美国儿科学会(AAP) http://www.aap.org/ http://portal.elseviermed.cn/tabid/85/Default.aspx?authoringOrg=21 年份 主题 发布机构 来源 2010 患有全身性高血压的儿童和青少年的运动参与 Athletic Participation by Children and Adolescents Who Have Systemic Hypertension 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2010 临床报告:头虱 Clinical Report: Head Lice 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2010 儿童耳蜗植入物:手术部位感染与急性中耳炎和脑膜炎的防治 Cochlear Implants in Children: Surgical Site Infections and Prevention and Treatment of Acute Otitis Media and Meningitis 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2010 新生儿非急诊气管插管的术前用药 Premedication for Nonemergency Endotracheal Intubation in the Neonate 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2010 溺水的预防 Prevention of Drowning 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2010 婴幼儿预防肺炎链球菌感染的建议:13价肺炎球菌疫苗(PCV13)和肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(PPSV23)的应用 Recommendations for the Prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in Infants and Children: Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) and Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23) 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2010 眼部检查在虐待儿童评价中的应用 The Eye Examination in the Evaluation of Child Abuse 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 婴儿及儿童中的摇晃婴儿综合征 Abusive Head Trauma in Infants and Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 极低孕龄分娩时关于复苏的产前咨询 Antenatal Counseling Regarding Resuscitation at an Extremely Low Gestational Age 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 在美国对暴露于HIV-1婴儿的评估与治疗 Evaluation and Management of the Infant Exposed to HIV-1 in the United States 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 儿童性行为评估 Evaluation of Sexual Behaviors in Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 针对儿童放弃以医学方式提供营养和液体的策略 Forgoing Medically Provided Nutrition and Hydration in Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 急诊室儿科护理指南 Guidelines for Care of Children in the Emergency Department 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 婴儿与儿童的听力评估 Hearing Assessment in Infants and Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 关于使用帕利珠单抗预防呼吸道合胞病毒感染建议的修正稿 Modified Recommendations for Use of Palivizumab for Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 策略声明:儿童受疟的诊断性影像 Policy Statement: Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 轮状病毒疾病的预防:轮状病毒疫苗应用的最新指南 Prevention of Rotavirus Disease: Updated Guidelines for Use of Rotavirus Vaccine 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2009 关于儿童流感的预防和治疗建议,2009-2010 Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in Children, 2009-2010 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 注意力缺陷多动障碍的心血管监测与兴奋性药物应用 Cardiovascular Monitoring and Stimulant Drugs for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 青少年性侵犯受害者的护理:临床报告 Care of the Adolescent Sexual Assault Victim: Clinical Report 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 儿童单纯性热性惊厥长期治疗的临床实践指南 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Long-term Management of the Child With Simple Febrile Seizures 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 母体苯丙酮尿症临床实践指南 Clinical Practice Guideline on Maternal Phenylketonuria 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 早期营养干预在婴儿和儿童特应性疾病进展中的作用:母亲饮食限制、母乳喂养、添加辅食的时机以及水解食物配方的作用 Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods, and Hydrolyzed Formulas 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 儿童神经纤维瘤病的健康管理 Health Supervision for Children With Neurofibromatosis 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 美国阻止母婴传播的 HIV 检测及预防 HIV Testing and Prophylaxis to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission in the United States 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 高危新生儿出院指导 Hospital Discharge of the High-Risk Neonate 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 儿童脂质筛查及心血管健康 Lipid Screening and Cardiovascular Health in Childhood 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 妇女苯丙酮尿症 Maternal Phenylketonuria 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 影响参与体育运动的医疗状况:一项临床报告 Medical Conditions Affecting Sports Participation: A Clinical Report 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 学校发生的紧急医疗状况 Medical Emergencies Occurring at School 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 儿科急症的用药考虑 Preparing for Pediatric Emergencies: Drugs to Consider 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 儿童和青少年癌症患者生育能力的保留 Preservation of Fertility in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Cancer 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 流感预防:2008~2009儿童流感免疫接种建议 Prevention of Influenza: Recommendations for Influenza Immunization of Children, 2008-2009 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 婴儿、儿童及青少年佝偻病的预防及维生素D缺乏 Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 0~18岁人群推荐免疫接种时间安排建议 Recommended Immunization Schedules for Persons Aged 0-18 Years 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 儿童及青少年的力量训练 Strength Training by Children and Adolescents 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 早产及足月新生儿呼吸窘迫症的表面活性物质替代治疗 Surfactant-Replacement Therapy for Respiratory Distress in the Preterm and Term Neonate 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2008 以大豆蛋白为基础的食物配方在婴儿喂养中的应用 Use of Soy Protein-Based Formulas in Infant Feeding 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 儿童流感的抗病毒治疗与预防 Antiviral Therapy and Prophylaxis for Influenza in Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 替代性米肖森综合征之外:在医疗机构中识别和治疗儿童虐待 Beyond Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Identification and Treatment of Child Abuse in a Medical Setting 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 青少年与避孕 Contraception and Adolescents 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 疑似儿童躯体虐待的评估 Evaluation of Suspected Child Physical Abuse 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 青少年抑郁障碍初级医疗机构指南:诊断、评价与初步处理 Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care: Identification, Assessment, and Initial Management 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 青少年抑郁障碍初级医疗机构指南:治疗与后续处理 Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care: Treatment and Ongoing Management 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减退症的筛查与治疗指南 Guidelines on Newborn Screening and Therapy for Congenital Hypothyroidism 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 甲型肝炎疫苗使用建议 Hepatitis A Vaccine Recommendations 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 儿童自闭症的识别与评价 Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 儿科流动护理条件下感染的预防及控制 Infection Prevention and Control in Pediatric Ambulatory Settings 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 吸入剂滥用 Inhalant Abuse 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 残疾儿童虐待 Maltreatment of Children With Disabilities 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 儿童自闭症的处理 Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 早期听力检测及干预方案原则及指南 Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 儿童进行计算机断层扫描的放射危险 Radiation Risk to Children From Computed Tomography 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 医疗疏忽的鉴别与应对 Recognizing and Responding to Medical Neglect 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 儿童青少年超重及肥胖的预防、评价及治疗建议:总结报告 Recommendations Regarding the Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Summary Report 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2007 儿童室颤及体外自动除颤器的使用 Ventricular Fibrillation and the Use of Automated External Defibrillators on Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2006 关于两性畸形治疗的共识 Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2006 细支气管炎的诊断及治疗 Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2006 给予镇静药物以明确诊断和治疗期间及随后的儿科病人的监测及治疗指南 Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients During and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: An Update 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2006 婴儿疼痛的预防与治疗最新指南 Prevention and Management of Pain in the Neonate: An Update 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2006 轮状病毒病的预防:轮状病毒疫苗使用指南 Prevention of Rotavirus Disease: Guidelines for Use of Rotavirus Vaccine 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2006 青少年自杀行为与自杀企图 Suicide and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2005 Duchenne/Becker 肌营养不良个体的心血管健康管理 Cardiovascular Health Supervision for Individuals Affected by Duchenne or Becker Muscular Dystrophy 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2005 儿童慢性腹痛 Chronic Abdominal Pain in Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2005 发育停滞:儿童被忽视的一种表现 Failure to Thrive as a Manifestation of Child Neglect 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2005 儿童铅暴露的预防、检测及治疗 Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2005 婴儿猝死综合征的政策声明 Policy Statement on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2005 儿童性虐待的评估 The Evaluation of Sexual Abuse in Children 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2004 急性中耳炎的诊断与治疗 Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2004 妊娠35周及以上的新生儿高胆红素血症的治疗 Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2002 阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的诊断及治疗 Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2001 唐纳综合征儿童的健康管理 Health Supervision for Children with Down Syndrome 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际 2001 学龄儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍的治疗 Treatment of the School-Aged Child With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 美国儿科学会 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 国际
在过去的 60年里,中国农民为国家建设奉献了一切,包括他们的健康。几年前,中国农民再也不用缴税了,说这是历史上从来没有的事儿。 最近几年,慢性病防治(管理)成为关乎全民健康的重大课题。城市人口越来越重视起自己的健康、甚至是亚健康问题了,这是好事儿。农村人口呢?饭也许吃饱了一点儿,腰包也许鼓了一点儿。但他们的健康状况实在是不容乐观,更何况因病返贫的家庭也不在少数。我国的医改如果不能最大程度地惠及占 60%以上的农村居民的话,那肯定不能算是成功的。 前些日子, Chinese Medical Journal约我为该刊即将刊登的一篇论文撰写述评(Editorial)。由此也勾起了我一直想说的一个话题。对于用英文写作,特别是撰写这种评论性稿件,我总是感到力不从心。好在目的不在于炫耀文字功夫,只要不至产生歧 义,阅读本刊(本文)的人士能够看明白就行。 ...... COPD in China: A tale of two people SUN Yong-chang The term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been well known and the disease extensively studied for more than a decade in China, but only recently has great progress been made in the epidemiology and management of this highly prevalent disease in this country. Historically, beginning in the early 1960s, long before the definition of COPD was widely accepted, a great number of studies that included traditional Chinese medicine had been performed on chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and related respiratory failure and cor pulmonale. Cough and sputum production can be present for many years before the development of airflow limitation and are often ignored by patients and attributed to aging or lack of conditioning. As airflow limitation worsens in stage II, moderate COPD, patients often experience dyspnea, which may interfere with their daily activities. Typically, this is the stage at which they seek medical attention and may be diagnosed with COPD. However, some patients do not experience cough, sputum production, or dyspnea in stage I, mild COPD, or in stage II, moderate COPD, and do not seek medical attention until their airflow limitation becomes more severe or their lung function is acutely worsened by a respiratory tract infection. These cases of asymptomatic COPD were most likely to be underdiagnosed. In this issue of the journal, Lu et al report the prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic COPD from a large population-based survey of the prevalence of COPD in China. The results show that, among the 1668 patients who were diagnosed with COPD from the 25,627 sampled subjects, 589 (35.3%) were asymptomatic. As can be expected, asymptomatic patients had significantly higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) than their symptomatic counterparts. More patients with asymptomatic COPD were underdiagnosed (91.9% vs. 54.3%, P 0.001) as compared to those with symptomatic disease. From a local survey of 1624 rural residents reported earlier, Yao et al found that among 148 cases of spirometry-confirmed COPD, 42% (62/148) were asymptomatic. In rural areas among village residents, the prevalence of COPD was thought to be higher while the diagnosis is inadequate and the management poorer compared to big cities in China. Epidemiological studies confirmed this disparity. In a large population-based survey of COPD reported by Zhong et al, the overall COPD prevalence was significantly higher in rural areas (8.8%) compared to urban areas (7.8%) (P=0.007). Of the six sites where the prevalence of COPD was compared between urban and rural areas, four reported a higher prevalence of COPD in the rural areas. Liu et al compared the prevalence of and associated factors for COPD in populations over 40 years old in an urban (Liwang) and a rural (Yunyan) area in Guangdong. The results showed that the overall prevalence of COPD in rural Yunyan was significantly higher than that in urban Liwang (12.0% vs. 7.4%), and that in a subpopulation of non-smoking women the prevalence of COPD was also higher in Yunyan than in Liwang (7.2% vs. 2.5%). The use of biomass fuel was higher in rural Yunyan than in urban Liwang (88.1% vs. 0.7%). Univariate analysis showed a significant association between COPD and exposure to biomass fuel for cooking. Multivariate analysis showed a positive association between COPD and urban/rural area (surrogate for fuel type and local exhaust ventilation in kitchen) after adjustment for sex, age group, body mass index, education, occupational exposure, respiratory disease in family, smoking status, quality of life and cough in childhood. A similarly-designed survey carried out in a large northern city also showed similar result. The study investigated the prevalence of COPD in a sample of 1500 residents from five city communities and 1508 residents from four natural villages in the Tianjin administrative region. The prevalence of COPD was 8.3% in the city people as compared to 11.4% in the rural people. This study also revealed that, while 19.8% (25/126) of the city patients received regular treatment for the disease, only 2.6% (2/78) of the rural patients did. Patients in the rural areas also have less understanding of the disease, and fewer are able to seek medical attention. In the five villages of Yanqing county under the jurisdiction of Beijing, among the 148 patients with COPD confirmed by spirometry in the above-mentioned epidemiological study, none had ever heard the term COPD, and none had been diagnosed with the disease. Lung function tests and health education had never been performed for these patients. Only 4.1% (6/148) of the patients in stable stage had taken theophylline irregularly. None of the stable COPD patients had taken inhalers regularly or temporally. During acute exacerbation, only 6.8% (10/148) took theophylline and 6.8% (10/148) had antibiotics. Only 3.4% (5/148) of the patients had been admitted to a hospital during the past year. In a subpopulation analysis of the data from the national survey mentioned above, Zhou et al found that in COPD patients living in rural areas, only 30.0% (249/830) had ever been diagnosed with COPD, bronchitis, emphysema, or asthma. Only 2.4% (20/830) had ever received a spirometry test, and only 7.9% (50/634) of the patients in GOLD stage II or over had received regular drug treatment. It is regrettable to note that simple spirometry, the gold standard for COPD, is almost completely unavailable to patients in the rural areas. As compared to the overall low percentage (6.5%) of patients who had received a spirometry test in the national survey reported by Zhong et al, even in subjects with GOLD stages III and IV disease, the percentage was only 9.2%9.9%. Standard diagnosis and management of COPD has been implemented in big city hospitals, and even in community clinics, while urban people are beginning to become aware of the disease owning to educational programs. Respiratory physicians and personnel in large hospitals are collaborating with community doctors to improve understanding of COPD and therefore the comprehensive management of the disease, by providing educational programs and spirometry tests. However, in rural areas, simple spirometry is lacking even in county hospitals, the local medical centers covering populations varying from hundreds of thousands to more than one million. For rural patients, visiting a doctor is largely driven by symptoms. However, cough and sputum production are mostly regarded as a nuisance rather than signs of a potentially debilitating disease. To make things worse, the medical coverage for rural residents is inadequate; most of the patients have to pay a major part of their medical expense. They are reluctant to seek medical attention in larger hospitals, and if the symptoms become worse, they return to the village clinic for symptomatic relief using antitussives, mucolytics, oral short-acting bronchodilators or antibiotics. When they finally have to go to large hospitals, the disease has progressed to late stages, often with respiratory failure and cor pulmonale. For example, in the local survey in Yanqing county of Beijing, 18.24% (27/148) of the patients with COPD were diagnosed with cor pulmonale according to the criteria of ECG and chest X-ray. The disease burden of COPD is heavy. He et al investigated the medical expenses in the last 12 months for COPD patients (n=723) in six cities in China. The average direct medical cost (including medicine, outpatient and inpatient costs) was 11,744 RMB Yuan annually. A survey of the cost of hospitalization for patients with acute exacerbation of COPD from four hospitals in Beijing city showed an average cost of 11,597.6 RMB Yuan for one hospitalization. The costs increased in patients with non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, antibiotics, systemic glucocorticoids, and poor prognosis. Considering the enormous economic burden of COPD, early diagnosis and comprehensive management to slow disease progression or to prevent exacerbations are of great importance, especially for the low-income rural patients. To achieve this goal, simple spirometry should be available in local hospitals for rural residents, and ideally performed in physical check-ups for high-risk individuals, for example, heavy smokers. This approach is particularly important for the diagnosis of asymptomatic COPD. The recommended medical therapies, including long-acting anticholinergics, inhaled long-acting 2 agonists or its combination with glucocorticoids, are unaffordable to most patients in rural areas. Therefore, drugs that are cheap, safe and effective in relieving symptoms and ideally reducing exacerbations are urgently needed. The PEACE study, which demonstrated the effectiveness of carbocisteine in reducing the rate of exacerbations of COPD, and another study showing that long-term use of low-dose theophylline was able to improve symptoms and reduce the rate of exacerbations, are of greater benefit to these patients. With rapid modernization in China, more rural areas are becoming urbanized, but still more than 60% of the whole population is living in rural villages. Medical practice requires a translation of disease-specific recommendations to the circumstances of individual patients, the local communities in which they live and the health systems from which they receive medical care. We expect to see the best practices implemented, and hence an improved prognosis for COPD patients in rural areas, at least comparable to their urban fellowmen. REFERENCES 1. Sun YC. Advances in respiratory medicine in the mainland of China: a historical perspective. Chin Med J 2010; 123: 6-17. 2. 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Epidemiology investigation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in city and country of Tianjin. Tianjin Med J (Chin) 2007; 35: 488-490. 8. Shen N, Yao WZ, Zhu H. Patients' perspective of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Yanqing county of Beijing. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis (Chin) 2008; 31: 206-208. 9. Zhou YM, Wang C, Yao WZ, Chen P, Kang J, Huang SG, et al. Current status of prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural area in China. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis (Chin) 2009; 48: 358-361. 10. Yao W, Zhu H, Shen N, Han X, Liang YJ, Zhang LQ, et al. Epidemiological data of chronic obstructive of pulmonary disease in Yanqing county in Beijing. J Peking University (Health Sci) (Chin) 2005; 37: 121-125. 11. He QY, Zhou X, Xie CM, Liang ZA, Chen P, Wu CG. Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on quality of life and economic burden in Chinese urban areas. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis (Chin) 2009; 32: 253-257. 12. Chen YH, Yao WZ, Cai BQ, Wang H, Deng XM, Gao HL, et al. Economic analysis in admitted patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J 2008; 121: 587-591. 13. Zheng JP, Kang J, Huang SG, Chen P, Yao WZ, Yang L, et al. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2008; 371: 2013-2018. 14. Zhou Y, Wang X, Zeng X, Qiu R, Xie J, Liu S, et al. Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year. Respirology 2006; 11: 603-610. Chin Med J 2010;123 (12):1491-1493 (Correspondence to: SUN Yong-chang, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China)