutually exclusive with mutations in NFE2L2 ( Figs 1c and 2 ). PARADIGM SHIFT 30 analysis predicts that mutations in NFE2L2 and KEAP1 exert a considerable functional effect ( Supplementary Fig. 7.C.1, 7.C.2 and Supplementary Methods , section 7). Figure 2: Somatically altered pathways in squamous cell lung cancer. Left, alterations in oxidative stress response pathway genes as defined by somatic mutation, copy number alteration or up- or downregulation. Frequencies of alteration are expressed as a percentage of all cases, with background in red for activated genes and blue for inactivated genes. Right, alterations in genes that regulate squamous differentiation, as defined in the left panel. Full size image (76 KB) Download PowerPoint slide (458K) Previous Figures index Next We also found alterations in genes with known roles in squamous cell differentiation in 44% of samples, including overexpression and amplification of SOX2 and TP63 , loss-of-function mutations in NOTCH1 , NOTCH2 and ASCL4 and focal deletions in FOXP1 ( Fig. 2 ). Although NOTCH1 has been well characterized as an oncogene in haematological cancers 31 , NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 truncating mutations have been reported in cutaneous SQCCs and lung SQCCs 32 . Truncating mutations in ASCL4 are the first to be reported in human cancer and may have a lineage role given the requirement for ASCL1 for survival of small-cell lung cancer cells 33 . Alterations in NOTCH1 , NOTCH2 and ASCL4 were mutually exclusive and exhibited minimal overlap with amplification of TP63 and/or SOX2 ( Fig. 2 ), suggesting that aberrations in those modulators of squamous cell differentiation have overlapping functional consequences. mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Whole-transcriptome expression profiles were generated by RNA sequencing for the entire cohort and by microarrays for a 121-sample subset. Of 20,502 genes analysed, the mean RNA coverage indices were 19× and 6,420 RPKM ( Supplementary Fig. 4.1 and Supplementary Methods , section 4). Previously reported lung SQCC gene expression-subtype signatures 34 were applied to both of the expression platforms, yielding four subtypes designated as classical (36%), basal (25%), secretory (24%) and primitive (15%). The concordance of subtypes between the two platforms was high (94% agreement) ( Supplementary Fig. 4.2 ). Considerable correlations were found between the expression subtypes and genomic alterations in copy number, mutation and methylation ( Fig. 3 ). The classical subtype was characterized by alterations in KEAP1 , NFE2L2 and PTEN , as well as pronounced hypermethylation and chromosomal instability. The 3q26 amplicon was present in all of the subtypes, but it was most characteristic of the classical subtype, which also showed the greatest overexpression of three known oncogenes on 3q: SOX2 , TP63 and PIK3CA . RNA sequencing data suggested that high expression levels of TP63 , in samples with and without amplification of TP63 , were associated with dominant expression of the deltaN isoform (also called p40), which lacks the amino-terminal transactivation domain, compared with the longer isoform, called tap63 (89% of tumours overexpressed deltaN compared with tap63; P 2.2 × 10 −16 ). The short deltaN isoform is thought to function as an oncogene 35 , 36 , and its expression was most enriched in the classical subtype. By contrast, the primitive expression subtype more commonly exhibited RB1 and PTEN alterations, and the basal expression subtype showed NF1 alterations ( Fig. 3 ). Amplification of FGFR1 and WHSC1L1 was anticorrelated with the classical subtype and specifically with NFE2L2 or KEAP1 mutated samples. Although CDKN2A alterations are common in lung SQCCs, they are not associated with any particular expression subtype ( Fig. 3 ). Figure 3: Gene expression subtypes integrated with genomic alterations. Tumours are displayed as columns, grouped by gene expression subtype. Subtypes were compared by Kruskal–Wallis tests for continuous features and by Fisher’s exact tests for categorical features. Displayed features showed significant association with gene expression subtype ( P 0.05), except for CDKN2A alterations. deltaN percentage represents transcript isoform usage between the TP63 isoforms, deltaN and tap63, as determined by RNA sequencing. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is defined by the mean of the absolute values of chromosome arm copy numbers (CN) from the GISTIC 23 , 24 output. Absolute values are used so that amplification and deletion alterations are counted equally. Hypermethylation scores and iCluster assignments are described in Supplementary Figs 6.1 and 7.A1 , respectively. CIN, methylation, gene expression and deltaN values were standardized for display using z -score transformation. Expr., expression; mut., mutation; WT, wild type. Full size image (135 KB) Download PowerPoint slide (516K) Previous Figures index Next Independent clustering of miRNA and methylation data indicated association with expression subtypes. The highest overall methylation was seen in the classical subtype ( Fig. 3 , Supplementary Figs 5.1 and 6.1 , Supplementary Methods , sections 5 and 6, Supplementary Data 6.1 and 6.2 and Supplementary Table 5.1 ). Integrative clustering (iCluster) 37 of mRNA, miRNA, methylation, SCNA and mutation data demonstrated concordance with the mRNA expression subtypes and associated alterations ( Fig. 3 , Supplementary Fig. 7.A.1 and Supplementary Methods , section 7). Independent correlation of somatic mutations, copy number alterations and gene expression signatures revealed notable subtype associations with alterations in the TP53 , PI3K , RB1 and NFE2L2/KEAP1 pathways ( Supplementary Fig. 7.B.1 and Supplementary Methods , section 7). Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Integrated multiplatform analyses showed that CDKN2A , a known tumour suppressor gene in lung SQCC 38 that encodes the p16 INK4A and p14 ARF proteins, is inactivated in 72% of cases of lung SQCC ( Fig. 4a and Supplementary Data 7.1 )—by epigenetic silencing by methylation (21%), inactivating mutation (18%), exon 1β skipping (4%) and homozygous deletion (29%). Figure 4: Multi-faceted characterization of mechanisms of CDKN2A loss. a , Schematic view of the exon structure of CDKN2A demonstrating the types of alterations identified in the study. The locations of point mutation are denoted by black and green circles. b , CDKN2A expression ( y axis) versus CDKN2A copy number ( x axis). Samples are represented by circles and colour-coded by specific type of CDKN2A alteration. Del., deletion; het., heterozygous; homoz., homozygous. c , Diagram of the KIAA1797-p16INK4 fusion identified by WGS. ORF, open reading frame. d , CDKN2A alterations and expression levels (binary) in each sample. Full size image (109 KB) Download PowerPoint slide (490K) Previous Figures index Next Analysis of mRNA expression across the CDKN2A locus revealed four distinct patterns of expression: complete absence of both p16INK4 and ARF (33%); expression of high levels of both p16INK4 and ARF (31%); high expression of ARF and absence of p16INK4 (31%); or expression of a transcript that represents a splicing of exon 1β from ARF with the shared exon 3 of ARF and p16INK4 , generating a premature stop codon (4%) ( Supplementary Fig. 4.4 ). Almost all of the cases completely lacking p16INK4 and ARF expression showed homozygous deletion ( Fig. 4b and Supplementary Data 7.1 ). In one case, p16INK4 expression was detected but analysis of WGS data demonstrated an intergenic fusion event that resulted in detectable transcription between exon 1 α p16INK4 and exon 18 of KIAA1797 ( Fig. 4b, c ). Interestingly, combined analysis of WGS and RNA sequencing data identified tumour suppressor gene inactivation by intra- or interchromosomal rearrangement in PTEN , NOTCH1 , ARID1A , CTNNA2 , VHL and NF1 , in eight further cases ( Supplementary Data 3.1 and 4.1 ). In addition to homozygous deletion, there are frequent mutational events in CDKN2A ( Fig. 4b and Supplementary Data 7.1 ). These account for 45% of the 56 cases with high p16INK4 and ARF expression. Furthermore, methylation of the exon 1 α promoter accounts for many other cases of CDKN2A inactivation (70% of lung SQCCs with ARF expression in the absence of detectable p16INK4 ). Seven other tumours in the high- ARF /low- INK4A group had documented mutations of INK4A , primarily nonsense mutations, suggesting nonsense-mediated decay as a mechanism. Of the 28% of tumours without CDKN2A alterations, RB1 mutations were identified in eight cases and CDK6 amplification in one case ( Fig. 4d ). Therapeutic targets Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Molecularly targeted agents are now commonly used in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung, whereas no effective targeted agents have been developed specifically for lung SQCCs 13 . We analysed our genomic data for evidence of the two common genomic alterations in adenocarcinomas of the lung: EGFR and KRAS mutations. Only one sample had a KRAS codon 61 mutation, and there were no exon 19 deletions or Leu858Arg mutations in EGFR . However, amplifications of EGFR were found in 7% of cases, as were two instances of the Leu861Gln EGFR mutation, which confers sensitivity to erlotinib and gefitinib 39 . The presence of new potential therapeutic targets in lung SQCC was suggested by the observation that 96% (171 out of 178) of tumours contain one or more mutations in tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) catalytic and regulatory subunits, nuclear hormone receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors, proteases and tyrosine phosphatases ( Supplementary Fig. 7.D.1a and Supplementary Data 7.2 and 7.3 ). From 50 to 77% of the mutations were predicted to have a medium or high functional effect as determined by the mutation assessor score 40 ( Supplementary Fig. 7.D.1a ), and 39% of tyrosine and 42% of serine/threonine kinase mutations were located in the kinase domain. Many of the alterations were in known oncogenes and tumour suppressors, as defined in the COSMIC database ( Supplementary Data 7.3 ). We selected potential therapeutic targets based on several features, including (1) availability of a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved targeted therapeutic agent or one under study in current clinical trials ( Supplementary Data 7.2 ); (2) confirmation of the altered allele in RNA sequencing; and (3) the mutation assessor score 40 . Using those criteria, we identified 114 cases with somatic alteration of a potentially targetable gene (64%) ( Supplementary Fig. 7.D.1b and Supplementary Data 7.4 ). Among these, we identified three families of tyrosine kinases, the erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homologues (ERBBs), fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and Janus kinases (JAKs), all of which were found to be mutated and/or amplified 41 . As discussed for EGFR , the mutational spectra in these potential therapeutic targets differed from those in lung adenocarcinoma ( Supplementary Fig. 7.D.2 ) 42 . To complement a gene-centred search for potential therapeutic targets, we analysed core cellular pathways known to represent potential therapeutic vulnerabilities: PI(3)K/AKT, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and RAS. Analysis of the 178 lung SQCCs revealed alteration in at least one of those pathways in 69% of samples after restriction of the analysis to mutations confirmed by RNA sequencing and to amplifications associated with overexpression of the target gene ( Fig. 5 ). Mutational events that have been curated in COSMIC are also shown in Supplementary Fig. 7D.2 , as is the distribution of mutations, amplifications and overexpression of the genes depicted in Fig. 5 . (A summary of all samples and their significant mutations and copy number alterations, including alterations in Fig. 5 , is shown in Supplementary Data 7.5 .) Specifically, one of the components of the PI(3)K/AKT pathway was altered in 47% of tumours and RTK signalling probably affected by events such as EGFR amplification, BRAF mutation or FGFR amplification or mutation in 26% of tumours ( Fig. 5 and Supplementary Fig. 7.D.3 ). Alterations in the PI(3)K/AKT pathway genes were mutually exclusive with EGFR alterations as identified by MEMo 43 ( Supplementary Fig. 7.D.4 .). Although the dependence of lung SQCC on many of these individual alterations remains to be defined functionally, this analysis suggests new areas for potential therapeutic development in this cancer. Figure 5: Alterations in targetable oncogenic pathways in lung SQCCs. Pathway diagram showing the percentage of samples with alterations in the PI(3)K/RTK/RAS pathways. Alterations are defined by somatic mutations, homozygous deletions, high-level, focal amplifications, and, in some cases, by significant up- or downregulation of gene expression ( AKT3 , FGFR1 , PTEN ). Full size image (115 KB) Download PowerPoint slide (496K) Previous Figures index Discussion Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments Lung SQCCs are characterized by a high overall mutation rate of 8.1 mutations per megabase and marked genomic complexity. Similar to high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma 17 , almost all lung SQCCs display somatic mutation of TP53 . There were also frequent alterations in the following pathways: CDKN2A/RB1 , NFE2L2/KEAP1/CUL3 , PI3K/AKT and SOX2/TP63/NOTCH1 pathways, providing evidence of common dysfunction in cell cycle control, response to oxidative stress, apoptotic signalling and/or squamous cell differentiation. Pathway alterations clustered according to expression-subtype in many cases, suggesting that those subtypes have a biological basis. A role for somatic mutation in the cancer hallmark of avoiding immune destruction 44 is suggested by the presence of inactivating mutations in the HLA-A gene. Somatic loss-of-function alterations of HLA-A have not been reported previously in genomic studies of lung cancer. Given the recently reported efficacy of anti-programmed death 1 (PD1) 45 and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) antibodies in non-small-cell lung cancer 46 , these HLA-A mutations suggest a possible role for genotypic selection of patients for immunotherapies. Targeted kinase inhibitors have been successfully used for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma but minimally so in lung SQCC. The observations reported here suggest that a detailed understanding of the possible targets in lung SQCCs may identify targeted therapeutic approaches. Whereas EGFR and KRAS mutations, the two most common oncogenic aberrations in lung adenocarcinoma, are extremely rare in lung SQCC, alterations in the FGFR kinase family are common. Lung SQCCs also share many alterations in common with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas without evidence of human papilloma virus infection, including mutation in PIK3CA , PTEN , TP53 , CDKN2A , NOTCH1 and HRAS 22 , 24 , suggesting that the biology of these two diseases may be similar. The current study has identified a potentially targetable gene or pathway alteration in most lung SQCC samples studied. The data presented here can help to organize efforts to analyse lung SQCC clinical tumour specimens for a panel of specific, actionable mutations to select patients for appropriately targeted clinical trials. These data could thereby help to facilitate effective personalized therapy for this deadly disease. Methods Abstract Introduction Samples and clinical data Somatic DNA alterations Somatically altered pathways mRNA expression profiling and subtype classification Analysis of the CDKN2A locus Therapeutic targets Discussion Methods References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary information Comments All specimens were obtained from patients with appropriate consent from the relevant Institutional Review Board. DNA and RNA were collected from samples using the Allprep kit (Qiagen). We used commercial technology for capture and sequencing of exomes from tumour DNA and normal DNA and whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Significantly mutated genes were identified by comparing them with expectation models based on the exact measured rates of specific sequence lesions. GISTIC 23 , 24 analysis of the circular-binary-segmented Affymetrix SNP 6.0 copy number data was used to identify recurrent amplification and deletion peaks. Consensus clustering approaches were used to analyse mRNA, miRNA and methylation subtypes using previous approaches 20 , 21 , 34 , 38 , 41 , 44 .
最近看到日本学者写的一篇关于获奖介绍的综述 ,Multifaceted Approach to Analyzing the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease Motoaki Sano, MD, PhD 其中有一段关于呼吸氢气治疗急性心肌梗死的介绍,作者介绍的内容来自他们08年发表的氢气呼吸治疗心肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究.该论文是目前氢气领域引用第二的论文,该论文作者之一主要从事心血管方面的研究,他们在这一领域获得非常多的成就, 2011 年获得 SATO AWARD ,不了解这个奖励的细节,但从这篇文章中可以看出,这一小组在心脏损伤保护方面水平很高。文章中他们透露正在开展呼吸氢气的临床研究,就是针对急性 心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中呼吸氢气。由于介入治疗同样会存在心脏损伤,而呼吸氢气具有保护作用。但没有任何这方面的临床证据,他们的这一研究将填补这一领域的空白。期待他们获得满意的结果,也希望国内氢气生物学和心血管领域的同行关注这一动向。 Figure 4. H2 is a novel antioxidant with unique properties. (A) Inhaled H2 gas can reach “at risk” ischemic myocardium even before coronary blood flow of the occluded infarctrelated artery is reestablished. (B) Inhalation of H2 gas (2%) prior to reperfusion reduces the infarct size. Representative photographs of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining obtained from rats subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the presence or absence of H2 inhalation. Multifaceted Approach to Analyzing.pdf Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a novel antioxidant with certain unique properties.30 (1) H2 is permeable to cell membranes and can target organelles, including mitochondria and nuclei. (2) H2 specifically quenches exclusively detrimental ROS, such as · OH and peroxynitrite (ONOO–), while maintaining the metabolic oxidation-reduction reaction and other less potent ROS, such as O2 −·, H2O2, and nitric oxide (NO·). (3) Inhalation of hydrogen (H2) gas limits the infarct volume of brain by reducing IR injury in rodents. When translated into clinical practice, this therapy must be most frequently applied in the treatment of patients with acute MI, because angioplastic recanalization of the infarct-related occluded coronary artery is routinely performed. Therefore, my group investigated whether H2 gas confers cardioprotection against IR injury in rats. As a first step to confirm the efficacy of H2 gas, we confirmed that inhaled H2 gas is rapidly transported and can reach “ at risk” ischemic myocardium even before coronary blood flow of the occluded infarct-related artery is reestablished (Figure 4A).31 Inhalation of H2 gas at incombustible levels during IR reduces infarct size without altering hemodynamic parameters, thereby preventing deleterious LV remodeling (Figure 4B). Thus, inhalation of H2 gas is a promising strategy to alleviate IR injury coincident with recanalization of coronary artery. The efficacy of H2 gas was also confirmed in a canine model of IR injury by the Asanuma Group.32 We thus decided to perform a first-in-human study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of inhalation of H2 gas during PCI in patients with acute MI (UMIN000006825). This study has just started at Keio University School of Medicine. 临床注册信息 https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=browsaction=browstype=summaryrecptno=R000008076language=E 其他氢气临床的注册信息 https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr.cgi Recruitment status : Open public recruiting (outpatients can be recruited publicly) Unique trial Number : UMIN000006825 Title of the study : The safety and efficacy of inhalation of H2 gas during PCI in patients with acute myocardial infarction Date of formal registration (=Date of ICMJE and WHO compliant trial information registration and disclosure) : 2011/12/04 Date and time of last update : 2012/11/20 17:10:25
面对医疗高科技:领舞,还是伴舞 ——兼论肿瘤治疗中的高科技选择对策 何裕民 摘要 :人们在享受高科技带来的便利时,也注意到由其引起的困顿,但又无法避而不用。因此,面对医疗领域中层出不穷的高科技手段,不能只是“翩翩起舞”,盲目跟进,而要多方注意,从容“领舞”,为我所用。笔者以肿瘤治疗为例,强调不能仅依靠高科技,更要用智慧PK肿瘤,人性化考虑第一,主张“基于效果的治疗”,并阐述了肿瘤防治的GI4P模式。 关键词 :高科技 医学 肿瘤 治疗 Face to High Technology in the Medical Field: to Be a Leader Dancer or One Part ? ----Strategy of High-tech Selection in Tumor Treatment. He Yumin (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) Abstract: When enjoy the fruits of modern technology, people has noted the problems caused by it. But our life can't keep away from it. Therefore, in the face of the medical field more and more high-tech means, we can't blind follow up just "dance", but consider all aspects, and then become a calmly “leader dancer”, and make the best use of it. For example, in tumor treatments, author emphasizes it not only depends upon the high tech, but also on many ways to cooperation. We should use wisdom PK tumor, put humanization consideration first, advocate "based on the effect of treatment", and last expound the GI4P mode for the prevention and control of tumor. Key words : high technology, medical field , tumor, treatment 成也萧何败也萧何 近年来,有一组 CD 在坊间广为流传,主题是和谐拯救危机、拯救世界,乃佛学大师之教诲。笔者对主题及其中大多数观点颇为赞同,但对其中的一些假设前提却持保留意见。其核心前提之一是:当今许多危机的深层根源乃“高科技”,可以说都是滥用、过用高科技“惹的祸”,故对高科技应敬而远之!这一说法在世界范围还真的颇有市场与影响力。 两年多前的哥本哈根世界气候大会,纠结的问题几乎都与高科技相关。此外,近百年来,世界上大多数新问题都可以说是科技发展造成的,从每年几百万的交通事故死亡,到骇人听闻的环境激素,或阴霾天笼罩、土壤污染、物种灭绝、核恐怖、网络人肉搜索、超极病菌出现、滥用药物,等等……。着实让人恐惧和反感!环保及绿色和平运动中部分中坚分子就是坚定的高科技反对者。甚至,美国出现了臭名昭著的反高科技的邮包炸弹客卡辛斯基,他对反高科技行为有一整套理论,乍一听还不无道 理 。国 内还有知名学者把 iPhone 等称之为“毒苹果,”并提出了“科技创新有毒——是药三分毒”的论断 。在医学领域也同样!除了超极病菌出现、滥用药物等,可以数落的医疗高科技之“罪”太多太多。美国著名的智库兰德 ( Rand 英文“研究与发展 / research and development ”的缩写 ) 公司 2004 年发布一个调查报告,揭示美国每年 30 多万患者医源性死亡,也都与高科技滥用 / 过用有关 。 以肿瘤领域为例,近几年来发展起来的诸如微创、靶向治疗等,有效的同时,其不合理的利用,也枉送了不少人性命。笔者尊敬的哲学大师高清海教授,患肺癌治疗后控制得不错,被人劝说在某医院做了种微创治疗,老人雄赳赳地走进医院,几天后则直挺挺地送了出来;笔者老友,三航局某领导,肝癌三年多来控制的很好,本计划与本人一起去杭州踏青,行前在他人劝说下试行“预防性”微创,不料横膈打穿当即休克,严重感染高烧不退,几月后死于多脏器衰竭……花了大钱走得更快,可不哀哉?以至于出现另一极端,绝对排斥高科技!表现在部分病人身上,凡这类治疗及检查一概拒绝,笔者临床见了不少,有的还极其顽固;表现在某些医师身上(特别是传统中医师),则把它说得一无所是,且凡用过化放疗的一概拒之门外,不予接诊……!这些,对吗!? 当然,任何高科技的面市及推广都是先给人以“利益”或好处的。就像人人谈之色变的“瘦肉精”,最初也是一项有益的科研成果。无可否定,医学领域绝大多数带有高科技性质的新成果,无论是检测的、治疗的,多多少少都先给人以益处,靶向药物的确延长了很多患者的生命,高科技的各种检测让很多患者在疾病只现蛛丝马迹之际就被发现,微创在许多情况下也的确是一大类有效的治疗手段……。因此,真的应了一句古谚:成也萧何,败也萧何! 人们无法不去拥抱它 其实,暂先不谈利与弊,就本质而言:面对高科技,现代人类根本无法回避,更无法抛弃!诚如旅日学者姜波先生注意到尽管“技术的进化带给人类的并非都是益处”,但“我们今天实际上是被计算机行业为追求利润而不自觉也无可奈何地牵头鼻子走。”因此,他提出要“重返 286 时代” 。 其他领域何不如此?美国学者 凯文·凯利更是提出了全新的科技观,认为:“作为整体,科技不是由线路和金属构成的一团乱麻,而是有生命力的自然形成的系统。” 在《科技想要什么》一书中他强调,科技的发展是有它内在生命及动力的,全不由人类意志所左右。并令人吃惊地宣称:“现在人类已定义的生命形态仅包括 植物 、 动物 、 原生生物 、 真菌 、 原细菌 、 真细菌 六种;但技术的演化和这六种生命体的演化惊人相似。技术应该是生命的第七种存在方式。技术是生命的延伸,它不是独立于生命之外的东西。”“正如生物进化呈现出无意识的趋势,科技也是如此! ” 因此,不管愿意与否,现代人都不得不去拥抱高科技。就像前面那位佛教大师,他的讲课不正是靠高科技而录成,并依赖高科技而广为传播。他出门就没法不依赖高科技。即便是邮包客卡辛斯基,他的住地,处处离不开高科技 。可见,从某种意义上,现代人类对于高科技真的无计可施,只能是“依赖和无奈” ! 肿瘤临床更是如此!振振有词地拒诊接受过放化疗的患者的部分中医师,能逃脱高科技的影响吗?从确诊到追踪,谁都不得不依赖高科技!人们陷入了“依赖和无奈”的魔力之中。因此,问题不在于反对、拒绝、摆脱、排斥高科技,而是如何更好地应对高科技,在欢迎它充分发挥积极作用的同时,趋利避害!如何与高科技“和谐”共存!“让人类从片面追逐高科技的进化中解放出来,更多地感受技术进步带来的快乐和实惠,而不是被迫成为追赶的奴隶”。 面对医疗高科技:要领舞,不是伴舞 50 年代初,爱因斯坦对“手段日臻完善,目标日趋紊乱”的所谓“科学的进步”,表示了深深的忧虑。他大声疾呼:“时 代病了!”我们也曾经提出:“今天的医学病了!”这表现在多个方面,没有很好地处理“人—机(高科技)”关系,则是其病症的重要表现之一! 无须讳言,就像世界卫生组织的一批高级官员及专家所著的《人道医学》一书所指出的那样:“现代医学的本质是干涉主义” 。如果说高科技包装下的“干涉主义”对于过去临床占主导的创伤、感染、营养不良等还是一把利剑的话,但对于今天占据临床 70~80% 的各种慢性疾病,只能说是个钝器了!因为慢性疾病自有它独特之处,以肿瘤为例:经常不可治愈;急性恶化却表面平静;如果有疼痛存在,将会是永久性的……。高科技手段往往只是治标不治本,效果常常只是短期,但费用不菲。而且,事实表明:临床对于许多慢性疾病引起的苦痛,非药物、非手术措施常常有效。例如, WHO 官员就著文指出:“慢性疾病的长期教育被证明是应对这一挑战最成功的关键策略之一。” 资深的 WHO 官员罗伯特还强调:“如今科技支配政策,无论是新武器系统的出现,还是新的药物发明,或者新的医疗技术推广,往往不是源于军事上、医疗上或安全需求,而纯粹是由于科技进程的推动。” 再加上医学领域的“红桃皇后”定律之窘境——科学和医疗机构必须越跑越快才能赶得上疾病本身的发展。因此,人类的确需要静下心来,好好思考思考如何在这一悖论与怪圈中尽可能争取主动,从而促使高科技带来的各方面利益 最大化。 医疗领域的高科技,的确极大地增强我们控制或缓解病痛的能力。与此同时,却对周遭环境和人类本身产生着难以预计和无法控制的影响。须知,人类在宇宙中的存在和地位是微不足道的,一心想“征服”,只知道“干涉”,面对自然,往往是要碰壁的。可以说,在所有的自然科学技术中,医学是唯一的不能仅仅考虑科学与技术本身的学科。技术和“理论上”的可行性远远不够,还须了解实践中的真正意义,特别是对患者的长期影响。诚如教皇约翰保罗二世所指出的:医疗还必须考虑“个人的尊严,预防和促进人类的完好状态。要想达成这一点,应该牢记对待个人的医疗行为应服从的不是各种技术实现可能的限制,而是对人类本性的尊重。完整意义上说:技术上的可行性不是道德上可以采用的理由。” 高科技在医疗技术上的可行性,绝不等于落实到每一个个体时都可实际运用!对此,陈竺部长在谈到癌症治疗时,强调:“非自然进程的干预(表现在利用高科技手段的过度手术、化放疗等),往往会帮倒忙!”主张癌症的治疗不能一味只求高科技,应 “以不增加生存压力”为宜 ,这是颇有见地,十分正确的。 这些涉及一个核心话题:面对医疗高科技,怎么办?笔者认为,一方面应举双手欢迎,乐于促成其运用和发展;另方面,又不能被动地全盘接受,只知盲目跟进,随高科技起舞而动;应学会甄别,善于取舍,让高科技为我所用。因此,套用一句话:应学会“领舞”高科技,而不只是个“伴舞”者。 领舞医疗高科技的原则 临床诊疗中面对日新月异、层出不穷新的高科技手段(含药物),如何做到从容“领舞”,为我所用呢?至少几大环节需要注意: 1. 尽可能全面了解利弊 所有新的科技治疗诊疗手段,对其利弊及适用范围都应尽可能地有个充分了解,特别是弊端危害。对此,绝不能仅听一面之言。特别是厂商(开发商、推广商、代理商)的推广介绍。当今的许多临床报告,尽管可作为循证医学的证据,但需细作分析,因为很多报告后面的推手是厂商,这是不言自明之事。应充分的了解更多的来自已经用过患者的实际效果。至少,笔者认为临床实际观察所见,远胜于一打被“修饰”过的专业报告。 2. 优先考虑风险 作为惯例,高科技的推广商们总是多说(甚至只说)优点;或先说好处,略于不足。限于今天的商业规则,他们还会提到一些风险或弊端。作为使用者或接受者,应优先考虑风险问题,而不是它的优势或者长处。 3. 非十分急迫暂缓为宜 如果风险很大,病情又非十分急迫,可暂缓试用,先观察再说。须知,对多数慢性病来说,有时悠着点也许是最妥当、最积极、长期效果最佳的措施。 4. 充分防范风险 如非用不可,则需对风险充分加以防范。例如,问世十余年的靶向药易瑞莎、特罗凯等,如果有效,或长年余,短则几个月必然产生耐药。不事先防范,一旦耐药,黔驴技穷。为此,我们探索出的经验是第一时间同时配合中医药,既减轻靶向药的毒副作用,又可延后耐药出现时间。一旦病情稳定,主动适当地减少靶向药剂量。如此,很多患者延续了五、六年,目前状态良好。 5. 持续评估 评估既涉及高科技的影像学,功能学检查,也包括患者自身感受、生存质量等诸多方面体现出的微细变化。 6. 无效或出现危害时快速补救 无效和危害经常会出现。此时必须马上停药,进行相应处理。在使用之前,就应该把有关危害考虑清楚,做好相关的急救预案。这样,才能体现以人为本,真正把生命放在第一位的医疗准则。 结合肿瘤临床的思考 长期肿瘤临床,目睹了太多的恶性循环——从患者及家属对高科技的急切期盼,不惜倾家荡产的过分依赖;到人财两空的极其失望之无奈,笔者悟出了肿瘤临床“领舞”高科技的一些要领,不尽成熟,但愿提出与同仁分享: 以智慧 PK 癌症,而不只是仰仗高科技 从本质上说,医疗是一类充满心智的智慧活动,所以,医生才会被称之为“ Doctor ”,博学之士、智者。客观地说,高科技促使人的认识能力大大延伸,解决问题的方法也显著增多,但这些依然替代不了人类的心智活动。须知,癌细胞本身是个生命体,它也是有智慧的,它也遵循生物学的利己主义原则。因此,人类只能用智慧来 PK 智慧,而不能只是仰仗智慧的产物——高科技来对付它。高科技只有在高心智的智者支配下,才能够真正发挥作用。 人性化的考虑始终是第一位的 对于患者来说,追求的是活下去。所以生存质量、生存时间应该和瘤体的大小及被控制与否具有同等的意义。 癌症的对策需要调整 癌症只是慢性病,比较难治,这些已成为人们共识。慢性病不讲治愈,不强调“征服”。“征服癌症”这种带有浓厚“新教主义”的策略需要反思与调整。很多情况下,对待癌症若换一个思路:让患者活下去,活得长久些,也许就会柳暗花明。 强调“基于效果的治疗” 对策的调整涉及很多方面。就像著名的英国皇家科学院院士、肿瘤专家格里夫斯所言:“人们现在对于癌症的治疗,是蒙着双眼在射击”。肿瘤领域充斥着一个奇特现象:可称为“ U ”字型现象——有钱的、没钱的死得都快。前者常过分的利用各种高科技手段,所以生存期缩得很短。这里面体现悖论:人们渴望生命的延续,却又不理性,很多疗法和技术的运用不是基于临床效果,而是受“高科技”桂冠诱惑,赶着最新的潮流,可不悲乎? 以“同花顺”对付“同花顺” 癌症发生发展的机理是复杂的,多种因素促成的。笔者发现促成癌症发生的“同花顺”现象:是一连串的因素,基因变异、免疫偏差、代谢失衡、神经内分泌功能紊乱等,再加上某些小概率事件,诱发蝴蝶效应,最后促成癌症发展。至少,大多数癌症发生的机理,不是一二个环节失常所能解释,往往涉及多个因素或环节。鉴此,对付癌症的方法也只能是多环节的,希冀以一两招高科技手段,即便有效,也是短期的,往往是令人失望的。因此,强调整合各种方法,用“同花顺”压“同花顺”。既包括高科技的,也包括传统中医药的,更包括饮食、体能、心理、认知、社会支持等的。如此,多数患者才能收获持久而良好的效果。 有时候,不治疗是最好的治疗 著名肝癌专家汤钊猷院士在讨论肝癌治疗新对策时强调:有时,不治疗是最好的治疗!这是至理名言!肿瘤治疗中,常有这种情况,指标稍微有点上升,出现一些状况,有时先观察再施治,未尝不是一个聪明选择。 GI4P 模式与肿瘤防治 在长期的临床探索中,笔者总结出肿瘤防治的 GI4P 模式 ,借此既能较好地发挥高科技作用,又能切实确保长期的较佳疗效。 第一是预测 (Predictive) 。其实,今天的肿瘤治疗总体上不缺药物、方法,病人缺的是思路。门诊接触的病人很多,感觉到大多数患者最需要的不是一张方子,首先需要的是你给他理出一个总体的思路。这个总体思路是建立在你对他病情的总体准确判断基础上,首先医生心中要有一个底,对他进行合理的预后判断。其实,不同类型患者,医生能给予的帮助是不一样的。这些,都需要有个预测。预测涉及三大环节:第一、对他的病本身的一个预测;第二、对他的个性作出判别;第三,要预测在治疗过程中可能会出现的问题。知已知彼,才能百战不殆。 第二是 指导、引路( G uide )。 肿瘤患者最大的问题是迷茫,不知路在何方?需要医生给他理出条路,这就涉及到一个很重要问题:引路、指导。在预测基础上,给以指导、引路。今天肿瘤治疗信息不对称,关于肿瘤、癌症的信息爆炸,大多数都是打着高科技的旗帜,医生应该尽你所能,帮患者理理思路,该不该用这个或那个高科技方法?这还需要我们破除门户之见,具有相当的专业素养。 第三是整合 ( I ntegrate ) 。整合各种有效的中西医学及非医学上的,只要是能够解决一些问题的。而在这些方面,中医学是有优势的。 第四,预防 ( Preventive ) 。中国癌症患者百分之七、八十是死于转移复发的。因此,第一时间要预防在先。这个预防只凭高科技,往往是高成本、低远期成效的。对此,中医学的调整很有意义。借此,首先可改善症状;其次可逐步优化微环境,协调内在机能,从而细雨润物无声式地防控转移复发,效果不错。 预防还包括防范治疗过程中可能出现的各种毒副作用。 第五就是个性化、个体化 ( Personalized ) 。其实,临床上每个病人都是单独的个案,预测时候分析患者的个性及体质特征,就体现了个性化。个性化不仅仅涉及药物及高科技手段的运用,也体现在饮食、心理辅导及辨证论治过程中。 最后,重要的是参与性 (Participator y) 。参与,包括让患者参与治疗的讨论,也包括参与康复实践,参与社会活动,努力回归社会。其实,治病过程患者的参与很重要,因为治病实际上是医生指导下的病人主动行为,不重视本人的参与,往往事倍功半。 参考文献: 凯文•凯利著 . 科技想要什么 . 熊祥 , 译 . 北京 : 中信出版社 ,2011:201-204. 江晓原 , 刘兵 . 苹果到底想怎样改变我们的世界 ? . 中国图书评论 ,2012,4:102-106. The First National Report Card on Quality of Health Care in America .(2010-10-19) . www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9053-1 . 凯文•凯利著 . 科技想要什么 . 熊祥 , 译 . 北京 : 中信出版社 ,2011:43-57 、 157 、封 3. W A Gunn , M Masellis. 人道医学理念与实践 . 孙海晨 , 周荣斌 , 主译 . 北京:人民卫生出版社 ,2011:227. W A Gunn , M Masellis. 人道医学理念与实践 . 孙海晨 , 周荣斌 , 主译 . 北京:人民卫生出版社 ,2011:254. W A Gunn , M Masellis. 人道医学理念与实践 . 孙海晨 , 周荣斌 , 主译 . 北京:人民卫生出版社 ,2011:229. W A Gunn , M Masellis. 人道医学理念与实践 . 孙海晨 , 周荣斌 , 主译 . 北京:人民卫生出版社 ,2011:246. M Greaves. 癌症 : 进化的遗产 . 闻朝君 , 译 . 上海 : 上海世纪出版集团 ,2010:1-2. 何裕民 .GI4P 模式改善肿瘤治疗 . 健康报 ,2010,09,02. ( 本文已发表在《医学与哲学》 2012 年 11 期 )
The neuroprotective effects of intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen in rabbits .pdf 氢气治疗疾病的研究论文非常多,最近日本学者报道呼吸氢对心搏骤停后脑损伤的保护作用,并和低温治疗进行比较,发表呼吸氢的效果甚至比国际公认的低温治疗相似。最近来自中山医科大学附属第一医院急诊科黄国庆等发表在 Resuscitation 的论文“ neuroprotective effects of intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen in rabbits with cardiac arrest” 也属于心搏骤停后脑损伤用氢保护的研究。 但该研究提出了一种新的使用氢气的手段,就是通过注射氢的手段。 前几日来自德国的学者曾经有关于氢气皮下注射后气体吸收规律的研究,就是发现氢气可以迅速被周围组织吸收,同时组织内的其他气体成分会扩散到气泡的现象。黄国庆等的论文是采用腹腔注射氢的方法治疗疾病,在临床上也同样存在组织内或身体内注射气体的情况,例如气脑脊液造影时就是向颅内注入气体 ( 如空气、氧气等 ) ,所得的脑室系统 X 图像为阴性 ( 透光 ) 图像。而腹腔镜则会向腹腔内大量注射气体以达到暴露手术操作区的目的。眼科也有用气体的压力治疗视网膜脱离的治疗手段。这说明身体内注射气体确实是可行的。而由于氢的溶解度非常低,通过注射的方式可以给局部组织提供非常高的氢气浓度,这当然对利用氢气没有问题,但也可能存在一种可能,就是局部组织氧气的浓度相对降低,导致局部组织缺氧的可能。其实,注射气体例如注射氧气、甲烷、氦气和氢气都可以作为治疗手段,至少都可以进行研究,一方面确定注射气体的可能效应,研究这些气体的效应机制,另一方面也必须考虑注射气体可能带来的不利影响。 黄国庆,詹蔚,文明祥,胡春林,李颖庆,李欣,魏红艳,廖晓星 (中山大学附属第一医院急诊科,广州 510080 ) 心搏骤停( cardical arrest, CA )是严重威胁人们生命安全的一种急症,其最大特点是突发性,预后差。自 20 世纪 60 年代推广“标准化”的心肺复苏 (cardiopulmonary resuscitation , CPR) 技术及近年随“生存链( chain of survival )”等复苏理念在院前急救的广泛应用,至 2009 年公布的多中心调查 显示院外 CA 患者复苏后自主循环恢复( restoration of spontaneous circulation , ROSC )率在室颤患者达 49.7% ,在电机械分离患者达 35.1% ,室颤患者院外复苏后一月存活率可达 30% 以上,但其中约 50 %的病人伴有中到重度的神经功能障碍。故如何进一步提高复苏成功率尤其是脑复苏成功率仍是急诊医学领域的研究重点。心搏骤停后全身缺血再灌注损伤是最重要的病理生理过程,氧化应激和炎症是缺血再灌注损伤产生的最重要因素 。脑缺血再灌注损伤后,神经胶质细胞、炎症细胞、内皮细胞激活并释放大量活性氧和炎症因子,炎症反应与氧化应激相互促进,共同造成组织损伤。 2007 年日本学者发现吸入 2% 氢气可成功减少脑卒中大鼠模型脑死面积并改善预后,氢气被认为具有选择性抗氧化应激作用 。此后众多学者用不同的动物模型验证了氢气对各组织器官缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用 。本研究拟用兔心搏骤停模型探讨是否氢气在全身缺血再灌注损伤情况下亦可发挥器官保护尤其是脑保护作用。 The neuroprotective effects of intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen in rabbits with cardiac arrest · Guoqing Huang a , b , 1 , · a Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China · b Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China · c Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, China Received 9 July 2012 Revised 11 October 2012 Accepted 18 October 2012 Available online 27 October 2012 · http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.018 , How to Cite or Link Using DOI · Permissions Reprints Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen (H 2 ) in rabbits with cardiac arrest (CA). Methods A rabbit model of CA was established by the delivery of alternating current between the esophagus and chest wall to induce ventricular fibrillation. Before CA, the animals were randomly divided into four groups: a sham group (no CA), a CA group, a CA+low dose (10ml/kg) H 2 group (CA+H 2 group 1), and a CA+high dose (20ml/kg) H 2 group (CA+H 2 group 2). In the first experiment, animals were observed for 72h after the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The neurological scores were assessed at 24, 48 and 72h after ROSC. The rabbits that survived until 72h were sacrificed using an overdose of anesthetic, and the brain tissues were collected and Nissl-stained to observe nerve cell damage in the hippocampal CA1 area. In addition, TUNEL assay was performed to detect apoptosis. In the second experiment, animals were observed for 6h after ROSC. Blood samples and brain hippocampal tissues were collected, and differences in oxidative stress indicators were compared among the four groups. Results Intraperitoneal injection of H 2 improved the 72-h survival rate and neurological scores, reduced neuronal injury and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of H 2 reduced oxidative stress indicators in the plasma and hippocampal tissues and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. No significant difference was observed between the two CA groups treated with different doses of H 2 . Conclusions Intraperitoneal injection of H 2 is a novel hydrogen administration method and can reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and improve the prognosis of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation in a rabbit model of CA.
世界物理治疗联盟物理治疗师专业准入教育指南(2011 版) 这个指南终于被翻译出来了,相信对很大战友还是有一定的帮助的,尤其是开设康复治疗相关专业的高校。 世界物理治疗联盟授权使用并出版《物理治疗师专业准入教育指南(2011)》。由王欣、王于领、黄卫平、王维、孙家慧等人于2012 年9 月翻译。 本文件的中文翻译版是得到世界物理治疗联盟同意、授权后组织翻译的,翻译完成后,项目统筹励建安教授、贝维斯老师收到世界物理治疗联盟相关负责人来函,对有关事项作了说明并顺致谢意。 来函内容原文(英文)及中文译文如下: Acknowledgement The World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) has granted permission for the use of the Guidelines for Physical Therapist Professional Entry Level Education (2011). This translation was done by Xin Wang, Yuling Wang, Weiping Huang, Wei Wang, and Jiahui Sun, and in September 2012 and any mistakes in translation are not the responsibility of WCPT. This is not an official translation and readers are referred to the original English language version, available at: http://wcpt.org/guidelines/entry-level-education
美国密西根大学骨科的Skendzel JG等在2012年3月的Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy(骨科和运动理疗杂志)杂志上撰文,归纳总结了膝关节多发韧带损伤的诊断与治疗策略。 文中称,涉及到膝关节多发韧带损伤的膝关节损伤常伴发膝关节胫股关节脱位。膝关节多发韧带损伤的诊断和治疗都是有挑战性的。临床医师必须对膝关节的解剖有全面的理解,必须能够对膝关节进行详细的体格检查,才能准确判断出损伤的范围和类型。对膝关节影像学结果的精确解读非常重要。但是也不能代替膝关节体格检查的作用。作用到膝关节上力的大小、胫骨相对于股骨前后移位和旋转移位的距离决定了膝关节神经血管损伤的危险度。大部分的膝关节多发韧带损伤的患者需要进行手术治疗。但是,一部分病人采用保守治疗也可以。在损伤手术后愈合的各阶段,成功的康复包括获得膝关节良好的屈伸活动范围及下肢肌力、还要获得正常的步态力学结构。 参考文献: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383035 J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Mar;42(3):234-42. Epub 2012 Feb 29. Diagnosis and management of the multiligament-injured knee . Skendzel JG , Sekiya JK , Wojtys EM . Source Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 江苏省徐州医学院附属医院骨科 关节镜、 膝关节外科、 骨科运动医学 方向 高绪仁 编译 高绪仁:每天以解决膝、肩关节问题为乐:) 每天努力提高自己的技术和服务水平 不仅仅是解决其膝、肩关节问题,更是给其带来希望、未来和新生!
Effects of hydrogen-rich saline treatment on polymicrobial.pdf 脓毒症( sepsis )是指由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征( systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS ),临床上证实有细菌存在或有高度可疑感染灶。虽然脓毒症是由感染引起,但是一旦发生后,其发生发展遵循其自身的病理过程和规律,故从本质上讲脓毒症是机体对感染性因素的反应。脓毒症曾经被称为败血症。从严重程度上分为 3 种类型:脓毒症、严重脓毒症( severe sepsis )和脓毒性休克( septic shock )。脓毒症发生率高,全球每年有超过 1800 万严重脓毒症病例,美国每年有 75 万例脓毒症患者,并且这一数字还以每年 1.5% ~ 8.0% 的速度上升。脓毒症病死率高,全球每天约 1.4 万人死于其并发症。流行病学调查显示,脓毒症病死率已经超过心肌梗死,成为重症监护病房内非心脏病人死亡的主要原因。脓毒症治疗花费高,医疗资源消耗大,严重影响人类的生活质量,已经对人类健康造成巨大威胁。 治疗和预防脓毒症最有效的方法是以脓毒症的发病机制为基础进行治疗和预防,但是遗憾的是目前脓毒症的发病机制仍未完全阐明,在这种情况下,针对发病原因应做好临床各方面的预防工作,努力降低诱发感染的危险因素对脓毒症的治疗和预防有着重要作用。 最近来自南京总医院麻醉科的一项研究在线发表在《外科研究杂志》上,证明氢气生理盐水对脓毒症的治疗作用。 2009 年天津医科大学谢克亮等的研究证明呼吸氢气可以对脓毒症具有治疗作用,随后他们用不同的模型证明了同样的治疗效果,最重要的发现是首次在世界上报道了氢气在治疗疾病的同时具有促进内源性抗氧化酶活性的作用,并发现对 HMGB1 具有影响。 氢气可以选择性中和毒性自由基羟基自由基和亚硝酸阴离子,对许多疾病和病理状态具有治疗效果,呼吸氢气对脓毒症的治疗作用早就有报道,本研究是观察氢气生理盐水对脓毒症的治疗作用。 SD 大鼠盲肠结扎和穿孔制备脓毒症疾病模型, 24 只动物平均分成假手术、脓毒症和氢气生理盐水等 3 组。在模型制备后 0 、 6 和 18 小时 3 次给动物腹腔注射 5ml/Kg 氢气生理盐水或无氢气正常生理盐水。手术后 24 小时分别检测 MDA (脂质过氧化指标)、 SOD (抗氧化酶)、炎症介质、肺组织 NO 、 MPO (中性粒细胞)、干湿重(肺水肿程度)、组织病理学指数(病理变化)、细胞凋亡分析、丙氨酸转氨酶(肝细胞损伤)、肌酐和血尿素氮(肾脏功能)。手术后 7 天的动物生存率也进行了详细记录。结果发现氢气生理盐水可以使血清内 HMGB1 下降(这是最近几年研究比较热门的炎症因子,正常情况下分布在细胞内,在细胞核内和 DNA 结合发挥调节基因表达的作用,当细胞死亡或损伤时,可以被动或主动释放到细胞外,和一些重要炎症受体 RAGE TLR 结合,并启动炎症反应)。另外转氨酶、肌酐、尿素氮水平均显著下降。肺组织白介素 6 、 HMGB1 、 NO 、 MDA ;肺干湿比、组织学变化指数和细胞凋亡阳性细胞等君明显改善。 SOD 明显升高。但动物生存率无明显改变。研究结果证明氢气生理盐水可以对脓毒症具有治疗作用。 Effects of hydrogen-rich saline treatment on polymicrobial sepsis Guo-min Li, MDa, 1, a Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jintan Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China Received 18 April 2012. Revised 18 June 2012. Accepted 22 June 2012. Available online 7 July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.058, How to Cite or Link Using DOI Background Hydrogen has been reported to selectively reduce hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite anion in many pathologic processes. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) may ameliorate organ dysfunction in a rat model of polymicrobial sepsis. Methods Sepsis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty-four rats were equally assigned to Sham group, CLP group, and CLP + HRS group (n = 8). At 0, 6, and 18 h after CLP or sham operation, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of HRS (5 mL/kg) or the same volume of normal saline. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase activities, inflammatory mediators, pulmonary nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase activities, wet-to-dry weight ratio, histologic scores, apoptotic analysis, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were assessed at 24 h after operation. The 7-d survival rate was also recorded. Results HRS administration significantly reduced the serum high-mobility group box, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels; the pulmonary interleukin 6, high-mobility group box, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels; and the wet-to-dry weight ratio, total histologic scores, and TUNEL-positive cells, whereas it increased the superoxide dismutase activities 24 h after CLP when compared with the CLP group. However, there was no significant difference in survival rate between the CLP + HRS and CLP groups. Conclusions HRS has potential protective effects against sepsis by decreasing proinflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in a rat model of polymicrobial sepsis.
氢气生物学研究目前进展迅速,虽然有大量的动物实验证明对许多疾病具有治疗作用,但如果没有严格的随机对照临床试验的证据,则无法获得临床治疗特别是国家医药管理局等的最终许可,也就是说无法获得官方的正式批准用于临床的使用。开展严格对照的临床研究是氢气医学发展最重要的任务和手段。也是将来深入研究氢气生物学效应最重要的环境保障和研究目的。 但国际上在临床试验方面进展并不快,到目前为止,临床试验的报道基本都来自日本,这里是从世界卫生组织临床试验注册的信息中检索到的临床试验注册信息也说明这个问题,这些信息显示出日本在神经系统损伤治疗方面的关注度比较大,例如 6 项注册试验中有 3 项属于神经系统损伤治疗效果的研究,分别是中风、巴金森病和中度认知障碍的研究。比较有意思的是,最早报道氢气生物学效应的日本医科大学没有注册临床试验的信息,是他们没有信心,还是没有获得研究经费的资助。因为他们曾经获得来自商业公司的赞助,并成立氢气医学中心。从这一点上看,似乎没有这些问题。但内情不清楚。 第一项:氢气水治疗巴金森病 第二项:氢气水对正常人的抗氧化效果评价 第三项 氢气生理盐水注射对脑缺血的治疗效果评价 第四项 氢气水对中度认知障碍治疗效果的研究 第五项 氢气水治疗间质性膀胱炎 第六项 氢气水对糖尿病的治疗效果评价 所有信息可从世界卫生组织的临床试验注册网上免费检索,更详细的信息可从 http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/AdvSearch.aspx 检索。 建议检索词为 : hydrogen 。 Recruitment status 选择 ALL 。否则无法获得全面的信息。 详细信息 第一项:氢气水治疗巴金森病 2012 年 3 月 14 日注册的用“氢气水治疗巴金森病”开始实验 2010 年 1 月 1 日顺天堂大学附属医院神经外科,联系人 Asako Yoritaka 。日本学者曾经报道使用氢气水治疗巴金森病的动物实验效果,发表论文 3 篇。全部使用自由饮用氢气水。治疗设计 The subjects should make 1000 ml of molecular hydrogen water which contains 1.6 ppm dissolved hydrogen by Aquerable, and consume for 48 weeks . Placebo water which is not contained molecular hydrogen water made from pseudo-machine. The subjects consume for48 weeks. 第二项:氢气水对正常人的抗氧化效果评价 Studies on in vivo effects of drinking a water product dissolving hydrogen gas as an in vitro antioxidant additive 杏林大学 Atsushi Hiraoka 自 2009 年 5 月 1 日开始的针对健康人的一项研究,排除肝脏肾脏功能异常和月经期女性。 Ingestion of 500ml per day of hydrogen gas-dissolving water for 1 week.Ingestion of 500ml per day of control water without hydrogen gas for 1 week.. 观察指标 the levels of serum LPO and urine 8-OHdG in subjects immediately before and after 1-week drinking period for 500ml per day of tap water with or without dissolved hydrogen gas at 0.34mg/l and 1-week before and after the drinking per day. 第三项 氢气生理盐水注射对脑缺血的治疗效果评价 日本国防医科大学神经外科 Hiroshi Nawashiro 于 2011/06/01 开始的 Molecular hydrogen for ischemic stroke 。选择诊断后症状发生 24 小时内脑缺血患者 Patients were eligible for enrollment if they were 18 years or older and had a clinical diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke within 24 hours of symptom onset. They had to score at least 6 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) with at least 2 points for limb weakness. All patients received appropriate routine stroke care as per local treatment practices, including alteplase for eligible patients presenting 3 hours from onset; patients receiving alteplase had to commence the study drug before the alteplase infusion.Exclusion criteria: Patients with acute ischemic stroke beyond 24 hours of symptom onset. 治疗方法为静脉点滴注射氢气生理盐水。效果评价 modified Rankin scale (mRS) (days 7, 30, and 90), the NIHSS (days 7 and 90), and the Barthel Index (days 7, 30, and 90) Safety Assessments Vital signs were recorded at enrollment and at specified times throughout the infusion and follow-up periods. Routine laboratory data and ECGs were performed at the time of enrollment, at 24 and 72 hours, and on day 7 and were analyzed centrally (ECGs at day 7 were performed only if abnormal at 72 hours). To assess any effect of hydrogen on hemorrhagic transformation after alteplase administration, brain imaging was repeated after 72 hours in patients who were receiving concomitant treatment with alteplase. Symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation was defined as an increase in the NIHSS score of at least 4 points within 36 hours, plus evidence of any blood on neuroimaging after treatment with alteplase. Patients meeting criteria for progressive stroke (NIHSS increase of 4 points within 72 hours) or new stroke in the first week were also reimaged. 第四项 氢气水对中度认知障碍治疗效果的研究 筑波医科大学临床医学研究所神经精神学系 Takashi Asada2009/07/01 开始的 A randomized trial to assess the effects of hydrogen-ride dissolution water for the patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). 中度认知障碍的研究。 招募对象: Inclusion criteria: 1) Participants of the Tone project. 2) Being able to give a written informed consent to the participation in the present study. 3) Having diagnosis of the mild cognitive impairment. 4) Being able to observe the following requirement: good compliance with the water; participation in the scheduled examinations for assessment; keeping a log-diary recording the consumption of the water. 5) Having a modified Hachinski Ischemic score of 4 or less. 6) Having the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale score of 6 or less. Exclusion criteria: 1) Meeting DSM-IV TR criteria for dementing illnesses. 2) Having serious or unstable illnesses. 3) Having a history within past 5 years of serious infectious disease affecting the brain and/or malignant diseases. 4) Having a history of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence (on DSM-IV TR) within the past 5 years. 5) Receiving any types of anti-Alzheimer drugs. 6) Recent (within 4 weeks) initiation of medications that affect the central nervous system.Age minimum: 67years-old.Age maximum: Not applicable Gender: Male and Female 研究内容: mild cognitive impairment 治疗手段 The patients of hydrogen group will be intervened with 500ml hydrogen dissolution water every-day for 2 years. The patients of placebo group will be intervened with 500ml ordinary water every-day for 2 years. 效果评价 Score in Japanese version of ADAS-Cog and Mini Mental State Examination. Scores in Japanese version of ADCS-ADL, MRI and SPCET imaging, and Geriatric Depression Scale. 第五项 氢气水治疗间质性膀胱炎 Koushinkai Hospital 的 Comprehensive Support Project for Clinical Research Office 于 2008/07/01 开始的 A randomized trial to asses the effects of hydrogen-rich dissolution water in patients with interstitial cystitis 。至少现在没有氢气在间质性膀胱炎方面的研究报道,无论是动物实验还是临床报道。 研究对象标准: Inclusion criteria: 1) Patients who are able to give written informed consent 2) Patients who has the characteristic finding under hydraulic distension of the bladder in interstitial cystitis by cystoscope 3) It has taken more than 12 weeks after patients took the hydraulic distension of the bladder, and symptom of patients are in stable. 4) More than 7 marks in total of Interstitial Cystitis Score in registration 5) More than 4 marks in Q4 (degree of bladder pain) in Interstitial Symptom Score 6) Age is over 20 years and less than 80 years 7) Patients are able to do the following things in this trial; getting good compliance with intaking investigating food and coming to hospital, and writing the diary and the questionnaire accurately by themselvesExclusion criteria: 1) More than 200ml of an average voided volume at a time before the registration 2) Patients with active infection of urinary tract 3) Patients with bacterial cystitis within 12 weeks before registration 4) Patients with vaginosis 5) Patients with calculus of lower urinary tract or urethral diverticulum 6) Patients with nephrosis syndrome 7) Patients with active genital herpes 8) Patients who have operated the surgery in pelvis or its circumference and it has not taken more than 24 hours after the surgery 9) Patients with cerebrospinal disease 10) Patients with the follow disease or suspected disease; neurogenic bladder, cystitis radiation, tuberculous cystitis, cystitis with BCG, drug associated cystitis 11) Start, stop, or change of the dose of the following drugs within 4 weeks after the registration; (a) Antiphlogistic analgetic (b) Antidepressant (c) Anticholinergic drug (d) Antihistamine drug (e) Ataractic drug (f) Drug treatment for frequent urination and acraturesis (g) Steroid drug 12) Start or stop new bladder training or diet therapy within 4 weeks befor registration 13) Patients who has received bladder instillation therapy, electrical stimulation therapy, or acupuncture and moxibustion within 12 weeks before registration 14) Patients with serious hepatic or kidney damage 15) Patients with serious heart disease 16) Patients with malignant tumors which effect their general status or survival time 17) Patients with the history of serious drug-induced adverse effect 18) Patients who are in pregnancy, while breast-feeding, or have possibilities of them, or desire pregnancy in test period 19) Patients who have taken part in the her clinical research within 12 weeks 20) Patients who have taken part in the her clinical research within 12 weeks 21) Patients who are inadequate, which their physicians assessed itAge minimum: 20years-old Age maximum: 80years-oldGender: Male and Female 治疗方法 The patients will be intervened with hydrogen dissolution water group (hydrogen group) 200ml every three times in a day in 2 months (56days) . After that, the patients in hydrogen dissolution water group will be transferred to the additional intervention term after the end of intervention.And after that, the patients will be randomized to withdrawal terms for more 1 month with hydrogen dissolution water or with placebo water. The proportion of the patients who has been assessed "success" at the end of the intervention Secondary Outcome(s) 1) Changes of the Symptom Score in Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index(ICSI) 2) Changes of the Problem Score in Interstitial Cystitis Problem Index(ICPI) 3) An Average frequency of urination per day 4) An Average voided volume at a time 5) Degree of urge to urinate; PUF symptom score 6) Degree of bladder pain 7) Impression by patients with GRA (Global Response Assessment) 8) Urine Test; 8-OHdG in urine 9) Adverse Events (we cannot deny the association between the food and the event) 第六项 氢气水对糖尿病的治疗效果评价 研究京都大学医学院 Comprehensive Support Project for Clinical Research Office 于 21/08/2008 开始的 A Randomized trial to assess the effects of hydrogen-rich dissolution water for patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose 。该研究已经发表论文。 研究对象标准: Inclusion criteria: 1) Patients who are abele to give written informed consent 2) FBS is over 100mg/dl and under 126mg/dl in registration 3) Age is over 20 years and less than 80 years 4) Type of practice: outpatient department 5) Patients are able to do the following things in this trial - getting good compliance with consuming investigational food and coming to hospital, and writing the diary and the questionnaire accurately by themselvesExclusion criteria: 1) Patients who have receive drug treatment for diabetes 2) Patients with the diseases which have possibility with impaired glucose tolerance 3) Patients with serious liver or kidney damage 4) Patients with serious heart disease or cerebrovascular disorders 5) Patients with serious disease in pancreas or blood disease 6) Patients with malignant tumors which effect their general status or survival time 7) Patients who are in pregnancy, while breast-feeding, have possibilities of them, or desire pregnancy in test period 8) Patients with alcohol abuse 9) Patients who have taken part in the her clinical research within 12 weeks 10) Patients who have taken part in the her clinical research within 12 weeks 11) Patients who are inadequate, which their physicians assessed it Age minimum: 20years-oldAge maximum: 70years-oldGender: Male and Female 研究内容 Impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose 治疗手段 The patients will be intervened with hydrogen dissolution water group (hydrogen group) 200ml every three times in a day in 3 months (84days) . The patients will be intervened with normal water group (placebo group) 200ml every three times in a day in 3 months (84days) 效果评价方法 1)75gOGTT(glucose);0 minute (in the fasting state),30,60,90 minutes later after loading2)Delta AUC(0-120min);The difference of the area under the plasma glucose concentration before and after administration
Hydrogen saline is protective for acute lung.pdf 四川大学华西医院 麻醉系刘进教授课题组 2011 年在《外科研究杂志》上发表了氢气治疗兔肺缺血再灌注损伤的文章。 该实验室是国际上最早开展氢气研究的单位之一 。 最近 上海 胸科医院发表类似论文,证明注射氢气生理盐水可以治疗大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤,该文章发表在 Heart, Lung and Circulation 杂志上,该研究证明注射氢气生理盐水(先连续提前 3 天,然后在缺血再灌注时注射 0.5 ml/kg )可以治疗肺缺血再灌注组织损伤,作者分别采用肺组织干湿比(可以分析肺水肿程度)、肺动脉体外收缩和舒张功能(分别用乙酰胆碱和肾上腺素诱导血管的扩张和收缩功能)、 HE 染色(肺组织病理损伤程度)、 TUNEL 染色和 caspase-3 活性(显示肺组织细胞凋亡的程度)、 MDA 和 8-OHdG (组织氧化损伤程度,分别代表脂质和核酸氧化损伤的程度)以及血液白细胞 CRP 等生物标志。等研究手段,证明氢气盐水注射对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤有治疗作用。 疑问: 1 、为什么要提前使用药物,什么原因?提前抗氧化有什么价值?如果有,为什么没有和单独损伤后进行对比,至少过去没有见过类似给药物的方法。 2 、氢气生理盐水剂量为什么采用 0.5 ml/kg ,有什么依据? 3 、我前面提到 2011 年就有四川华西医院发表氢气生理盐水对兔肺缺血再灌注损伤有治疗作用,本文为什么没有引用?本文投稿日期是 2012 年 2 月,应该可以看到该文献,从文献类似度上考虑,这是一篇绝对必须引用的文献。 Hydrogen saline is protective for acute lung ischaemia/reperfusion injuries in rats Jianxin Shi1, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China Protective effects of saturated hydrogen (H2) saline on cardiac ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury have been demonstrated previously. This study was designed to show that hydrogen-rich saline is protective in preventing lung I/R injury in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 45 min occlusion of the right lung roots and 120 min reperfusion. Rats were divided randomly into three groups: sham-operated control group, I/R plus saline treatment, and I/R plus hydrogen-rich saline treatment (0.6 mmol/L, 0.5 ml/kg/d). Three days of intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen-rich saline before the reperfusion combined with immediate administration of hydrogen-rich saline after the reperfusion were performed. Following reperfusion, the lung tissue and the pulmonary artery was immediately obtained and the W/D ratio, pulmonary artery contraction and relaxation ability, H–E staining, TUNEL staining, caspase-3, MDA, 8-OHdG content and measurement of such biomarkers as WBC, CRP were measured or carried out. Results Hydrogen saline significantly protected vasoactivity of the pulmonary artery, reduced pulmonary oedema, decreased lung malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-OHdG concentration, alleviated lung epithelial cell apoptosis and lowered the level of such biomarkers as WBC, CRP, ALT and TBiL. Conclusions It is concluded that hydrogen-rich saline is a novel, simple, safe and effective method to attenuate pulmonary I/R injury. Hydrogen-Rich Saline Attenuates Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits.pdf
Hydrogen-rich saline reduces the oxidative stress and relieves the severity of t.pdf 胰腺炎是胰腺因胰蛋白酶的自身消化作用而引起的疾病。常见类型有急性胆源性胰腺炎、蛔虫性急性胰腺炎、胆源性急性胰腺炎、急性出血坏死型胰腺炎等急性胰腺炎,自身免疫性胰腺炎、胆源性慢性胰腺炎等慢性胰腺炎。治疗原则是手术和对症支持治疗。 胰腺是人体第二大消化腺体,是消化作用最强的器官。胰腺分泌的胰液是人体最重要的消化液。正常情况下,胰液在其腺体组织中含有不活动即无活性的胰酶原。胰液沿胰腺管道不断地经胆总管奥狄氏括约肌流入十二指肠,由于十二指肠内有胆汁存在,加上十二指肠壁粘膜分泌一种肠激酶,在二者的作用下,胰酶原开始转变成活性很强的消化酶。一般情况下,胰管和胆管虽然都经过一条通道流入十二指肠,但由于胰管内的压力高于胆管内的压力,胆汁不会反流入胰管内。只有当奥狄氏括约肌痉挛或胆管内压力升高,如结石,肿瘤阻塞,胆汁才会反流入胰管并进入胰腺组织,此时,胆汁内所含的卵磷脂被胰液内所含的卵磷脂酶 A 分解为溶血卵磷脂,可对胰腺产生毒害作用。或者胆道感染时,细菌可释放出激酶将胰酶激活,同样可变成能损害和溶解胰腺组织的活性物质。这些物质将胰液中所含的胰酶原转化成胰蛋白酶,此酶消化活性强,渗透入胰腺组织引起自身消化,亦可引起胰腺炎。 胰腺炎发病原因有胆道系统疾病、酒精或药物引起、传染病并发胰腺炎,家族性高脂血症患者、动脉粥样硬化及结节性动脉周围炎、十二指肠克罗恩病波及胰腺容易发生胰腺炎,胰管阻塞,胰管结石、狭窄、肿瘤等可引起胰液分泌旺盛,胰管内压增高,胰管小分支和胰腺腺泡破裂,胰液与消化酶渗入间质,引起急性胰腺炎。低蛋白饮食可导致慢性胰腺炎,多见于东南亚、非洲及拉丁美洲各国。遗传性胰腺炎 (hereditary pancreatitis) 较少见,属染色体显性遗传。 外伤与手术是急性胰腺炎的常见原因,只有在创伤严重或损伤主胰管后方可能引起慢性胰腺炎。 胰腺炎该病主要由胰腺组织受胰蛋白酶的自身消化作用。胰腺炎时因某些因素(下述)激活了胰蛋白酶,后者又激活了其它酶反应,如弹性硬蛋白酶( elastase )及磷脂酶 A ( phospholipaseA ),对胰腺发生自身消化作用,促进了其坏死溶解。另外,胰蛋白酶对由脂蛋白构成的细胞膜及线粒体膜并无作用,而胰液中的磷脂酶 A 被脱氧胆酸激活后,作用于细胞膜和线粒体膜的甘油磷脂,使之分解变为脱脂酸卵磷脂,亦称溶血卵磷脂( lysolecithin ),后者对细胞膜有强烈的溶解作用,可溶解、破坏胰腺细胞膜和线粒体膜的脂蛋白结构,致细胞坏死。脂肪坏死也同样先由胰液中的脱脂酸卵磷脂溶解、破坏了脂肪细胞膜后,胰脂酶才能发挥作用。 急性胰腺炎是胰酶消化胰腺及其周围组织所引起的急性炎症,主要表现为胰腺呈炎性水肿、出血及坏死,故又称急性出血性胰腺坏死( acutehemorrhagicnecrosisofpancreas ),好发于中年男性,发作前多有暴饮暴食或胆道疾病史。临床表现为突然发作的上腹部剧烈疼痛并可出现休克。按病变表现不同,可将本病分为急性水肿性(或间质性)胰腺炎及急性出血性胰腺炎二型。坏死出血型较少见,但病情严重,死亡率高。 急性胰腺炎非手术治疗除常规支持疗法,如禁食鼻胃管减压、补充体液防治休克、解痉止痛、抗生素、中药和腹腔渗出液的处理外,比较特异的方法是抑制胰腺外分泌及胰酶抑制剂,胃管减压、 H2 受体阻滞剂 { 如西咪替丁 ) 、抗胆碱能药 ( 如山莨菪碱、阿托品 ) 、生长抑素等,但后者价格昂贵,一般用于病情比较严重的病人。胰蛋白酶抑制剂如抑肽酶、加贝酯等具有 — 定的抑制胰蛋白酶的作用。 曾经有报道氢气生理盐水可以治疗精氨酸诱导的急性胰腺炎,最近 J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 发表来自成都军区总医院的文章,证明氢气生理盐水注射可以治疗创伤性急性胰腺炎,研究发现氢气生理盐水注射后,尽管创伤性急性胰腺炎血浆中淀粉酶、脂酶活性未见明显改变,但治疗组动物死亡率明显下降,血浆炎症因子、胰腺组织 丙二醛显著下降, 胰腺组织谷胱甘肽和超氧化物歧化酶( SOD )显著增高。研究结果表明,氢气对创伤性急性胰腺炎后全身炎症反应、局部组织抗氧化能力和氧化应激等均有改善作用。提示氢气对创伤性急性胰腺炎具有治疗价值。 Ren J, Luo Z, Tian F, Wang Q, Li K, Wang C. Hydrogen-rich saline reduces the oxidative stress and relieves the severity of trauma-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Jun;72(6):1555-61. Currently, little evidence exists to support whether the therapeutic approaches for treating ordinary acute pancreatitis (AP) are effective in trauma-induced pancreatitis. Hydrogen-rich (H2) saline is an antioxidant treatment capable of ameliorating the severity of L-arginine-induced AP. In this study, we attempted to validate its protective role against traumatic pancreatitis (TP). A previously established experimental rat model of TP was generated by controlled delivery of high pressure air impact. The protective effects of H2 saline against TP were evaluated in this model system by measuring survival rate and determining changes in histopathology, plasma enzymes, cytokines, and oxidative stress-associated molecules. Intraperitoneal administration of H2-rich saline produced a pronounced protection against TP in rats. Significant improvements were observed in survival rate and histopathological findings. In addition, plasma cytokines concentrations were reduced in H2 saline-treated TP rats. Although no marked inhibitory effect on plasma amylase and lipase activities was observed, H2 saline caused considerable suppression of pancreatic malondialdehyde level and recruitment of endogenous pancreatic antioxidants, such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase. H2-rich saline has beneficial effects on TP, presumably because of its detoxification activities against excessive reactive oxygen species. Our findings highlight the potential of H2-rich saline as a therapeutic agent of trauma-induced AP.
基因治疗从概念上来讲很简单,就是用含有正确序列的新基因拷贝来取代或补充致病的突变基因。从理论上来说,基因治疗策略不光仅仅能够用以治疗,而且可以从根本上治愈人类遗传病。然而,在实际应用中要实现安全有效的基因治疗,从来就不是理论上设想的那么简单。 从 1989 年首次应用于人类,基因治疗临床试验至今已走过了二十余载跌宕起伏的路程。如果不是最近几年以来相继报道的基因治疗在肿瘤(实体肿瘤和白血病)、血友病和神经遗传病等领域的突变性进展,人们对基因治疗的信心恐怕远不会像今天这样乐观。 6 月 1 日 《科学家》杂志发表《 Targeting DNA 》一文,以访谈形式系统总结了基因治疗的历史与现状。 Targeting DNA By Jef Akst | June 1, 2012 T he concept is simple: if a mutated gene is causing a problem, replace or supplement it with a new, accurate copy. In theory, such a strategy could not just treat, but cure countless human genetic diseases. In practice, however, developing safe and effective gene therapies has not been easy. Even when identifying a disorder’s genetic basis is fairly straightforward, finding the appropriate delivery vector to target the diseased tissues in the body, while avoiding unintended consequences, has challenged would-be gene therapists for more than 20 years. But more and more researchers are convinced that the technique is on the brink of becoming a common medical practice. “It’s an incredibly exciting time for the field,” says researcher and medical oncologist David Kirn, founder, president, and chief medical officer at Jennerex, Inc., a San Francisco-based biotherapeutics company that develops and commercializes oncolytic drugs. In the last year alone, he says, major breakthroughs have been published for the use of gene therapy in patients with hemophilia, solid tumors, and leukemia, not to mention the dozens of trials yielding positive results for gene therapies to treat various types of blindness. “It’s just remarkable,” he says. “These decades of work are suddenly really paying off.” Fits and starts It hasn’t always been such high times for gene therapy, however. The field was booming in its early days, with approvals for gene therapy clinical trials rising exponentially from the first one in 1989 to 116 in 1999. But that year, gene therapy trial participant Jessie Gelsinger, a relatively healthy 18-year-old who had an unusually mild form of liver disease caused by mutations in a gene on the X chromosome, died 4 days after receiving an injection of an adenovirus carrying an unmutated copy of the gene meant to correct his condition. The viral vector apparently triggered a massive immune response that caused multiple organ failure and brain death. Then, starting in 2002, reports from Paris and London told of patients developing a leukemia-like disease following treatment in clinical trials for a rare autoimmune disorder called severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), or “bubble-boy” disease. SCID patients lack a functioning immune system, and thus must live in highly sterile conditions to prevent life-threatening infections. The studies started out extremely well: most of the infant boys were able to live relatively normal lives, no longer confined to their “bubbles.” The trials were hailed as the first unequivocal gene therapy success. But in the years that followed, 5 of the 20 trial patients developed a leukemia-like disease—an effect that was traced to the retroviral vector used to deliver the corrective gene to bone marrow cells ex vivo. The vector had inappropriately inserted the gene into the babies’ genomes close to a proto-oncogene involved in white blood cell proliferation, activating the gene and triggering a flood of T cells. After the second child fell ill, the US Food and Drug Administration suspended 30 US trials using the same retrovirus, or about 15 percent of the 200 gene therapy trials under way at that time—a move the agency called a precautionary measure. Of the five patients that developed leukemia, one died; the rest are in remission. Events like these had “a big negative impact in the field,” recalls molecular cell biologist Mien-Chie Hung of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Interest in gene therapy started to wane, and treatments that might have been expected to hit the market years ago are still plugging through the clinical trial process. But things are looking up. Just last year, for example, researchers published long-term survival data for two UK gene therapy trials for SCID: the original London trial for X-linked SCID (SCID-X1) and a second trial for adenosine deaminase (ADA) SCID. 1 , 2 In both trials, the researchers had extracted the patients’ bone marrow, inserted a functioning copy of the disease-causing gene, and infused the altered cells back into the patients. The impressive bottom line: up to 9 years after treatment, 14 of the 16 children treated have had their immune systems restored and have been able to live relatively normal lives free of any bubbles. “These kids were living in bubbles with a life expectancy of less than 20 years; they had no quality of life,” says Kirn. “And now many of them are essentially cured. I mean, it’s a medical miracle.” Many other gene therapy trials are currently underway—and yielding positive results—for numerous other diseases, including various forms of hereditary blindness, HIV, hemophilia, neurodegenerative diseases, and a variety of cancers. Though no gene therapies have yet received FDA approval, nearly 2,000 clinical trials have been initiated in the last 5 years alone, according to clinicaltrials.gov, many with seemingly miraculous results and—thanks to improved vectors and techniques—none of the devastating side effects that plagued the field in its earlier days. “There is a lot of exciting information coming out right now,” says Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Katherine High of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who coauthored a report published last December of a successful gene therapy for hemophilia B. 3 Loading up an adenovirus-associated virus with a gene encoding a functional version of the clotting agent known as factor IX, researchers in the United Kingdom infused the vector into six men with severe hemophilia B. A single treatment was enough to increase clotting factor IX to levels that, while still well below normal, enabled sufficient clotting to allow four of the patients to discontinue factor IX replacement therapy altogether, and the other two to receive factor IX injections less frequently. “To me, clearly is going to be a therapeutic pathway forward for a whole range of diseases,” predicts High. An eye on gene therapy Nowhere has gene therapy made more of a splash than in blindness research. Because the eye is an immune-privileged site, injecting viruses is unlikely to result in the sorts of immune complications that killed Gelsinger in 1999. Indeed, there are some 23 completed and ongoing clinical trials for various types of blindness disorders, and no serious side effects have been reported. “It’ll be a few years” before these therapies reach the market, says University of Florida molecular virologist William Hauswirth. But the results so far are “bordering on spectacular as far as improving vision in the patients,” he adds. In a recent, 3-year follow up on 15 patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), a degenerative retinal disease that causes childhood blindness, Hauswirth and his colleagues found that within the area of the retina they are targeting for treatment, “patients have gained light sensitivity from as little as to 200-fold to as much as 60,000-fold,” he says. Twelve of the patients have also demonstrated significant improvement in visual acuity, reading an extra three lines lower on an eye chart, and in 13 of the patients, their pupils constricted when exposed to light as much as 100-fold dimmer, a more objective measure of light sensitivity. 4 This particular group of patients was treated with a modified adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying the gene RPE65 , which helps metabolize a form of vitamin A that allows rods and cones to function. The modified virus was injected behind the eye, directly under the retina, where the corrective gene entered some 15 to 20 percent of cells in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the nourishing cell layer just beneath the retinal visual cells. The AAV is a popular choice for gene therapies now in development. It is a nonpathogenic virus that usually elicits no noticeable immune response, and does not integrate into the host genome, meaning there is little risk of triggering disease-causing mutations, via the activation of an oncogene, for example. The virus simply delivers the gene to the cell’s nucleus, where it forms small circles of DNA called episomes that can be expressed under the control of promoters, also delivered by the virus. “AAV is by far the most successful vector for many applications in disease so far,” says Hauswirth. The disadvantage to this strategy is that if the replacement gene is not integrated into the cell’s DNA, it will be lost when the cell divides, as circular DNA is not replicated with the rest of the nuclear genome. But because retinal cells are extremely long-lived, a nonintegrating virus is perfectly suitable for treating eye diseases. The main factor limiting the utility of AAVs as gene vectors is their small size—no larger than a nanoparticle. This means they can only carry about 4.7 kilobases of DNA, and that must include any promoters needed to regulate the expression of the therapeutic DNA. This works just fine for Hauswirth’s RPE65 replacement therapy, but many other ocular diseases, as well as diseases of other body systems, result from mutations in genes that are quite a bit larger. For therapies to correct these disorders, researchers must turn to other options. Most early experiments in gene therapy for eye diseases used adenoviral vectors, which, like AAVs, are nonintegrating vectors, but, with a 36-kilobase genome, provide much more space for therapeutic DNA. However, because many humans already carry antibodies to adenovirus, the great drawback of this approach is the risk of immunotoxicity, which can disable the therapeutic vector or cause side effects in the host. It was an extreme reaction to an adenoviral vector that killed Jesse Gelsinger. Because adenoviruses are efficient at entering many cell types and delivering the goods, they are targets of intensive research to make them safer for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, HIV, and genetic diseases. Lentiviruses, a type of RNA retrovirus, also have a sizeable carrying capacity: some 9 kilobases of genetic material. “You only have to delete a few genes to get lentivirus to carry twice as much as AAVs,” Hauswirth says. And in contrast to adenoviruses and AAVs, they do integrate into the genome, making them efficient at delivering and establishing stable high levels of transgene expression in both dividing and nondividing cells. While they cannot yet be targeted to integrate at specific sequences, they don’t gravitate to oncogenes or growth-related genes as some other retroviral vectors do, and are at the forefront of the race to market. Oxford BioMedica, for example, is using its integrating lentiviral vector, called LentiVector, to deliver treatments for a variety of eye diseases, including wet age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, Usher syndrome, and corneal graft rejection. All of these therapies are in phase I/II development in partnership with Sanofi, and “the results we have seen in our clinical trials to date have been encouraging,” says the company’s chief scientific officer, Stuart Naylor. “We believe it is only a matter of time before a gene therapy is approved for the market.” “The field is running at the speed of light,” agrees veterinary ophthalmologist and basic vision scientist Gustavo Aguirre of the University of Pennsylvania. “We’re beyond anything that we thought in the ’90s.” Targeting cancer: pluses and minuses As with gene therapies for other diseases, the technique’s use in treating cancer is gathering steam. Oncolytic viruses that target and destroy tumor cells are being combined with gene therapy techniques to provide tools to jack up those viral vectors with more potent genetic loads. “The concepts have been around for centuries—the fact that viruses can certainly destroy cancer cells,” says Jennerex’s Kirn. Now, “in addition to replicating and expressing viral genes, we also express therapeutic transgenes and imaging genes.” Jennerex is developing a vaccinia virus vector called JX-594, for example, to deliver genes that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Ras pathway in cancer cells, resulting in cell lysis and increased anticancer immunity. In multiple phase I and II trials involving numerous cancer types, including liver, colon, kidney, lung, and melanoma, JX-594 has shrunk tumors and is well-tolerated by patients. Last November, Jennerex researchers announced that advanced liver cancer patients receiving JX-594 in a phase II trial had a 60 percent decreased risk of death after 1 year as compared to controls. Another engineered oncolytic virus nearing clinical approval is OncoVEX, developed by Massachusetts-based biotech BioVex, which last year partnered with Amgen in a deal that could be worth $1 billion. The drug, named last year as one of FierceBiotech’s 10 promising late-stage cancer drugs, is a special strain of the Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) virus that carries an immune-boosting component. Results of a phase II trial for metastatic melanoma announced in 2009 showed that 26 percent of 50 patients responded to treatment, with 8 completely recovering, 5 and the treatment is now in phase III trials. OncoVex has also shown activity against breast and pancreatic cancers in phase I trials. And these successful examples are not the outliers. “We’re entering a golden age here of genetic therapies and viral therapies,” says Kirn. Getting to this point took some careful planning, however, to avoid the destruction of healthy tissue. “The most important thing is you need a specific target,” says MD Anderson’s Hung. Most oncolytic viruses are designed to target a receptor or surface protein that is overexpressed on cancer cells, to increase the chance that the viruses enter and kill only diseased tissue. But this, of course, requires that tumors have unique surface antigens. “That’s the ideal situation—to find something on tumor cells that’s not on normal cells,” says hematologist-oncologist David Porter of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. “That’s not possible in most tumors,” he says, which may be part of “the reason this field has been so slow to develop.” So Hung is taking a slightly different approach. Instead of focusing on viruses that selectively target cancer cells, or rigging them to do so, Hung and his colleagues have designed a vector, dubbed VISA, that goes everywhere, but whose package is only activated in cancer cells. “DNA by itself does not cause side effects—every cell has DNA,” says Hung. “It the gene product.” The VISA vector is designed to amplify expression of the genes it carries under the control of a promoter that is expressed at higher levels in tumors. “Then whatever DNA we inject into the bloodstream may go anywhere, but will express only in cancer cells,” Hung explains. In 2007, the researchers used VISA, equipped with a modified apoptosis promoter, called BikDD , to knock down pancreatic cancer in mice. 6 The protocol is currently being tested for safety in a phase I trial, and Hung and his colleagues are now applying the VISA vector to breast cancer, with promising preclinical results coming out just last year, 7 as well as to lung, ovarian, and liver cancers. Yet another gene therapy strategy for fighting cancer involves the collection of immune cells from patients, insertion of genetic material that essentially trains the cells to target and kill cancer, and the infusion of those cells back into the patients. “The idea is to somehow modify a person’s own T cells so they can now recognize and attack tumor cells that they otherwise aren’t able to kill,” says Porter. “By definition, if someone has a tumor, their T cells aren’t able to kill .” In 2011, Porter, along with Carl June and other colleagues at Penn Medicine, reported that they had engineered a patient’s T cells ex vivo to target chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, marking the first gene therapy success for advanced cancer. The researchers used a lentivirus to insert a chimeric antigen receptor targeting CD-19—a molecule found on “all CLL cells but only a small subset of normal cells,” Porter says—as well as two potent signaling domains, which help the T cells survive longer and activate strongly at the appropriate time. Last August, the researchers published the results of a phase I trial, in which two participants had been in complete remission for up to a year, and a third was showing signs of a strong antitumor response. 8 , 9 In addition, some of the cells persisted as memory T-cells, primed to attack in the event of a recurrence. However, researchers had to weigh the fact that the engineered T cells could also attack healthy tissue. CLL is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of B cells, but it’s not just the malignant B cells that express CD-19; normal B cells also carry the antigen on their surface. As a result of the lentiviral therapy, patients experienced a loss of B cells down to undetectable levels. “ potentially makes them susceptible to infections,” Porter notes. But he is not worried. No patients have contracted any unusual infections in a year and a half of follow up, and antibody replacement is always an option. “We think it is possible to live without B cells,” he says. But it’s an important concern when developing such therapies, he adds. “If you were to target a cell that was also on the lining of your heart or your lungs or your intestines, that wouldn’t be safe.” This strategy is now being applied to diverse cancer types, including mesothelioma (a type of lung cancer), breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma, all in early-stage trials. With the improved ability to grow T cells in the lab and make better-targeted viral vectors, “the field is really growing,” Porter says. “You can now use this technology to target really almost anything you can identify as a unique target.” The gene’s the limit In 2007, Timothy Brown, a 40-year-old American living in Berlin, had a relapse of acute myeloid leukemia and received a bone-marrow transplant to boost his immune function. Because he was also living with HIV, his doctor chose a donor with a mutation in both copies of the CCR5 gene, which encodes an HIV co-receptor carried on the surface of T cells to which HIV usually must bind in order to enter the cells. People with mutations in both copies of the CCR5 gene are resistant to HIV infection. A year later, Brown relapsed again, and once again received a stem-cell transplant from the CCR5 -mutant donor. Finally, he beat his cancer, and as of 2010, his HIV was still at undetectable levels, despite his having discontinued immune-suppressive treatment. 10 By most accounts, Brown is the first person to have been cured of an HIV infection. The impressive result validated Sangamo Biosciences’ efforts to design a gene therapy to modify the CCR5 gene of HIV patients’ T cells. This is done ex vivo, using an adenovirus vector that delivers its package to T cells carrying the glycoprotein receptor CD4, after which the cells are infused back into the patients. This strategy is different from corrective gene therapies in that it’s taking a normal gene and replacing it with a defective copy. In this case, it’s important to not just supplement the existing copies of the gene, which would continue to produce normal CCR5 receptors, but to render the gene defective so the cells present no CCR5 receptors on their surfaces. To do this, Sangamo researchers are using zinc-finger nucleases, which act as molecular scissors to edit the existing gene. “What we’re doing is . . . actually editing the gene in a way that changes its nucleic acid sequence,” says Sangamo CEO Edward Lanphier. “It’s quite different from classical gene therapy, where you’re just essentially putting in the coding region of a gene.” Preliminary results of these trials, presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) last March, have shown that all 21 HIV patients treated with one infusion of their own modified T cells have tolerated the treatment well, and show increased CD4 + T cell counts more than a year later. And when six of the patients took a planned 12-week hiatus from antiretroviral treatment, they had lowered HIV viral loads that correlated with the levels of circulating modified CD4 + T cells. One patient, who naturally carried one copy of the defective CCR5 gene, had undetectable viral levels. The results are promising, says June, who is heading up one of two phase I trials of the therapy, and who hopes that such gene-editing techniques will be applicable to a wide range of diseases. “We’re trying to make a good gene bad in the case of the HIV, so that the cells aren’t infected,” he says, “but you can do the inverse, which is to take a bad gene and fix it.” Such genome editing would be permanent, and leaves the gene under the control of natural promoters, making it more therapeutically appealing, says Lanphier. “The downstream biology of changing the endogenous gene is fundamentally different—and quite frankly, from a therapeutic outcome, superior—than conventional gene therapy approaches,” he says. Other novel gene therapy strategies are also in development, such as employing transiently expressed RNA to confer a therapeutic benefit, and using cell- and protein-based delivery systems instead of viral vectors. With these and other techniques, researchers have recently demonstrated successes in treatments for hemophilia, with promising trial results released last December; numerous neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s; and autoimmune disorders, such as SCID, among others. And importantly, there have been no more safety scares like the ones that rattled the field a decade ago. “The history of medicine says every new technology starts with a great idea and then requires hard work and optimization,” says Kirn. “And I think that’s exactly what’s happened with gene therapy. Hurdles were identified—and there’s always hurdles once you get into a complex human disease situation—and they’ve been addressed.” “The concepts aren’t that much different than they were early on, but the tools are much better,” agrees June. “Now is actually fulfilling the promise that people said it would have.” References H.B. Gaspar et al., “Long-term persistence of a polyclonal T cell repertoire after gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency,” Sci Transl Med , 3:97ra79, 2011. ↩ H.B. Gaspar et al., “Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for adenosine deaminase–deficient severe combined immunodeficiency leads to long-term immunological recovery and metabolic correction,” Sci Transl Med , 3:97ra80, 2011. ↩ A.C. Nathwani et al., “Adenovirus-associated virus vector-mediated gene transfer in hemophilia B,” N Engl J Med , 365:2357-65, 2011. ↩ S.G. Jacobson et al., “Gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 mutations,” Arch Ophthalmol , 130:9-24, 2012. ↩ H.L. Kaufman et al., “Local and distant immunity induced by intralesional vaccination with an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF in patients with stage IIIc and IV melanoma,” Annals of Surgical Oncology , 17:718-30, 2010. ↩ X.M. Xie et al., “Targeted expression of BikDD eradicates pancreatic tumors in noninvasive imaging models,” Cancer Cell , 12:52-65, 2007. ↩ J.-Y. Lang, “BikDD eliminates breast cancer initiating cells and synergizes with lapatinib for breast cancer treatment,” Cancer Cell , 20:341-56, 2011. ↩ D.L. Porter et al., “Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia,” N Engl J Med , 365:725-33, 2011. ↩ M. Kalos et al., “T cells with chimeric antigen receptors have potent antitumor effects and can establish memory in patients with advanced leukemia,” Sci Transl Med , 3:95ra73, 2011. ↩ G. Hütter et al., “Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation,” N Engl J Med , 360:692-98, 2009. ↩ http://the-scientist.com/2012/06/01/targeting-dna/
Treatment of hydrogen molecule abates oxidative stress and alleviates bone loss .pdf 太空飞行因为失重可导致航天员一系列的器官功能改变,特别是骨骼钙丢失和肌肉萎缩等,这些改变不仅对航天员的健康产生危害,而且会影响他们的运动能力,容易使他们在执行太空任务中遇到麻烦,因此开展对这些改变的机制和对抗治疗手段的研究非常重要。对一些希望正在发展太空飞行的国家尤其重要。 氢气是最近几年发现的一种非常特殊的抗氧化物质,虽然目前人们仍没有完全弄清楚氢气治疗疾病的具体分子过程和机制,但大量的临床和动物实验结果表明,氢气对许多类型的炎症、氧化损伤和细胞凋亡等具有非常显著的治疗效果,给人们试图使用氢气治疗许多重要疾病带来了许多联想。 当然民航和太空飞行还会遇到太空辐射的危害,美国航空航天局已经开展了氢气对太空辐射损伤的研究,初步研究证明氢气对太空辐射具有理想的预防效果,并提出将来用氢气作为预防太空辐射的手段。辐射损伤的最重要机制是辐射引起的自由基增加,这是自由基生物学最经典的研究结果,由于氢气具有抗氧化损伤的作用,因此使用氢气作为治疗太空飞行辐射损伤是非常容易从理论上猜测到的。 本研究者根据文献分析认为,太空飞行过程因为示众导致的骨骼肌萎缩和钙丢失和氧化损伤关系密切,采用细胞学和动物模型两类手段,证明使用氢气可以对抗失重导致的动物骨质丢失,并证明这种效应和关键信号分子例如erk、NfkB和iNOS等关系密切。由于骨质疏松不仅在太空飞行,也经常见于临床长期卧床患者的情况,长期卧床由于长期不使用肌肉运动和承受重力,非常容易发生肌肉萎缩和骨质丢失,这种情况和太空飞行存在类似性,因此本研究也提示,氢气可能对那些长期卧床患者的骨质丢失也值得尝试。曾经有研究发现,氢气对废用性肌肉萎缩有一定治疗作用,因此从这个角度考虑,氢气对那些卧床患者可能有对肌肉和骨骼的双重价值。 本研究来自北京 301 医院急救科,文章发表在《国际骨质疏松》杂志上。文章的题目作者和摘要如下: Sun Y , Shuang F , Chen DM , Zhou RB . Treatment of hydrogen molecule abates oxidative stress and alleviates bone loss induced by modeled microgravity in rats. Osteoporos Int. 2012 May 31. Abstract Treatment with molecular hydrogen alleviates microgravity-induced bone loss through abating oxidative stress, restoring osteoblastic differentiation, and suppressing osteoclast differentiation and osteoclastogenesis. INTRODUCTION: Recently, it has been suggested that hydrogen gas exerts a therapeutic antioxidant activity by selectively reducing cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether treatment with molecular hydrogen alleviated bone loss induced by modeled microgravity in rats. METHODS: Hindlimb suspension (HLS) and rotary wall vessel bioreactor were used to model microgravity in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to HLS for 6 weeks to induced bone loss and simultaneously administrated with hydrogen water (HW). Then, we investigated the effects of incubation with hydrogen-rich medium (HRM) on MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells exposed to modeled microgravity. RESULTS: Treatment with HW alleviated HLS-induced reduction of bone mineral density, ultimate load, stiffness, and energy in femur and lumbar vertebra. Treatment with HW alleviated HLS-induced augmentation of malondialdehyde content and peroxynitrite content and reduction of total sulfhydryl content in femur and lumbar vertebra. In cultured MC3T3-E1 cells, incubation with HRM inhibited modeled microgravity-induced ROS formation, reduction of osteoblastic differentiation, increase of ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand to osteoprotegerin, inducible nitric oxide synthetase upregulation, and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. In cultured RAW264.7, incubation with HRM aggravated modeled microgravity-induced ROS formation, osteoclastic differentiation, and osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSION: Treatment with molecular hydrogen alleviates microgravity-induced bone loss in rats. Molecular hydrogen could thus be envisaged as a nutritional countermeasure for spaceflight but remains to be tested in humans. PMID:22648000 细胞学研究方法,日本学者是将培养瓶或板放在一个密封的湿盒内,用三个气源根据比例通气,并通过一个排气空气体排到房间外,如果先混合在灌入培养瓶,如何操作? Over a 2-h period, we dissolved H2 into DMEM under 0.4 MPa pressure based on the method described by Ohsawa et al. . We dissolved O2 into a second medium by bubbling O2 gas at the saturated level, and CO2 into a third medium by bubbling CO2 gas. All three media were maintained at atmospheric pressure. Then, we combined the three media (H2 medium/O2 medium/CO2 medium) in the proportion 75:20:5 % (vol/vol/vol) and added fetal bovine serum to achieve a final concentration of 1 %. For culture, we put the combined medium into a culture flask. Then, we filled the culture flask with mixed gas consisting of 75 %H2, 20 % O2, and 5 % CO2 (vol/vol/vol) and cultured cells in the closed culture flask.
注:科学界与治疗癌症越来越近了,类似于下面研究的很有希望的研究近年来不断出现。 亨丁頓舞蹈症的介绍请大家参考维基百科: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E4%B8%81%E9%A0%93%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E7%97%87 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington's_disease http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration --------------------------------------------- Huntington’s Disease Protects from Cancer? Swedish researchers have discovered that patients with the neurodegenerative disorder had half the normal expected risk of developing tumors. By Bob Grant | April 13, 2012 Scientists reviewing medical records from Swedish hospitals have found that a surprisingly low number of people with Huntington’s disease developed cancer over the course of nearly 40 years. Only 91 out of more than 1,500 Huntington’s patients (~6 percent) also came down with cancer from 1969 to 2008 in the Scandinavian country, researchers from Lund University and the Stanford University School of Medicine reported in The Lancet Oncology this week. This is 53 percent lower than levels of cancer seen in the general population. Huntington’s disease is caused by a genetic mutation that disrupts the production of proteins called glutamines, and earlier studies had shown similar cancer protective effects in other so-called polyglutamine diseases. “ Clarification of the mechanism underlying the link between polyglutamine diseases and cancer in the future could lead to the development of new treatment options for cancer ,” Jianguang Ji, lead author from the Center for Primary Health Care Research at Lund University, told the BBC. http://the-scientist.com/2012/04/13/huntingtons-disease-protects-from-cancer/
2 月前我国学者刚刚有 关于 睾 丸 缺血 再 灌 注 损 伤 的文章被接受,最近,来自韩国建国大学兽医学院的另一篇同类文章发表在 Journal of Pediatric Surgery 。文章题目为 Inhaled hydrogengas therapy for prevention of testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats 。和我国学者采用注射氢气盐水不同的是采用呼吸氢气。模型采用单侧睾丸缺血 5 小时,分别观察呼吸 2% 氢气 30 、 60 、 120 分钟后,形态学和生物化学指标,证明呼吸氢气可以剂量依赖性减少细胞凋亡数量和氧化损伤程度。结果表明,呼吸氢气可以通过抗凋亡和抗氧化作用治疗 睾丸缺血再灌注损伤。 · http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.09.035 , How to Cite or Link Using DOI Abstract Purpose This study evaluated whether 2% hydrogen (H 2 ) gas therapy protects against testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury which results in increased formation of reactive oxygen species and/or reactive nitrogen species, leading to testicular apoptosis and impaired spermatogenesis. Methods Pubertal six-week-old Spraque-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 groups (10 animals/group) as follows: group A was a sham operated group; groups B, C, D, and E underwent 5 hours of left testicular ischemia followed by 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of 2% H 2 gas therapy, respectively. Histological analysis was performed to verify structure and morphology of the testes and to investigate Johnsen scores, mean seminiferous tubule diameter, and the number of germ cell layers to classify spermatogenesis. Germ cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio real-time polymerase chain reaction. We also investigated malondialdehyde levels as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Results Compared to the sham group (A), germ cell apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in the ischemia group (B) were significantly increased with abnormal morphology and impaired spermatogenesis. In contrast, amelioration of testicular damages was evident in the H 2 therapy groups (C, D, and E). Conclusions Our results showed that inhalation of 2% H 2 gas may be a promising therapy with anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant properties in cases of testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury. Figures and tables from this article: Fig. 1.. (1) Detection of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in left testis from five different groups (original magnification ×400). (A) Sham group has few apoptotic cells. (B and C) The number of apoptotic cells increases significantly in groups B and C. (D and E) The number of apoptotic cells decreases significantly in groups D and E showing morphology similar to that of normal testis. (2) The number of apoptotic cell per tubule in each group, AI-1 and AI-2 are significantly increased in groups B and C, compared to the sham group, and they are significantly decreased in group E, compared to group B. ⁎ P .05 vs group A; # P .05 vs group B. AI-1(apoptotic index 1), the number of apoptotic cells per 100 tubules; AI-2(apoptotic index 2), the number of positive tubules per 100 tubules. Groups: A, control; B, IR; C, IR + 30 minutes 2% H 2 ; D, IR + 60 minutes 2% H 2 ; E, IR + 120 minutes 2% H 2 . View Within Article Fig. 2.. Effect of hydrogen (H 2 ) gas on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rat testicular tissue in each group. Data are mean ± SD. MDA values are expressed as micromoles of MDA per mg of protein ( μ mol/mg protein) ⁎ P .05 vs group A; # P .05 vs group B; Groups: A, control; B, IR; C, IR + 30 minutes 2% H 2 ; D, IR + 60 minutes 2% H 2 ; E, IR + 120 minutes 2% H 2 .
脑卒中又称为中风,中国每年约有150万-200万新发脑卒中病例,校正年龄后的每年脑卒中发病率约为116-219/10万人口,每年脑卒中死亡率约为58-142/10万人口。目前我国现存脑血管病患者700余万人,脑卒中后约一半的幸存者留有明显的功能残疾,很多都需要在医院、养老院等医疗机构度过余生。上面这些冷冰冰的数字似乎有些遥远, 但脑血管病已经是中国人第一大死因,超过了可怕的癌症、心梗,足可见其流行程度。 很多人闻癌色变,体检时一听到和瘤、癌、占位性病变、肿块、肿物、XX肿、甚至英文简写CA有关的词汇,就心惊肉跳,坐卧不宁,一定要弄明白到底是良性的还是恶性的。可是对于脑卒中这个巨大的威胁却缺乏必要的警惕。 一般人群对于脑卒中的预防,急性期的及时识别、送诊,对病情及治疗的了解,在我国还有着巨大的提升空间。卒中分为缺血性和出血性,前者约占总数的60-80%,剩下的为出血性脑卒中。前者常又被称为脑梗死、脑梗塞、脑血栓、脑栓塞、“脑血管堵了”等,后者又常称为脑出血、脑溢血等等。目前的技术手段下,对于缺血性脑卒中的治疗、预防相对更为有效,而缺血性脑卒中又最为常见。就先介绍急性缺血性性卒中急性期的识别与治疗。 为什么我要以这个话题作为我的科普系列的第一篇文章呢?因为我常常处在急诊工作的一线,见到过大量急性缺血性脑卒中的患者,因为种种原因,到达医院时已经远远超过了接受最有效治疗的时间窗,简单说,就是来的 太晚了 ,本来有可能预后再好一些,只是晚了几个小时,就丧失了一次改变命运的机会,这是最让人惋惜的。 为什么几个小时的差别,就让人如此地惋惜呢?因为我们的脑组织非常娇气,完全中断血液供应后,几分钟就出现细胞坏死。但急性缺血性脑卒中时没这么简单,由于人脑是由一套复杂的网状管道系统供应血液,这些管道虽然互相沟通,可也有各自的势力范围。当一根主要血管因为血栓形成或者栓塞(这两个词有一引起差别,但都是血管被堵住了,差别以后再说,对于今天的话题,影响不大),它供应的脑组织会立即处于饥饿状态。但由于这个复杂网络的存在,有一些其他血管的支援,它供应的脑组织并不会一下子完全坏死,随着这些细胞饥饿时间的延长,它们会一批批的死去。因此,我们的主要任务就是在大批脑细胞死掉之前,赶紧把闭塞的血管开通,让它们重新得到血液的供血。老外总是在强调一句话:time is brain,时间就是大脑。这绝对是争分夺秒的事情。有可能发病2个小时后到医院,赶紧用药,能挽救80%的细胞,这次脑卒中完全不留后遗症,但5个小时后到医院,无论怎么用高科技,顶多能挽救20%的脑细胞就不错了,会留下明显后遗症,而且这时候开通血管,由于脑组织里面的血管也已经破烂不堪,即使有血流恢复,就会像长江大堤坏了缺口一样,涌到血管外,造成继发的脑出血,结局更为可怕。 Time is brain. 通过上面的介绍,第一脑血管病特别是急性缺血性脑卒中很常见,很可怕。其次,能否采取有效的治疗手段,和到医院的时间密切相关,一定是越早越好。那我们是不是要人人自危呢?当然不必,医学发展这么多年,有很多方法了解哪些人容易得脑血管病,他们才是我们需要重点盯防的对象。 了解哪些人容易得脑血管病,才会有针对性的警惕。普及这方面的知识。一方面高危人群自己可以学习相关知识,平时预防,万一发病了及时、果断采取正确的措施,另一方面,高危人群的家属、朋友、同事也具备相关的知识,一方面督促预防,另一方面,在周围人发病时,能及时采取正确的措施,使患者有最好的预后。研究表明,患者得脑血管病后,大多数是由家属、朋友、同事送来医院的,因此对于高危人群和他周围的人普及相关知识都很重要。 首先我们了解一些重要的危险因素,危险因素就意味着具备这些因素的人得脑血管病的风险高。第一个需要重视的就是年龄,年龄越大,脑卒中的风险越高,55岁以后,每过10年,卒中的危险性增加1倍,如果再伴有家族史和后面的一些因素,就更值得警惕了。其他的一些大家已经耳熟能详了:高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症,这里需要强调的还有吸烟、房颤、冠心病、心衰、颈动脉和外周动脉病变、缺乏体力活动、肥胖、饮食中缺乏蔬菜、水果等。简单讲,具备这些条件越多,得脑血管病的风险越高。 谁的周围没有老年人呢?考虑到随着中国经济的发展,居民生活方式的改善,上述危险因素是非常广泛的。因此,几乎对于我们每一个人,了解一些脑卒中的知识都是必要的。 首先要及时识别,只有及时识别脑卒中,才有可能进行后面的步骤。这里推荐辛辛那提大学建立的FAST,最为简单易记。face,看患者有无面部不对称,俗称口角歪斜、口眼歪斜、嘴歪了。。。。,arm,患者有无上肢力弱,是否可以双上肢平举,speech,患者是否可以流利、清晰的说话,有无语言功能障碍。在院前急救的情况下,新出现上述一种情况,有72%的可能为急性缺血性脑卒中,若三种情况同时出现,有85%的可能为急性缺血性脑卒中。 FAST 由于脑卒中是急症,一方面,来诊的延迟会错失获得更好治疗的宝贵机会。另一方面,约1/3的患者会在起病的最初几天内出现病情的加重,虽然对于这些加重的患者,并不是都能通过治疗有效的好转,但至少在医院内会比在家增加好转的机会。因此,我们要关注高危人群,在他们出现脑卒中相关症状时,要尽快送到合适的医院接受治疗。 说了半天要及时发现,来到医院,那到了医院,会发生什么事情呢?首先,医生会根据患者的发病过程,既往病史(评估危险因素和相关的一些病史、过敏史等等),检查患者神经系统、心脏等的功能(通过自己的五官和听诊器、叩诊锤等工具),结合自己的知识和经验,判断是否为新发的急性缺血性脑卒中。如果怀疑,立即去抽血化验一些必需的项目,如凝血功能、几类血细胞的情况、心脏情况等等,立即去做头CT,条件好的话有可能做MRI(核磁共振),通过影像学直观的判断患者脑子里到底发生了什么。通过上述流程,如果诊断是急性缺血性脑卒中,可以在4.5到6个小时内给予溶栓治疗(多数是通过静脉,也有医院具备经动脉的条件,前者和输液差不多,后者需要进导管室,在X线下,通过导管进入体内,直接用药物甚至器械开通闭塞血管),尽快恢复缺血脑组织的血液供应。当然这些恢复血液灌注的方法一不是百分之百有效,二也伴随着一定的风险。溶栓的药物,欧美一般是重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(爱通立,rtPA),国内除了rtPA(每个人约需要花费五千至一万人民币),尿激酶(几百元人民币)也是可以用的。从人群的角度讲,不溶栓的患者100个人里面,可能三十个左右可以完全恢复正常,溶栓的患者100个人里面,可能四十个左右可以完全恢复正常。也就是说,给患者增加1/3完全恢复的机会。但是,有可能增加脑出血的风险,虽然非常少,但也是有可能发生的。不过脑出血的风险和溶栓治疗可能的获益相比,还是获益更为显著。因此,各国的行业指南均将溶栓推荐为急性期最佳治疗。但由于脑组织的脆弱,和溶栓的出血并发症,为了确保治疗的有效性和安全性,专家们给溶栓治疗规定了许多禁忌症,一定要在治疗前仔细核对。 CT脑梗示意图 溶栓治疗仅仅是增加患者好转的机会,因此,即使溶栓也可能会有1/6至5/1的患者在卒中后不久死亡,仍然会有1/3多的患者遗留明显的功能残疾,因此,当患者接受治疗,如果疗效不好,甚至病情恶化、死亡时,也不要一味的怪罪医生,毕竟生、老、病、死是自然规律,我们的医学还是有限的,即使是把全国最好的药物和设备都用上,人得了病还是会致残、死亡。现在国内有的医院不太敢应用溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中,和国内的医疗环境有一定关系。试想,在当前医闹频出的环境下,万一溶栓后,患者病情加重甚至死亡,特别是出现脑出血的并发症时,家属把病情加重、死亡归罪于医生,医生要面临多么大的压力,甚至人身安全都有可能受到威胁。这种情况下,求稳就成为一种常见的心态,宁肯少做这种风险稍高的治疗,不要因治疗而出事。其结果就是很多急性缺血性脑卒中的患者不能及时得到最有效的治疗,错失良机,遗留功能残疾甚至死亡。医务人员和患者、家属的目标是一致的,大家互相理解,积极合作,患者才会得到更好的治疗。 time is brain fast CT示脑梗 主要参考文献: 1. 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南撰写组 , 中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南 2010. 中华神经科杂志 , 2010. 43(2): 146-153. 2. 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组“卒中一级预防指南撰写组” . 中国卒中一级预防指南 2010. 中华神经科杂志 , 2011; 44: 282-288 3. 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组缺血性脑卒中二级预防指南撰写组 . 中国缺血性脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南 2010. 中华神经科杂志 2010; 43: 154-160 4. Adams, H.P., Jr., G. del Zoppo, M.J. Alberts, et al., Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 2007. 38(5): 1655-1711. 5. Gilhus, N.E., Barnes, M. P. and Brainin, M., Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack, in European Handbook of Neurological Management2010, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford: UK. 6. Yeu-Jhy Chang, Shan-Jin Ryu, Jiunn-Rong Chen,et al. 急性缺血性脑中风之一般处理原则指引(台湾指南) .Acta Neurol Taiwan 2008;17:275-295 7. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1995. 333(24): 1581-1587. 8. Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ,et al. Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke.Stroke. 2011 Feb;42(2):517-84. Epub 2010 Dec 2.
经常有患友纠结于不同医师(特别是中西医医师)之间迥异的治疗方案,徘徊于敢不敢、该不该做某项有严重创伤性的治疗!?此时,通常的说理常常苍白乏力,因为每个人的立场、价值观不同,公说公有理,婆说婆有理,无法取得共识。其实,这时候,看看医生自己生了这个病是怎么选择的,最有说服力。临床上,我有不少患者本人是医师,有些还是肿瘤科医师,我常常爱举的两个例子:一位是内蒙古的资深外科大夫,患胰腺体癌,综合评估后手术切除的可能性不超过 30% ,遂放弃手术,用过几次化疗,现以中药为主,控制得可以;一位江苏某三甲医院的肺科主任(专攻肺癌化疗),自己生了肺腺癌,手术后化疗只做了两次,每次一半剂量的化疗,就坚决不做,寻求中医治疗而找到了我,而我的一些病人认识他,接受过他的治疗,说他原本很不主张用中药。其实,国外有过类似的研究,很值得我们思考。 例如,美国杜克及密歇根大学的 Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher 等就探讨了这个问题。他们假设医生如果自己生病了,他为自己所做出的临床决策是否与他给其他患者的建议一致呢?他们对数百位医生进行了问卷调查,问卷中设置两个情景:患直肠癌或禽流感。每个情景中都有两种可选择的治疗方案,其中 A 方案的治愈率高、死亡率低,但出现严重副作用的风险比较大;而 B 方案的死亡率相对较高、治愈率较低,但发生严重副作用的风险相对要小。也就是说 A 方案毒性大,成功率相对高些; B 方案毒性小,生活质量相对好些。分别询问受试医生在为患者和自己做决定的情况下,会选择哪种方案。结果显示:在直肠癌情况下, 242 名受试医生中有 37.8 %的人为自己选择了死亡率高但副作用小的 B 方案,却只有 24.5% 的医生选择为患者推荐此方案。在假设患了禽流感的情况下, 698 名医生中, 62.9% 的为自己选择死亡率高但副作用小的 B 方案,而为患者推荐此方案的医生比例仅有 48.5% 。很显然,调查结果显示出医生为自己或患者选择是不一致的。也就是说,医生更愿意为自己选择相对安全的 B 方案,却对他人更愿意选择毒性更大的 A 方案。这明显违背了常规的“己所不欲,勿施于人”之原则。研究者认为这不能仅仅从道德层面进行思考,因为绝大多数的医生都是怀有救人之心的。他们分析认为:“与其揣测医生为自己和病人做出的不同选择是出于人己不同的私心,倒不如说医生对自己和患者的价值观理解的不同”。因为两种治疗方案中,方案 A 的死亡率低,但是副作用的风险高,选择它可能获得较长的生命时间,却牺牲了生命质量;而 B 方案尽管死亡率高,但是副作用少,它是以生命长度为代价来获取生命质量。医生很容易将患者的价值观理解为仅仅延长生命的长度——只要活下来就万事大吉,而生命质量则放在次要地位。但同样的事件降临到自己身上时,更多的医生看重的是生命质量,也许因为他们看过太多的饱受疾病折磨勉强维持的生命,因此会更有可能放弃生命的长度去追求生存的质量。医生对患者价值观的理解与自己价值观的迥异或许是上述调查结果的另一种解释。但是,这个问题在中国还纠缠着经济利益、意识形态(中西医主体文化)等的因素。更为复杂,对此,我们暂且就事论事。至少,以上故事与研究,给我们两点提示: 一、看看医师自己怎么选择,很有借鉴意义。我在《癌症只是慢性病》里讲了多个类似的故事,特别是徐主任一心热衷于化疗,对他妈却坚拒化疗,值得深思! 二、医疗,不管是中医西医,其实只是种治疗手段,或者说技术措施。用邓小平的话来说,实用、有效为上,“白猫(中医)黑猫(西医),能逮住老鼠(能解决临床问题)就是好猫(好手段)”。我则把中西医看作是人的左右手,左右手协同,干事才轻松!何必门户之见第一,意识形态至上,一方硬是排斥另一方呢!这其实体现了医学上可怕的“原教旨主义”,害人不浅!
来自第四军医大学西京医院关于呼吸氢气治疗硅巴因诱导的听神经病,发表在《中国药理学报》。 Inhalation of hydrogengas attenuates ouabain-induced.pdf 听神经病( AN )是近年来逐渐为人们所认识的一种有特殊临床表现的听力障碍,其特征是听毛细胞正常但神经功能异常,其诊断处理皆有别于一般的感音神经性聋。 氢气作为一种抗氧化抗炎症抗细胞凋亡物质在许多疾病模型和临床研究中证明具有治疗作用,本研究主要是为探索氢气是否对 硅巴因诱导的听神经病具有治疗作用。氢气在呼吸气体中的浓度分别为 1%, 2%, and 4% ,蒙古沙土鼠分别在硅巴因注射后 1 小时和 6 小时呼吸 60 分钟氢气混合气。在硅巴因诱导前和 7 天后,用听觉脑干诱发电位检测动物听力状态,用 畸变产物耳声发射 (DPOAE) 测定听细胞功能。 7 天后用形态学分析耳蜗和神经节。 Tunel 染色和 caspase3 免疫组织化学染色评价神经节细胞凋亡情况。结果发现,硅巴因可以诱导脑干听力诱发电位的低单音和短纯音( click and tone )在 4 、 8 、 16Hz 听阈移位,呼吸 2% 和 4% 的氢气能显著改善该作用。硅巴因和氢气对 DPOAE 均无影响。形态学结果表明 2% 氢气可减轻硅巴因诱导的神经节损伤和细胞凋亡。但对听毛细胞没有影响。结果表明,氢气氢气可以改善硅巴因诱导的 听神经病。 本研究证明氢气可以保护听神经,结合过去日本和中国学者对氢气保护噪声性耳聋治疗的研究,氢气不仅可以保护听毛细胞,而且可以保护听神经损伤。那么氢气作为耳聋,特别是急性期患者的治疗价值将值得期待。 Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2012 Mar 5. doi: 10.1038/aps.2011.190. Inhalation of hydrogen gas attenuates ouabain-induced auditory neuropathy in gerbils. Qu J , Gan YN , Xie KL , Liu WB , Wang YF , Hei RY , Mi WJ , Qiu JH . Source Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. Abstract Aim:Auditory neuropathy (AN) is a hearing disorder characterized by abnormal auditory nerve function with preservation of normal cochlear hair cells. This study was designed to investigate whether treatment with molecular hydrogen (H(2)), which can remedy damage in various organs via reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, is beneficial to ouabain-induced AN in gerbils.Methods:AN model was made by local application of ouabain (1 mmol/L, 20 mL) to the round window membrane in male Mongolian gerbils. H(2) treatment was given twice by exposing the animals to H(2) (1%, 2%, and 4%) for 60 min at 1 h and 6 h after ouabain application. Before and 7 d after ouabain application, the hearing status of the animals was evaluated using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) approach, the hear cell function was evaluated with distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). Seven days after ouabain application, the changes in the cochleae, especially the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), were morphologically studied. TUNEL staining and immunofluorescent staining for activated caspase-3 were used to assess the apoptosis of SGNs.Results:Treatment with H(2) (2% and 4%) markedly attenuated the click and tone burst-evoked ABR threshold shift at 4, 8, and 16 kHz in ouabain-exposed animals. Neither local ouabain application, nor H(2) treatment changed the amplitude of DPOAE at 4, 8, and 16 kHz. Morphological study showed that treatment with H(2) (2%) significantly alleviated SGN damage and attenuated the loss of SGN density for each turn of cochlea in ouabain-exposed animals. Furthermore, ouabain caused significantly higher numbers of apoptotic SGNs in the cochlea, which was significantly attenuated by the H(2) treatment. However, ouabain did not change the morphology of cochlear hair cells.Conclusion:The results demonstrate that H(2) treatment is beneficial to ouabain-induced AN via reducing apoptosis. Thus, H(2) might be a potential agent for treating hearing impairment in AN
乳果糖是临床常用的泻药,多用于肠道手术前和一些长期卧床便秘患者,也被用于治疗肝性脑病。实际上由于人体消化系统本身不能直接消化乳果糖,需要大肠内的细菌代谢,细菌代谢乳果糖可以产生一定量的氢气。利用这个特点,适当口服小剂量的乳果糖通过增加身体内细菌产生氢气来实现治疗疾病的目的。中风患者本身也经常使用乳果糖,也许在不经意利用了氢气的治疗作用。肝性脑病的治疗过去一直认为是可以促进大肠细菌代谢胆汁中的毒素,特别是氨这样的蛋白质代谢产物。过去从没有人考虑到氢气的作用,至少应该进行这方面的探讨。本文属于 letter 发表在气体医学研究杂志上,审稿过程中有人认为这样的论文没有发表价值,应该有实验证据后在发表,但也有不同看法,认为这样提出新观点仍是有价值的。 全文免费下载: http://www.medicalgasresearch.com/content/2/1/3/abstract Lactulose: an effective preventive and therapeutic option for ischemic stroke by production of hydrogen Xiao Chen , Xiao Zhai , Zhimin Kang and Xuejun Sun For all author emails, please log on . Medical Gas Research 2012, 2 :3 doi:10.1186/2045-9912-2-3 Published: 6 February 2012 Abstract (provisional) Lactulose, a synthetic sugar not able to be digested and absorbed by human beings, is widely used to treat constipation and hepatic encephalopathy clinically. Through fermentation by the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, lactulose can produce considerable amount of hydrogen, which is protective for ischemic stroke as a unique antioxidant. We propose that lactulose can induce the production of endogenous hydrogen that in turn reduces oxidative stress and ameliorate the stroke damage in human beings. The complete article is available as a provisional PDF . The fully formatted PDF and HTML versions are in production.
QUESTION: -- specifically these reports coming out of China that a deputy mayor of Chongqing had sought refuge at the consulate in Chengdu and that there had been an unexpected increase in security personnel around the consulate for a while. What can you tell us about any of this? 具体到中国重庆市副市长王立军的相关报道,有媒体称王立军曾到美国驻成都领事馆寻求政治庇护,一大批均价和安全人员也突然出现在领事馆附近,您能就此事作出解释吗? MS. NULAND: Well, I think you’re referring to reports about the vice mayor of Chongqing – right – City. So his name is Wang Lijun. Wang Lijun did request a meeting at the U.S. Consulate General in Chengdu earlier this week in his capacity as vice mayor. The meeting was scheduled, our folks met with him, he did visit the consulate and he later left the consulate of his own volition. So – and obviously, we don’t talk about issues having to do with refugee status, asylum, et cetera. 好的,我想你指的是重庆市副市长王立军的相关报道。王立军的确于本周早些时候在成都领事馆召开了一次他亲自主持的会议,这次会议是已经计划好的,我们的相关工作人员做了陪同,王也拜会了我们的领事馆,后来自己独自离开了大使馆。一次,我们不能谈论这些事情和避难有关联。 QUESTION: Okay. But – so can you tell us exactly when that meeting took place? 好的,但是,您能告诉我嘛这个会议什么时候召开的吗? MS. NULAND: I believe – we’re here on Wednesday – I believe it was Monday, but if that is not right, we will get back to you. 我确信是在周一召开的,如果是错的话,我会纠正的。 QUESTION: Do you have any information about what – have you had any subsequent contact with him? Because there’s some questions about his whereabouts. 有更多的相关消息可以透露吗,因为还有一些问题有待证实。 MS. NULAND: Yeah. To my knowledge, we have not. 好的,但是我已经不知道其他了。 QUESTION: And aside from any possible thing that you couldn’t talk about on asylum can you tell us what he did talk about there? What was the purpose of this meeting? 除了政治避难,王立军还有可能做了或者是说了什么呢,这次会议的目的是什么呢? MS. NULAND: Frankly, I don’t have anything at the moment on the substance of the meeting. 坦诚的说,目前我不清楚这次会议的任何内容。 QUESTION: Can you say why you said he used – why you used the term, “he left the consulate of his – on his own volition”? 您能不能解释一下,您为什么用了“王立军独自离开”这个词语吗? MS. NULAND: Well again, there has been some reporting to indicate that that might not have been the case, but it was the case. 好的,一些报道指出的当时情况可能不准确,但是事实就是我说的这样。 QUESTION: Okay. The reporting being that he had been forced to leave or that had been dragged out, or -- 好的,报道称王立军已经被“下马”? MS. NULAND: There’s been unusual reporting about all of this. So just to reaffirm for you, that he walked out, it was his choice. 那些都是对这件事的曲解,我可以再次确认,他是自己走出去的,也是他的选择。
呼吸氢气对猪心脏缺血再灌注的治疗作用 似乎这是第一篇使用猪为动物疾病模型证明氢气效应的文章 。 作者制备两种严重程度不同的模型,第一种是阻断冠状动脉前降支缺血 12 分钟,再灌注 90 分钟,第二种延长缺血时间到 40 分钟,再灌注 120 分钟。第一种模型研究了呼吸 2% 氢气 102 分钟(缺血加再灌注期间)对 segment shortening 改变的影响,结果发现呼吸 2% 的氢气可以产生显著的效果( 74/48 )。第二种模型发现呼吸 4% 的氢气 160 分钟,对心脏梗死面积降低的效果比 2% 氢气( 40% )更理想(从对照组的 46% 降低到治疗后的 32% )。研究证明呼吸氢气对猪心脏缺血再灌注效果显著。 从摘要看,本研究缺点是没有进行心脏功能学的研究,既然可以做心电,第二种模型完全可以进行类似的记录。也应该进行心肌酶学的检测。这些都是研究心脏缺血最基本的指标,当然也应该有一些氧化损伤相关指标的研究。这些都没有,说明发表篇论文如此容易,如果只为发表论文,也太糟蹋猪了,也许可以吃肉,废物利用,不知道日本学者是不是这样干的。 Scand Cardiovasc J. 2012 Jan 20. Inhalation of hydrogen gas protects against myocardial stunning and infarction in swine. Sakai K , Cho S , Shibata I , Yoshitomi O , Maekawa T , Sumikawa K . Abstract Abstract Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine whether inhalation of hydrogen (H(2)) gas protects myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in swine. Design: In anesthetized open-chest swine, myocardial stunning was produced by 12-min occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) followed by 90-min reperfusion in the first study. Group A inhaled 100% oxygen, and group B inhaled 2% H(2) plus 98% oxygen during ischemia and reperfusion. In the second study, myocardial infarction was produced by 40-min occlusion of LAD followed by 120-min reperfusion. Group C inhaled 100% oxygen during ischemia and reperfusion. Group Dinhaled 2% H(2) plus 98% oxygen. Group E inhaled 4% H(2) plus 96% oxygen. Results: The change of segment shortening (%SS) from baseline at 90 min after reperfusion in group B was 74 ± 13 (mean ± SD) %, which was significantly higher than that in group A (48 ± 15%). Myocardial infarct size in group E (32 ± 10%), but not in group D (40 ± 9%) was smaller than that in group C (46 ± 6%). Conclusions: Inhalation of 2% H(2) gas improves myocardial stunning, and inhalation of 4% but not 2% H(2) gas reduces myocardial infarct size in swine.
来自哈尔滨医科大学附属医院的一项研究表明,氢气对睾丸扭转损伤具有保护效应。文章已经被国际著名杂志 The Journal of Urology 接受。 过去没有想到,氢气治疗疾病的范围中会包括这个疾病。不过事后想想,这也没有什么奇怪的,睾丸扭转本质是器官缺血再灌注损伤。另外一个想不到的是,这么一个思路并不复杂,研究内容也比较简单的工作,但能发表在世界 50 强的杂志上。如果从正面考虑,这个研究第一次提出证据氢气可以治疗睾丸缺血损伤,虽然在医学教材中没有这个疾病的详细介绍,而睾丸缺血并不是一个罕见的疾病,仍是一个需要重视的疾病。这个疾病的起因往往是先天性睾丸系带过长,那么说应该属于一种先天性异常导致的并发疾病。对少数存在这类问题的患者,手术纠正是最重要的手段。一旦发生扭转,及时复位是最重要的方法。如果救治不及时,药物治疗就成为一种被动的方法。氢气治疗当属于最后的迫不得已的一种手段的研究。 不过,这个疾病作为一种模型,有其特点和优势。这个疾病模型的制备相对简单,只要把睾丸扭 360-720 度,等一段时间就成。模型的稳定性应该是比较好的,这要比结扎冠状动脉的心脏缺血模型、用线插的大脑中动脉阻断的脑缺血模型要容易的多,而且稳定地多。这对证明一种药物效应来讲是非常重要的特点。 该研究制备模型后,给含氢气的生理盐水治疗,通过观察形态学和氧化指标,证明氢气能治疗睾丸扭转引起的细胞凋亡。显然,该研究的指标过于简单。如果从凋亡角度,单从形态学证据不够充分,至少应该做一些凋亡相关蛋白的检测,如果从氧化角度,单进行 MDA 检测也显得过于简单,最好能有多种指标共同显示同样效果。从效应角度,是否可以做一些功能学的研究,例如精子发育质量和数量等。不过,即使补充这些试验,仍属于描述性研究。证明治疗有效,确实有效而已。如果从机制上分析,应该有更多分子途径的研究。例如采用蛋白检测分析一些蛋白,如 HO-1 、 cc16 、 Ask1 、 Nrf2 等。采用 PCR 检测一些分子的基因表达。最好能用一些阻断剂,看是否能阻断一些分子逆转氢气的效应,如果可以,则证明这些通路在氢气治疗效应上确实通过这些途径。另外,睾丸扭转也应该存在炎症反应,也是一个研究内容。 Protective Effects of Hydrogen-rich Saline Solution on Experimental Testicular Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rats Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of hydrogen-rich saline solution (HRSS) on the prevention of testicular damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: sham group, torsion-detorsion (TD) group, TD + saline group, and TD + HRSS group. Testicular torsion was performed by rotating the left testis 720° clockwise for 4 hours, and reperfusion was allowed for 4 hours. 5ml/Kg HRSS was intraperitoneally injected into rats in TD + HRSS group 15 min before the start of detorsion. Animals were killed after a 4-hour initiation of detorsion. Left orchiectomies were performed for histopathological examinations and biochemical assays. Results: Johnsen scores in the TD group and the TD + saline group were significantly lower compared with those in the Sham group, whereas they were higher in the TD + HRSS group compared with the TD group. Apoptosis index was significantly increased in TD group and the TD + saline group. Treatment of rats with HRSS significantly reduced the apoptosis index. Significant increase in the MDA level and decrease in the SOD activity were observed in TD group and the TD + saline group. MDA level of TD + HRSS group was significantly lowered and SOD activity of was significantly improved when compared with TD and the TD + saline group. Conclusions: The results provide a biochemical and histopathologic basis for HRSS acting as a therapeutic agent for the testicular damage induced by I/R injury. 以下选自网络资料: 睾丸 通过被称为睾丸系膜的组织与 阴囊 相连,由睾丸系膜将睾丸固定于阴囊。有的胎儿在发育时就会产生一侧或两侧睾丸系膜过长,出生后,睾丸与 精索 的活动度就很大,万一遇上突然用力或猛烈震荡等情况,睾丸与精索就会发生 360 度以上的扭转,也叫精索扭转。 扭转造成睾丸损伤的机制容易理解。循环障碍、静脉闭塞导致睾丸充血、肿胀,如果拖延下去,静脉血栓形成,最后动脉栓塞而组织坏死。睾丸受损害的程度与两个因素有关,即扭转的程度和持续的时间。 1961 年, Sonde 和 Lapides 动物试验证明,精索完全旋转 4 周, 2h 即可产生睾丸组织的不可逆改变,而旋转 1 周 (360°) , 12h 或更长时间未对睾丸产生不良影响。临床病例证据证实:在扭转持续 4h 后可以看到后期的睾丸萎缩。如果扭转后 12h 没有救治,多数睾丸将发生萎缩。但这种情况也有很大的不确定性。 有些病人是间隙性的和自愈性的扭转,未造成睾丸损伤,而另一些病人可能迅速出现完全的血管梗死,并且很快出现睾丸的损伤和坏死。总之,在症状初起后 4h 应尽快手术探查。睾丸缺血 12h 后,坏死几乎不能幸免。 睾丸扭转并不罕见,从新生儿到老年人均可发生,但以儿童和 20 ~ 25 岁的人发病率高。此扭断可能因睾丸坏死被切除。拖延时间越长,睾丸丧失功能的可能性就越大,到时即使睾丸不被切除,也常因缺血过久导致睾丸产生的 精子 功能受到破坏而出现 睾丸萎缩 ,扭转的本质原因 — 般是生殖器官先天畸形。如果在运动、外伤、睡眠时刺激提睾肌,使之收缩增强,导致提睾肌纤维呈现螺旋状,加上睾丸的重量,特别是只有一个睾丸外露的隐睾者更易发此病。睾丸扭转易发生在夜晚或凌晨。
俄罗斯石头- Charoit (紫硅碱钙石) ( GENUINE CHAROITE HEALING STONES ) 这是一种靛青与紫色石头, 首次于 1940 年发现于俄罗斯东西伯利亚 Yakutia (Sacha萨哈共和国)的 Murun 山脉。至今为止,它是这种稀有矿物唯一的产地。 Charoit 名字来源于 Murun 山脉附件发现这种石头的 Chary / Chara 河。 据说,这种石头具有治疗抑郁强迫精神紊乱症状的疗效。所以,此石头又称神奇的Charoite治疗石。 Charoit : 是一种含硅矿物,含硅、钾、钠、钙元素; 化学分子式为 (K(Ca;Na) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH;F) • H 2 O) ,是由霞石正长岩侵入到灰岩中发生交代作用形成的。自然界中常与钛钾钙硅石和硅碱钙石 ( tinaksite and canasite )共生。 有100多种类,例如: Tokkoit,Tinaksit, Aegirin, Frankamenit。 Tinaksite (钛钾钙硅石): 主要含钛、 钠 、钙、 硅 。 化学分子式为 (K 2 Na(Ca,Mn 2+ ) 2 Ti ) ,常产于 Charoit 中。 图片石头发现于1978年,属 Tinaksit 类型,外表为桔黄色。 目前,还没有搞清它复杂的晶体结构。 该石头重量约有780 公斤, 2006年12月 价值为36500欧元,约合人民币40万,现约30万元。 1 2 3 4 石头名、颜色、产地和价格 附:关于 Charoit 神奇治疗的资料 Purple, solid. Newly coming into greater use. Works with Indigo violet Charka to transmute/lift us out of emotions, fear. Seeing old patterns with new possibilities. Opens heart, inspiration, service, seeing clearly mentally, physically, psychically, faster healing. Some find useful also for entity release work and alcohol/liver detoxification. Russian Chariot is the perfect stone for those suffering with obsessive compulsive disorder because it grounds our emotions and opens and balances the crown charka. If you find yourself holding on to fears and allowing them to hold you back from being all that you can be , try meditating with a Russian Chariot Gemstone. It helps you to let go of the fear and transform them into a positive energy you can use to move on to bigger and better things . Those suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder could benefit from Russian Chariot Gemstone because it not only helps you to overcome the disorder but its transformational abilities helps you to redirect those energies into something more positive and life affirming for you .
《自然》杂志预测2011年科研热点 http://news.sciencenet.cn//htmlnews/2011/1/242378.shtm 丙肝治疗 包括丙肝治疗药物Telaprevir在内的多种药物获批是人们在2011年的迫切愿望之一。全球有3%的人感染了丙肝病毒,Telaprevir或将为他们带来希望。 New year, new science http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101231/full/469012a.html Hepatitis C treatment Eagerly anticipated drug approvals in 2011 include a decision by the US Food and Drug Administration on telaprevir, which could provide relief for the 3% of the world's population infected with the hepatitisC virus. The drug was developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals in Cambridge, Massachusetts. http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB01lys5moqoa0ueI17I1xI00h001000j100200010 28,964 documents semantically analyzed 1 2 Top Years Publications 2010 2,063 2009 2,063 2005 2,048 2008 2,017 2007 2,007 2006 1,980 2004 1,907 2003 1,732 2002 1,606 2001 1,492 2000 1,434 1999 1,279 1998 1,101 1997 1,060 1995 946 1996 918 1994 782 1993 608 1992 487 1991 374 1 2 1 2 3 ... 8 Top Countries Publications USA 6,179 Japan 2,913 Italy 2,244 France 1,871 Spain 1,319 Germany 1,293 United Kingdom 1,042 Canada 599 China 558 Australia 533 Taiwan 453 Brazil 380 Netherlands 293 Switzerland 264 Turkey 247 Belgium 225 Sweden 222 India 211 Poland 204 Austria 185 1 2 3 ... 8 1 2 3 ... 76 Top Cities Publications Tokyo 620 Paris 521 London 495 New York City 466 Madrid 441 Barcelona 319 Rome 316 Los Angeles 282 Boston 278 Milan 278 Taipei 267 Osaka 243 Bethesda 231 San Francisco 229 Baltimore 199 Sydney 185 Seattle 179 Philadelphia 174 Atlanta 174 Naples 170 1 2 3 ... 76 1 2 3 ... 136 Top Journals Publications Hepatology 974 J Hepatol 845 Transplant P 572 Am J Gastroenterol 448 J Viral Hepatitis 434 J Med Virol 415 Liver Transpl 380 Gastroenterology 354 Transplantation 306 J Gastroen Hepatol 298 Gastroen Clin Biol 295 World J Gastroentero 276 Lancet 274 Nippon Rinsho 273 Digest Dis Sci 269 Aids 253 Hepato-gastroenterol 249 Gut 214 Clin Infect Dis 213 Transfusion 209 1 2 3 ... 136 1 2 3 ... 866 Top Terms Publications Hepatitis C 27,207 Humans 27,108 Hepatitis 25,780 Patients 18,472 Viruses 18,316 Hepacivirus 16,451 Hepatitis Viruses 14,799 Adult 11,495 Hepatitis C, Chronic 11,300 Middle Aged 10,938 Hepatitis, Chronic 10,215 Antiviral Agents 9,988 Interferons 8,293 Hepatitis B 5,756 Ribavirin 5,683 Fibrosis 5,458 Aged 5,143 Evaluation Studies as Topic 4,999 Interferon-alpha 4,946 Serum 4,891 1 2 3 ... 866
http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/edit_b.cgi Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature A-query: multiple myeloma and therapy C-query: proteasome inhibitor The B-list contains title words and phrases (terms) that appeared in both the A and the C literature. 425 articles appeared in both literatures and were not included in the process of computing the B-list but can be viewed here . The results of this search are saved under id # 3064 and can be accessed from the start page after you leave this session. There are 641 terms on the current B-list ( 329 are predicted to be relevant), which is shown ranked according to predicted relevance. The list can be further trimmed down using the filters listed in the left margin. To assess whether there appears to be a biologically significant relationship between the AB and BC literatures for specific B-terms, please select one or more B-terms and then click the button to view the corresponding AB and BC literatures. Use Ctrl to select multiple B-terms. job id # 3064 started Wed Dec 29 01:41:39 2010 Max_citations: 50000 Stoplist: /var/www/html/arrowsmith_uic/data/stopwords_pubmed Ngram_max: 3 3064 Search ARROWSMITH A A_query_raw: multiple myeloma and therapy Wed Dec 29 01:42:25 2010 A query = multiple myeloma and therapy started Wed Dec 29 01:42:26 2010 A query resulted in 13773 titles 3064 Search ARROWSMITH C C_query_raw: proteasome inhibitor Wed Dec 29 01:42:39 2010 C: proteasome inhibitor 5177 A: pubmed_query_A 13773 AC: ( multiple myeloma and therapy ) AND ( proteasome inhibitor ) 425 C query = proteasome inhibitor started Wed Dec 29 01:42:40 2010 C query resulted in 5177 titles A AND C query resulted in 425 titles 6169 B-terms ready on Wed Dec 29 01:44:12 2010 Sem_filter: Genes Molecular Sequences, and Gene Protein Names 641 B-terms left after filter executed Wed Dec 29 01:50:28 2010 641 B-terms left after filter executed Wed Dec 29 01:50:31 2010 641 B-terms left after filter executed Wed Dec 29 01:50:34 2010 B-list on Wed Dec 29 01:51:43 2010 1 p27kip1 2 rankl 3 jak stat 4 jnk 5 wnt 6 mdm2 7 akt 8 vegf 9 caspase-8 10 stat1 11 apo2l 12 mtor 13 stat3 14 p38 mapk 15 beta catenin 16 caspase-3 17 ppargamma 18 caspase 19 gp130 20 toll receptor 21 cyclin dependent kinase 22 cox-2 23 pi3k 24 cd40 ligand 25 cd20 26 pten 27 survivin 28 bcl xl 29 mcl-1 30 jak2 31 kip1 32 erk1 33 c jun 34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 35 ikappab 36 map kinase 37 cd40 38 mek 39 bcr abl 40 cyclin d1 41 cd52 42 jak 43 cd95 44 bax 45 cxcr4 46 signal regulated kinase 47 ny eso-1 48 waf1 49 abcg2 50 bcl-2 51 hdm2 52 p38 53 xiap 54 nf kappab 55 bcr 56 topoisomerase i 57 shp-1 58 socs3 59 jak1 60 c jun n 61 bcl 62 topoisomerase 63 mek1 64 cd34 65 cd1d 66 skp2 67 aurora a 68 histone deacetylase 69 il-6 70 cd28 71 endostatin 72 p53 gene 73 hepatocyte growth factor 74 hdac 75 c myc 76 psmb5 77 ubiquitin 78 p27 79 cyp2c8 80 abl 81 blys 82 transcription factor 83 cll 84 mage 85 hsp90 86 cdk2 87 telomerase reverse transcriptase 88 cdk6 89 glycogen synthase 90 smac 91 hsp70 92 bim 93 cd86 94 chk1 95 c jun nh2-terminal 96 fasl 97 erk 98 glucocorticoid receptor 99 apaf-1 100 ki-67 101 tyrosine kinase 102 p glycoprotein 103 cyclin 104 icam-1 105 k ras 106 nf kappa b 107 nqo1 108 interleukin 109 receptor tyrosine kinase 110 her-2 111 cannabinoid receptor 112 aml 113 egfr 114 saha 115 th1 116 her-2 neu 117 pkc 118 aurora b 119 janus kinase 120 jun 121 her-2 neu overexpression 122 activation c jun 123 pthrp 124 tp53 125 ikk 126 ifn alpha 127 statin 128 ck2 129 tumor suppressor 130 p21 131 genome wide 132 cytokine production 133 tnf alpha 134 20s 135 myc 136 gsk3beta 137 c met 138 cd8 139 rhoa 140 ctl 141 her2 142 cd30 143 matrix metalloproteinase 144 p53 145 autophagy 146 gene multiple myeloma 147 ifn 148 hmg coa reductase 149 chemokine 150 p65 151 ctla-4 152 interferon alpha 153 ampk 154 transgene expression 155 trail 156 promyelocytic leukemia 157 erythropoietin 158 cdna 159 stat 160 g2 161 dr5 162 heat shock protein 163 tnf 164 g1 165 fas 166 fas ligand 167 fibroblast growth factor 168 cytokine 169 hnrnp 170 bak 171 p53 tumor suppressor 172 tyrosine phosphatase 173 transferrin receptor 174 perforin 175 toll 176 bik 177 transgene expression human 178 p gp 179 sirt1 180 protein kinase c 181 bcl x 182 receptor kinase 183 nf 184 tumor suppressor gene 185 cd16 186 pcna 187 repressor 188 estrogen receptor 189 egf 190 tumor necrosis factor 191 notch 192 synergistic cytotoxicity 193 thrombomodulin 194 protein kinase 195 p16 196 leptin 197 programmed cell death 198 dna methyltransferase 199 p selectin 200 pu 201 crm1 202 tau 203 iap 204 ccr5 205 lfa-1 206 mhc 207 ranbp2 208 smad 209 interferon gamma 210 erythropoietin receptor 211 gsk-3beta 212 adeno 213 scid 214 q11 215 fas l 216 igf i 217 gene promoter 218 etr2 219 rac1 220 bortezomib synergistic 221 src 222 cystatin 223 major vault protein 224 death associated protein 225 protein tyrosine kinase 226 timp-1 227 activin 228 ns3 229 insulin receptor 230 igf 231 ifn gamma 232 d1 233 her2 neu 234 proliferating cell nuclear 235 ornithine decarboxylase 236 paget disease bone 237 cd4 238 gene expressed 239 prostate cancer 240 renal failure 241 microrna 242 activating transcription factor 243 radiation induced apoptosis 244 inflammatory bowel disease 245 neu 246 hyperlipidemia 247 pituitary tumor transforming 248 alpha2b 249 synergistic cytotoxic 250 thrombopoietin 251 histone 252 ire1alpha 253 cyclin d3 254 caveolin-1 255 killer 256 decorin 257 gene transfer 258 rna polymerase 259 igf-1 260 hsp27 261 mip-1beta 262 fc 263 endoplasmic reticulum 264 tnfr 265 protein tyrosine phosphatase 266 abcb1 267 transgene 268 intronic 269 pacap 270 cadherin 271 epidermal growth factor 272 glioma 273 class i 274 motor neuron disease 275 nk 276 a2a 277 kappa 278 rna binding protein 279 l1 280 il-12 281 vitamin d receptor 282 retinoblastoma 283 inducible 284 janus 285 er 286 opg 287 il-4 288 cpg 289 hla 290 il-1 291 m2 292 interferon 293 wnt3a 294 cytochrome p450 295 factor receptor egfr 296 protease 297 constitutive 298 atm 299 isoform 300 opioid receptor 301 oncogene 302 snp 303 integrin 304 ig 305 ras 306 oncogene expression 307 tumor transforming gene 308 enhancer 309 flt3 310 proteinase 311 kinase 312 breast cancer 313 p11 314 amino acid transporter 315 ran 316 insulin growth factor 317 p19 318 tubulin 319 fibronectin 320 mds 321 histidine decarboxylase 322 2b 323 protein c 324 fatty acid synthase 325 major histocompatibility complex 326 noxa 327 ligand 328 m d 329 transporter http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/show_sentences.cgi p27 Kip1蛋白是细胞周期负性调节物,抑制细胞增殖,阻断细胞生长于G1期。p27基因改变在许多人类恶性肿瘤中属罕见事件,但在良、恶性肿瘤中却广泛存在p27表达异常,提示一种翻译或翻译后的水平调控机制。 Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature AB literature B-term BC literature multiple myeloma and therapy ... p27kip1 proteasome inhibitor 1: Amplification and overexpression of CKS1B at chromosome band 1q21 is associated with reduced levels of p27Kip1 and an aggressive clinical course in multiple myeloma.2005 Add to clipboard 2: Low p27Kip1 expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with multiple myeloma.2003 Add to clipboard 1: Tumor suppressor p27Kip1 undergoes endolysosomal degradation through its interaction with sorting nexin 6.2010 Add to clipboard 2: Chemical genetics approach to restoring p27Kip1 reveals novel compounds with antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer cells.2010 Add to clipboard 3: USP19 deubiquitinating enzyme supports cell proliferation by stabilizing KPC1, a ubiquitin ligase for p27Kip1 .2009 Add to clipboard 4: Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 up-regulates cellular levels of p27KIP1 by targeting ScfSKP2 ubiquitin ligase and Src.2009 Add to clipboard 5: TGFbeta prevents proteasomal degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 for cell cycle arrest.2009 Add to clipboard 6: Phosphorylation of p27Kip1 by Epstein-Barr virus protein kinase induces its degradation through SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase actions during viral lytic replication.2009 Add to clipboard 7: Overexpression of adenovirus-mediated p27kip1 lacking the Jab1-binding region enhances cytotoxicity and inhibits xenografted human cholangiocarcinoma growth.2009 Add to clipboard 8: Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 mediated expression of p27Kip1 via S-phase kinase protein 2 degradation induces cell cycle coupled apoptosis in primary effusion lymphoma cells.2009 Add to clipboard 9: Bortezomib-mediated expression of p27Kip1 through S-phase kinase protein 2 degradation in epithelial ovarian cancer.2009 Add to clipboard 10: Bortezomib (Velcade) induces p27Kip1 expression through S-phase kinase protein 2 degradation in colorectal cancer.2008 Add to clipboard 11: Pim kinases promote cell cycle progression by phosphorylating and down-regulating p27Kip1 at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.2008 Add to clipboard 12: EGCG stabilizes p27kip1 in E2-stimulated MCF-7 cells through down-regulation of the Skp2 protein.2008 Add to clipboard 13: MG-132 inhibits telomerase activity, induces apoptosis and G(1) arrest associated with upregulated p27kip1 expression and downregulated survivin expression in gastric carcinoma cells.2008 Add to clipboard 14: Expression of p27kip1 and Skp2 in the adult spinal cord following sciatic nerve injury.2007 Add to clipboard 15: Hepatitis B virus pre-S2 mutant surface antigen induces degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 through c-Jun activation domain-binding protein 1.2007 Add to clipboard 16: Pirh2 promotes ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 .2007 Add to clipboard 17: p27kip1 overexpression promotes paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in pRb-defective SaOs-2 cells.2006 Add to clipboard 18: HSP27 favors ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p27Kip1 and helps S-phase re-entry in stressed cells.2006 Add to clipboard 19: Cellular mechanism through which parathyroid hormone-related protein induces proliferation in arterial smooth muscle cells: definition of an arterial smooth muscle PTHrP /p27kip1 pathway.2006 Add to clipboard 20: Expression of the ubiquitin ligase subunit cyclin kinase subunit 1 and its relationship to S-phase kinase protein 2 and p27Kip1 in prostate cancer.2006 Add to clipboard 21: HER2-targeting antibodies modulate the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 via multiple signaling pathways.2005 Add to clipboard 22: Retinoic acid stabilizes p27Kip1 in EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid B cell lines through enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation of the p45Skp2 and Cks1 proteins.2005 Add to clipboard 23: Ciglitazone-induced cellular anti-proliferation increases p27kip1 protein levels through both increased transcriptional activity and inhibition of proteasome degradation.2005 Add to clipboard 24: BCR-ABL induces the expression of Skp2 through the PI3K pathway to promote p27Kip1 degradation and proliferation of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.2005 Add to clipboard 25: Hes1 directly controls cell proliferation through the transcriptional repression of p27Kip1 .2005 Add to clipboard 26: Inducible expression of a degradation-resistant form of p27Kip1 causes growth arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells.2005 Add to clipboard 27: Growth arrest by troglitazone is mediated by p27Kip1 accumulation, which results from dual inhibition of proteasome activity and Skp2 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.2004 Add to clipboard 28: Induction of G1 arrest and apoptosis in human jurkat T cells by pentagalloylglucose through inhibiting proteasome activity and elevating p27Kip1 , p21Cip1/WAF1, and Bax proteins.2004 Add to clipboard 29: The prognostic and therapeutic relevance of p27kip1 in Ewing's family tumors.2004 Add to clipboard 30: Adenovirus expressing mutant p27kip1 enhanced apoptosis against cholangiocarcinoma than adenovirus -p27kip1 wild type.2004 Add to clipboard 31: P27kip1 regulates the apoptotic response of gastric epithelial cells to Helicobacter pylori.2004 Add to clipboard 32: Regulation of p27Kip1 protein levels contributes to mitogenic effects of the RET/PTC kinase in thyroid carcinoma cells.2004 Add to clipboard 33: Facilitation of proteasomal degradation of p27Kip1 by N-terminal cleavage and their sequence requirements.2004 Add to clipboard 34: NPM/ALK downregulates p27Kip1 in a PI-3K-dependent manner.2004 Add to clipboard 35: PAX3-FKHR transformation increases 26 S proteasome-dependent degradation of p27Kip1 , a potential role for elevated Skp2 expression.2003 Add to clipboard 36: The role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 in anti-HER2 antibody-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and tumor growth inhibition.2003 Add to clipboard 37: Phosphorylation of threonine 10 on CKBBP1/SAG/ROC2/Rbx2 by protein kinase CKII promotes the degradation of IkappaBalpha and p27Kip1 .2003 Add to clipboard 38: Estrogens down-regulate p27Kip1 in breast cancer cells through Skp2 and through nuclear export mediated by the ERK pathway.2003 Add to clipboard 39: The role of p27Kip1 in proteasome inhibitor induced apoptosis.2003 Add to clipboard 40: P27Kip1 and p21Cip1 are not required for the formation of active D cyclin-cdk4 complexes.2003 Add to clipboard 41: Cell shape change precedes staurosporine-induced stabilization and accumulation of p27kip1 .2002 Add to clipboard 42: Cloning and functional expression of a degradation-resistant novel isoform of p27Kip1 .2001 Add to clipboard 43: IFNalpha 2b induces apoptosis and proteasome-mediated degradation of p27Kip1 in a human lung cancer cell line.2001 Add to clipboard 44: CEP1612, a dipeptidyl proteasome inhibitor , induces p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 expression and apoptosis and inhibits the growth of the human lung adenocarcinoma A-549 in nude mice.2001 Add to clipboard 45: Regulation of the cell cycle at the G1-S transition by proteolysis of cyclin E and p27Kip1 .2001 Add to clipboard 46: The p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation triggers p27Kip1 degradation independently of CDK2/cyclin E in NIH 3T3 cells.2001 Add to clipboard 47: A mouse knock-in model exposes sequential proteolytic pathways that regulate p27Kip1 in G1 and S phase.2001 Add to clipboard 48: Dynamic changes in p27kip1 variant expression in activated lymphocytes.2001 Add to clipboard 49: Regulation of p27KIP1 in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines involves non-apoptotic caspase cleavage.2001 Add to clipboard 50: p27Kip1 accumulation is associated with retinoic-induced neuroblastoma differentiation: evidence of a decreased proteasome-dependent degradation.2000 Add to clipboard 51: p27Kip1 accumulation by inhibition of proteasome function induces apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.2000 Add to clipboard 52: A Nedd8 conjugation pathway is essential for proteolytic targeting of p27Kip1 by ubiquitination.2000 Add to clipboard 53: Differentiation-associated expression and intracellular localization of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1 and c-Jun co-activator JAB1 in neuroblastoma.2000 Add to clipboard 54: BCR/ABL regulates expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT pathway.2000 Add to clipboard 55: p27KIP1 : androgen regulation and prognostic significance in prostate cancer.2000 Add to clipboard 56: p27kip1 : a multifunctional cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with prognostic significance in human cancers.1999 Add to clipboard 57: Degradation of the cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is instigated by Jab1.1999 Add to clipboard 58: Reduced expression of p27Kip1 protein is associated with poor clinical outcome of breast cancer patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and is linked to cell proliferation and differentiation.1999 Add to clipboard 59: Reduced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is an indicator of malignant behavior in oral squamous cell carcinoma.1998 Add to clipboard
美国儿童和青少年精神病学会 http://www.aacap.org/ http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/217804969-4/jorg=journalsource=sp=23152192sid=0/N/741804/1.html?issn=0890-8567 Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 对儿童和青少年创伤后应激障碍的评估与治疗实践指南 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Volume 49, Issue 4 (April 2010) - Copyright 2010 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - About This Journal http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB0t1m1lql60bpzI80IeuI00h001000j100200010 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Children and Adolescents and Treatment 949 documents semantically analyzed 1 2 Top Years Publications 2008 100 2009 90 2005 75 2006 73 2007 72 2003 65 2010 54 2004 52 2001 41 2002 40 2000 38 1999 35 1997 28 1996 26 1993 26 1998 25 1995 22 1994 19 1991 11 1989 10 1 2 1 2 3 Top Countries Publications USA 518 United Kingdom 50 Australia 29 Germany 25 Sweden 24 Netherlands 21 Canada 21 Israel 20 Switzerland 18 France 14 South Africa 13 New Zealand 6 Austria 5 Belgium 5 Norway 5 Denmark 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Spain 4 Brazil 4 Turkey 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 ... 15 Top Cities Publications Boston 37 New York City 35 Pittsburgh 28 Los Angeles 25 London 25 Charleston 21 Philadelphia 20 Seattle 12 Chicago 12 New Haven 9 Stanford 8 Columbia, USA 8 Cape Town 8 San Francisco 8 Denver 8 Paris 7 Amsterdam 7 Cambridge, USA 7 Zrich, Switzerland 7 Belmont, MA, USA 7 1 2 3 ... 15 1 2 3 ... 18 Top Journals Publications J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 63 J Trauma Stress 29 Child Abuse Negl 28 Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 28 Am J Psychiatry 18 Am J Orthopsychiatry 16 J Pediatr Psychol 16 Pediatrics 14 J Child Sex Abus 14 Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 13 J Child Psychol Psychiatry 13 J Clin Psychiatry 12 Child Maltreat 12 Psychiatr Serv 12 Psychiatry 11 Psychiatr Q 9 Nord J Psychiatry 9 Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 9 J Nerv Ment Dis 9 Psychiatr Clin North Am 9 1 2 3 ... 18 1 2 3 ... 92 Top Terms Publications Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic 935 Humans 931 Adolescent 921 Child 872 Adult 446 Stress Disorders, Traumatic 444 Depression 209 Child, Preschool 207 Sexuality 203 Questionnaires 187 Anxiety 185 Advance Directives 184 Diagnosis 175 Patients 172 Parents 170 Adaptation, Psychological 169 Risk Factors 160 Evaluation Studies as Topic 156 Middle Aged 153 Life Change Events 146 1 2 3 ... 92 1 2 3 ... 129 Top Authors Publications Stuber M 15 Kilpatrick D 13 Kazak A 13 Resnick H 11 Cohen J 9 Saunders B 9 Pynoos R 9 Saxe G 9 Barakat L 9 Pfefferbaum B 9 Stein D 8 Stoddard F 8 Seedat S 7 Mannarino A 7 Steiner H 6 Lipschitz D 6 De Bellis M 6 Landolt M 5 Macy R 5 Ahmad A 5 1 2 3 ... 129
The seven core principles: a reliable method for lowering blood pressure Chun-Song Hu, MD, 1 Da-Yi Hu, MD 2, 3 1 Outpatient Department, Medical College of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China 2 Medical College of Tongji University , Shanghai , China 3 Department of Cardiology, Peoples Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , China Address for correspondence: Dr. Chun-Song Hu, chunsong_hu@yahoo.com.cn ; Dr. Da-Yi Hu, heart@gw-icc.org Abstract In this article, we review the seven core principles (SeCP) for the treatment of hypertension. SeCP is an important step in hypertension treatment, especially in China . We discuss the full principles (FP), partial principles, and no principles strategies for the treatment of hypertension. SeCP, an FP strategy, is a reliable method for lowering blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Key words: hypertension, treatment, principles The seven core principles (SeCP) for the treatment of hypertension are (1) early identification, early diagnosis, and early and lifelong treatment; (2) administration of long-acting and slow-release antihypertensive drugs to control blood pressure (BP); (3) use of low-dose and combined therapy; (4) individual and racial therapy; (5) integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine; (6) lifestyle modification; (7) and enhancement of compliance. 1 We refer to these core principles (CP), which encompass overall principles for hypertension and aspects of traditional Chinese medicine, as GAO LIUs principles . SeCP will play an important role in the future treatment of hypertension. In China , BP is controlled in only 6.1% of patients treated for hypertension. In a study not yet completed, we have found that most hypertensive patients and their doctors do not apply SeCP, or a full principles (FP) strategy. Most patients with hypertension follow a partial principles (PP) strategy (that is, they apply some CP) or a no principles (NP) strategy. In the NP strategy, patients do not receive, accept, or apply any CP in the course of treatment; for example, treatment is not instituted early enough, patients do not take antihypertensive drugs as directed, patients stop treatment on their own, BP is decreased too rapidly, short-acting antihypertensive drugs are used for a long period, BP is not monitored during the course of treatment, drugs are not individualized according to the patients history, traditional Chinese medicine Huoxuehuayi prescriptions are not combined with Western medicine, patients do not exercise or watch their diet, or patients are unwilling to change treatments or to stop treatment when BP has been controlled and symptoms have disappeared. In our study, we have found that the majority of patients with hypertension follow the PP strategy. (Percentages have yet to be determined.) Which strategy is followed depends on patients and doctors application of SeCPthat is, whether doctors provide health education to their patients, whether patients modify their lifestyles, whether patients comply with treatment, and so onas well as economic conditions and other factors. Lifestyle plays a key role in the development of hypertension. SeCP focuses on early and lifelong treatment, combination therapy and individual therapy, and lifestyle modification. 2 More attention should be paid to lifestyle modification because of the effect of lifestyle on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. SeCP is a reliable method for lowering BP (to 140/90 mmHg). If SeCP were promoted in clinical practice, the percentage of hypertensive patients with controlled BP in would increase dramatically and the number of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events would greatly decrease. Moreover, economic and social benefits would also accrue. Use of long-acting antihypertensive drugs and traditional Chinese medicine Huoxuehuayi prescriptions would increase, injury of target organs would decrease, and quality of life and life expectancy would improve. References 1 . Hu CS, Gao RL, Liu LS. Seven core principles for treatment of hypertension . Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2006;26:3635 2 . Hu CS, Hu DY. Zhongzi (S-E-E-D) rules for health . Pacific Review Monthly 2005;1:767 (注:作于 2006 年,首次发表。)
有关华盛顿的死亡,一直是美国医史学界讨论的问题之一。 2008 年 8 月 Am Surg 发表了一篇文章,仍然在分析导致华盛顿的死因。 ( Cheatham ML. Am Surg 2008; 74:770-774 ) The controversy surrounding the death of George Washington was immediate, intense, and continues today. After a horse ride in sleet and snow, Washington developed fulminant acute epiglottitis that rapidly claimed his life within 24 hours. In treatment, he endured phlebotomy of over 2500 mL as well as various other painful therapies that were the standard practice of the day. Over the years, numerous criticisms have been lodged against the care his three physicians rendered. Although the marked bloodletting has been most heavily scrutinized, others have argued that Washington could have survived had a tracheostomy been performed. Delayed presentation, prolonged Class IV hemorrhagic shock, acute respiratory failure, and probable septic shock in a 67 year old with preexisting medical comorbidities has a high mortality rate today and would have been irreversible in 1799. George Washingtons inevitable death was assured by his own initial actions compounded by the treatments initiated by his physicians. 分析一下华盛顿死亡当日和前一日的医疗档案,我们可以排列出一个时间表。 结合既往史,华盛顿的死因是综合的: 1. 患者的基础情况: 67 岁高龄,有比较多的基础疾病; 2. 患者的心理状况表现为倔犟的个性:感咽痛后仍然在风雪中骑马,发病后两次拒绝治疗; 3. 直接导致死亡的疾病:急性会厌炎,既便在现在,若诊断治疗不及时,死亡率也较高; 4. 当时西医的主要治疗手段:先后放血约 2500ml ,造成失血性休克; 5. 临床医师的责任: 3 位临床医师( Dick 、 Craik 和 Brown )对实施气管切开的意见不统一。 这些因素最终造成了华盛顿不可挽回的死亡。