星球大战里有一种职业--赏金猎人(Bounty Hunter),我觉得搞科研也是一样,就是一个赏金猎人,狩猎意识,还有人给你钱,多好。你能抓住mind的尾巴,就肯定有大量的资源,来达成梦想。打猎是讲技巧的,那我们看看狩猎意识,都有些什么工具。 一、灵魂的座椅(the Seat of the Soul) 大脑被称为灵魂的座椅,笛卡尔甚至精确到一个脑区松果体上。(脑的复杂性)人脑大约比拳头大点,复杂性却堪比整个宇宙!脑主要由神经元、胶质细胞和血管组成,大约有1000亿个神经元,每个神经元都和几千个神经元连接,构成高度复杂的连接网络,而且胶质细胞的个数是神经元个数的10倍,伸出很多终足搭在神经元的突起和血管上,给脑的活动提供结构和能量的支持。血管密布在整个脑里,不断输送养料。 二、宏观的脑区水平 Brodman把人脑分成51个区,一般来说,能够区分出脑区,并建立脑区间关系的研究称为宏观的研究。核磁共振成像(MRI)能够无损地扫描人脑,分辨出白质和灰质,区分脑区,已经用在医院的诊断里了。MRI发展出了很多类型,比如功能磁共振成像,通过观测脑血流的变化,推测出脑区的活动,用在一些心理学等研究里,发现了大量的脑活动知识。还有近年来兴起的扩散张量成像DTI,通过水分子在突起里运动的方向性,推测纤维束的走向,从而可以构建闹区间的连接关系。根据这个技术,美国人在开展一个连接组的项目,测定几千个人的连接,构建一个模型脑。还可以构建患老年痴呆症等疾病的脑连接模式图,研究疾病对脑连接的影响。 MRI侧重结构,还可以在头上贴电极,测脑活动的时候,那些地方的电场强度不同。这种测量结果,通过统计分析,可以找到模式,与心理学的一些实验结果对应。这种方法被称为EEG。 早期的很多脑功能是通过病人的脑缺陷发现的。比如某人不能讲话,可以写字,等他死了,把脑解剖,看看什么地方坏了,就推测这个区域的功能。这种方法发现了很多脑区的功能,但脑区定位的精细程度是有限的,发现过程也很漫长。 还有一些其他的发展中的方法,比如近红外脑功能成像、散斑成像等。 三、介观水平--神经元 传统染色。 神经元胞体直径大约5-50微米(不准确),不同的类型差别很大。树突直径大约2-3微米,轴突细一些,大约1微米。神经元的形态是高尔基(Golgi)在19世纪末发现的,他发明了Golgi染色法,可以染大约1%左右的神经元。奇特的是,每染一个神经元,形态还是比较完整的。这种染色发明一百多年了,机理还没搞清楚,染色有没有特异性也不知道。高尔基染色被卡哈(Cajal)改进,并且系统地研究了脑神经元的形态和结构,提出了很多理论和猜想,后来都被验证是对的!现在还有人在论证卡哈的某些理论。Golgi染色第一次让人们看到了神经元的完整形态,被认为是现代神经科学的起源。除了Golgi染色,传统的还有Nissl,CO,髓鞘染色等,其中Nissl染色可以染脑里的所有细胞,通常用来研究脑的细胞构筑结构。这个方法是Nissl在本科的时候发明的! Golgi染色的两个浦肯野细胞 现代的荧光标记技术 。有些分子基团在吸收了激发光的能量后,发生能级跃迁之类的东东,能够释放出较低频率的特定波长的光出来。把这种基团绑定到你感兴趣的东东上,就可以看你像看的东东长啥样?在哪?怎么动的?荧光标记可以说给生物科学的研究带来了革命,给两三个诺贝尔奖都不过分。结合基因技术,可以说想标哪就标哪。再结合光学显微镜的技术,想怎么看就怎么看。比如用随机的颜色标记神经元,可以看到五彩缤纷的脑神经元分布!不光是三维的,还带彩色和时间动态,已经开始说5维了! 光学显微镜 。几百年前的显微镜就可以看到细胞了,现代人玩的,主要是看荧光。共聚焦显微镜可以看特定波长的光,看特定的深度,每个深度扫一下,就可以看三维的了。多几个通道就彩色了,扫快点,多成几次像就动态电影了。当然,我说的太简单了,实际实现还是有很多技巧的,不然教授们怎么混(不喜勿拍)。相对于超声、MRI、CT等,光学成像方法的一个瓶颈就是深度不够。后来有人用两束低能量的光激发,可以激发到更深的组织了,就是很贵的双光子显微镜。这也还只是能到1mm左右,就已经皆大欢喜了。最近又发展了光声成像,用光造成组织热膨胀,产生超声信号,可以穿透很深的组织,这样的话,貌似可以到cm水平了。前几周,science还发了一篇综述。 电极记录 。可以直接在人脑里面插电极的!经过病人和家属同意,脑手术的时候,打开颅骨,直接插入电极,记录神经元的电活动。这个时候,病人是清醒的,可以与科学家交谈!人身上眼睛是没有冷热觉的,脑是没有痛觉的,所以插入电极,是感觉不到疼痛的,谈话可以很轻松。做动物实验,比如猩猩、猴子、老鼠之类的,可以把颅骨解开,插入电极的阵列,然后再固定好,就可以实时地监控神经元的电活动了!这种方法被称为脑机接口,我们国家的清华大学和浙江大学这方面比较强。通过脑机接口,甚至可以教会动物控制一些机器! 研究脑血管等,还可以用CT等成像技术。现在的同步辐射CT的分辨率已经可以到2-3微米了(不准确,需核实)。 四、微观水平--突触和分子 电子显微镜 。突触是神经元轴突和树突连接的节点,神经元的电信号从轴突传出,到达突触,释放递质,转变成化学信号,再传到下一个神经元的突起或者胞体上。突触有强弱以及兴奋和抑制之分,可以记录很多信息,记忆就有一部分记录在突触里。所以,突触是两个神经元连接的关键点、中转站。电子显微镜可以分辨几十纳米的东东,搞定突触简直是易如反掌。普通的电子显微镜分为透射和扫描两种,基本上都是二维的。近年来,结合超薄切片的技术,已经可以三维成像了。 超分辨光学成像 。一般地,光学显微成像受衍射现象的限制,成像分辨率不能小于波长。近几年发展的超分辨成像,突破了衍射极限,分辨率可以小于波长。最近很火的庄小威就是玩超分辨的。当然,超分辨还有一些成像的特殊要求及限制,比如用时间换空间,速度慢。但这些限制正在被逐步突破,技术发展速度是指数型的。 分子的话,涉及生物化学。对于蛋白质相互作用,基因调控等东东,我就真的是蛋白质了,这里就不介绍了。 最近有报道,已经有nanoMRI,可以检测分子的结构和活动! 五、收尾 从这些方法来看,十八般兵器,各有特点。没有一种方法可以包打天下的。理想的成像,要视场大,成像分辨率高,深度深,速度快,被称为上帝之眼显微镜(Microscope of God's Eye),现在还没有。 写了这么多,都是很笼统的。这个领域太大了,我肯定是难以把握的(写完了才深深地体会到这点 :)。描述有不准确的地方,请指出来。 Bounty Hunte r 参考资料:(领域太大,列出的肯定不全) 【1】Schoonover, C. E. Portraits of the Mind: Visualizing the Brain from Antiquity to the 21st Century . Abrams, 2010. 这本书给了很多成像的图片,文献资料都在里面了。 【2】 吕志坚, 陆敬泽, 吴雅琼, and 陈良怡. “几种超分辨率荧光显微技术的原理和近期进展.” 生物化学与生物物理进展 12 (2009). 【3】 Bear, M. F, B. W Connors, and M. A Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain . Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007. 能看完我的博文不容易,附送综述一篇。 New and emerging imaging techniques for mapping.pdf ------- 最近需要集中精力做点事情,计划停笔一段时间,无限期。。。。
2012年4月7日,科尔·费林斯在国际顶级生物学学术期刊《Cell》的子刊《Current Biology》上发表科研论文《Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults》,影响因子高达10.9。他兼具天才的演技和过人的学术功底,令人刮目相看。 奥斯卡影帝Colin Firth发第三作者Current Bio Cell 10.9论文 奥斯卡影帝 Colin Firth 发第三作者 Current Bio Cell10.9 论文 奥斯卡影帝 Colin Firth 发第三作者 Current Bio Cell 10.9 论文 奥斯卡影帝Colin Firth (科林·费尓斯)发了篇 第三作者 Current Biology Cell子刊 影响因子10.9 论文。凭国王的演讲加冕奥斯卡影帝的著名演员Colin Firth,在顶级生物学术期刊Cell子刊Current Biology上发表(第三作者)关于 脑科学 的科研论文,影响因子高达10.9。该论文于4月7日发表。 -- BBC News - Colin Firth credited in brain research BBC News - Colin Firth credited in brain research 5 June 2011 Last updated at 14:58 GMT http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13661538 Oscar-winning actor Colin Firth has been credited as one of four co-authors of an academic paper into human brains. The King's Speech star commissioned the research when he guest edited Radio 4's Today programme in December. For his edition, he asked scientists to scan the brains of politicians to see if there were any differences depending on political leanings. The paper, hailed as a "useful contribution", has been published in the journal Current Biology. Scientist Geraint Rees, from University College London's Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, initially scanned the brains of Conservative politician Alan Duncan and Labour's Stephen Pound for the Today programme. He then continued the research with a further 90 participants which found that Liberal and Conservative attitudes were associated with thicker areas of parts of the brain. The finding was reproduced in another sample of participants, leading researchers to estimate they could predict political leanings with 72% accuracy by looking at brain structure. New York University's Professor John Jost, one of the world's leading authorities in political psychology, told The Psychologist magazine: "It is a useful contribution because it builds on and extends previous work. "It will probably be several years before we understand the full meaning of these results. In the meantime, the field of political neuroscience could do worse than having Colin Firth as a scientific ambassador." Today's science reporter Tom Feilden is also credited as authoring the paper, along with Mr Rees' colleague, Ryota Kanai. ------- 论文信息: Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults Current Biology, 07 April 2011 Copyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. 10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.017 Authors: Ryota Kanaisend email, Tom Feilden, Colin Firth , Geraint ReesSee Affiliations * Hint: Rollover Authors and Affiliations University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK BBC Radio 4, Television Centre, Wood Lane, London W12 7RJ, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Corresponding author * Highlights * Political liberalism and conservatism were correlated with brain structure * Liberalism was associated with the gray matter volume of anterior cingulate cortex * Conservatism was associated with increased right amygdala size * Results offer possible accounts for cognitive styles of liberals and conservatives Summary Substantial differences exist in the cognitive styles of liberals and conservatives on psychological measures . Variability in political attitudes reflects genetic influences and their interaction with environmental factors . Recent work has shown a correlation between liberalism and conflict-related activity measured by event-related potentials originating in the anterior cingulate cortex . Here we show that this functional correlate of political attitudes has a counterpart in brain structure. In a large sample of young adults, we related self-reported political attitudes to gray matter volume using structural MRI. We found that greater liberalism was associated with increased gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas greater conservatism was associated with increased volume of the right amygdala. These results were replicated in an independent sample of additional participants. Our findings extend previous observations that political attitudes reflect differences in self-regulatory conflict monitoring and recognition of emotional faces by showing that such attitudes are reflected in human brain structure. Although our data do not determine whether these regions play a causal role in the formation of political attitudes, they converge with previous work to suggest a possible link between brain structure and psychological mechanisms that mediate political attitudes. ------- 个人简介: 科林·费尓斯,出生于英国汉普郡格瑞绍特的一个学术氛围浓厚的家庭。他在尼日利亚度过了一段童年时光,5岁时返回了英国。他首次登台演出是在朱利安·米歇尔执导的舞台剧《另一个城市》(1984)中扮演盖·班内特。由于表现出色,他获得了在《另一个城市》的电影版本中扮演汤姆·朱迪的机会。尽管弗斯的电影生涯有着很好的开始,但是在接下来的10年里,他所参与演出的电影和电视剧并没有令他成为真正的巨星。在这期间,费尔斯一个比较重要的角色是在英国广播公司制作的《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice,1995)中扮演沉默的达西先生,此后,他还和傲慢与偏见的女主角詹妮弗·艾莉假戏真做,发展出一段恋情。 Colin Firth(24张) 在接下来的影片中扮演了重要的角色,但是还没能当上男主角。他在《朋友圈》(Circle of Friends,1995)中与明妮·德瑞弗合作,扮演为人卑劣的西蒙·威斯特沃德。然后又在《英国病人》(The English Patient,1996)中扮演克里斯汀·斯科特·托马斯的丈夫,并获得了影评人的赞许,也赢得了新的影迷。 告别戏剧,很快就参与了根据尼克·霍恩的小说改编的《极度狂热》(Fever Pitch,1997)的演出。弗斯在《恋爱中的莎士比亚》(Shakespeare in Love,1998)一片中扮演了穷困潦倒的威塞克斯老爷,展现了自己的喜剧天赋。2001年,他和休·格兰特、芮妮·齐薇格共同出演了根据海伦·费尔丁的小说改编的《BJ单身日记》(Bridget Jones's Diary )。2010年,在《单身男子》(A Single Man)中的出色表演获得了第82届奥斯卡金像奖最佳男主角提名。2011年,凭借在《国王的演讲》中的出色表现获得第83届奥斯卡金像奖最佳男主角奖。 从业经历: 2003年在英国《HELLO》杂志网站举办的一次评选活动中,Colin Firth当选最具魅力的男人,由此可见,Colin Firth在英国的影响力。 他最早涉足的是电视界,出演过许多的角色,1989年他凭借电视剧《摇摇欲坠》获得了罗依尔电视最佳男主角。1995年他出演了电视版《傲慢与偏见》,2001年他被人物杂志选为最帅的50位男人。 1996年他出演了拉尔夫费恩斯主演的《英国病人》,1998年他出演了约瑟夫费恩斯主演的《莎翁情史》,有趣的是在片中他分别失去了他在戏中的妻子。 2001年科林·菲尔什在《BJ单身日记》中出演了马克达西,由于本片的大热令他也被观众所熟悉,在2004年他又出演了《BJ单身日记》的续集,至此他已经出演了三次达西先生,除了两部《BJ单身日记》另外一次 就是在《傲慢与偏见》中。 在2003年他出演了影片《真爱至上》和《戴珍珠耳环的女孩》,2005年他出演了影片《何处寻真相》与《魔法保姆麦克菲》。接下来的几年中每年也都有新片推出,而他内敛含蓄的英国绅士形象也令不少影迷为之倾倒。 2009年,他在《单身男人》中扮演了一个失去同性伴侣的中年教师,凭借出色的表现获得了第66届威尼斯电影节最佳男主角。 2011年,凭借在《国王的演讲》中的出色表现获得第68届美国金球奖电影剧情类最佳男主角奖和第83届奥斯卡金像奖最佳男主角奖。 2012年4月7日,科尔·费林斯在国际顶级生物学学术期刊《Cell》的子刊《Current Biology》上发表科研论文《Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults》,影响因子高达10.9。他兼具天才的演技和过人的学术功底,令人刮目相看。 个人作品: 2013《BJ单身日记3》Bridget Jones’s diary ......Mark Darcy 2013《铁路人》The Railway Man ......Eric Lomax 2012《魔鬼绳结》Devil's Knot 2012《亚瑟 纽曼》Arthur Newman ......Arthur Newman 2012《神偷艳贼》Gambit .....Harry Dean 2012《锅匠 裁缝 士兵 间谍》Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ......Bill Haydon(Tailor) 2010《国王的演讲》The King's Speech .....King George VI 2009《圣诞颂歌》A Christmas Carol .....Fred 2009《人肉交易》The Meat Trade 2009《道林·格雷》 Dorian Gray .....Lord Henry Wotton 2009《新乌龙女校2》St Trinian's: The Legend of Fritton's Gold .....Geoffrey 2009《小镇大街》 Main Street .....Gus Leroy 2009《单身男子》 A Single Man.....George 2009《小镇大街》 Main Street .....Gus Leroy 2009《单身男子》 A Single Man.....George 2008《妈妈咪呀!》Mamma Mia!.....Harry Bright 2008《她找我》 Then She Found Me .....Frank 2008《大卫·科波菲尔》 David Copperfield.....Edward Murdstone 2008《热那亚》 Genova .....Joe 2008《意外之夫》 The Accidental Husband.....Richard 2008《水性杨花》 Easy Virtue 2007《崎路父子情》 And When Did You Last See Your Father?.....Blake 2007《巨人》 The Colossus .....Francis Wills 2007《新乌龙女校》 St. Trinian's.....Geoffrey 2007《最后的兵团》 The Last Legion.....Aurelius Dernière 2006《生来平等》 Born Equal.....Mark London 2005《何处寻真相》 Where the Truth Lies .....Vince Collins 2005《魔法保姆麦克菲》 Nanny McPhee.....Mr. Brown 2004《外伤》 Trauma .....Ben 2004《BJ单身日记2:理性边缘》 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason .....Mark Darcy 2003《春天的希望》 Hope Springs.....Colin Ware 2003《真爱至上》 Love Actually .....Jamie Bennett 2003《父女大不同》 What a Girl Wants.....Henry Dashwood 2003《戴珍珠耳环的少女》 Girl with a Pearl Earring.....Johannes Vermeer 2002《认真的重要性》 The Importance of Being Earnest .....Jack 2001《BJ单身日记》 Bridget Jones's Diary.....Mark Darcy 《单身男人》 2001《我们知晓你的住处》 We Know Where You Live.....Himself 2001《纳粹大猎杀》 Conspiracy.....Dr. Wilhelm Stuckart 2000《Relative Values》.....Peter Ingleton 1999《英伦四月天》 My Life So Far .....Edward Pettigrew 1999《螺丝在拧紧》 The Turn of the Screw.....The Master 1999《Blackadder Back Forth》.....William Shakespeare 1998《莎翁情史》 Shakespeare in Love.....Lord Wessex --------------- 国王的演讲 英文片名: The King's Speech 导演: 汤姆·霍伯 Tom Hooper 制片: 伊安·坎宁 Iain Canning 编剧: David Seidler ....s 主演: 科林·费斯 Colin Firth ] 类型: 剧情,历史 地域: 欧美 国家: 英国,澳大利亚 出品年份: 2010 上映日期: 2011-01-07 英国 大英帝国乔治五世去世(迈克尔·刚本饰)之后终于迎来了耻辱时刻令国民都倍感丢脸爱德华八世(盖伊·皮尔斯饰)终究还选择了“爱美人不爱江山”宣布退位让贤将弟弟乔治六世(科林·费斯饰)送上了国王宝座然而心地虽善良乔治六世却饱受着身体缺陷——口吃严重困扰每每当众发表演讲时都显得非常吃力就连几句很简单话都结结巴巴地讲不出来随着国家逐渐地被卷入可怕战争国家和民众都急切需要一个英明领导者此时乔治六世妻子伊丽莎白(海伦娜-邦汉·卡特饰)也未来英女王母亲亲自为丈夫找来了语言治疗师莱昂纳尔(杰弗里·拉什饰)通过一系列训练新国王口吃毛病得到了很大改善莱昂纳尔正直个性也赢得了国王等人尊重并有幸成为国王好友随后乔治六世发表了著名圣诞讲话鼓舞了当时二战中奋勇拼杀英国军民成为历史佳话 国王的演讲 - 幕后花絮 ·本片于第35届多伦多电影节获得了最高荣誉观众选择大奖。 ·为了冲击奥斯卡,本片在北美将于2010年11月26日开始点映,而在英国的正式公映时间是2011年1月7日。 ·本片获得了 第83届(2011年)奥斯卡(即美国电影学院奖)最佳影片(格莱斯·乌文)、最佳男主角(科林·费斯) 和最佳原创剧本(大卫·塞德勒)。此外男主角科林·费斯也凭借本片获得了第68届金球奖剧情类影片最佳男主角。 --- BBC News Guest editor: Colin Firth Guest editor: Colin Firth http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9281000/9281725.stm Each year, the Today programme hands over the editorial reins to five public figures, giving them a chance to decide what goes on the programme between Christmas and New Year. The programme broadcast on Tuesday 28th December was edited by actor Colin Firth. While Colin Firth did not want arts and culture to dominate his programme, he did want to include a little poetry, starting with a reading of The British by Benjamin Zephaniah. Scientific research commissioned by this programme on behalf of our guest editor, Colin Firth, has shown a strong correlation between the structure of a person's brain and their political views. Science correspondent Tom Feilden analysed the theory. The human rights organisation, Reprieve UK, is threatening to take legal action against the government unless it bans the export of two drugs used in executions. BBC reporter Andrew Hosken explained the situation. The question of how to teach history in schools is a topic that concerns the coalition as well as this morning's guest editor, Colin Firth. The historian Tariq Ali and Niall Ferguson, Professor of History at Harvard University, debated the right way to teach the past. The human rights organisation, Reprieve UK, wants the government to stop two drugs that are manufactured in Britain from being exported for use in US executions. Guest editor Colin Firth commissioned BBC reporter Andrew Hosken to find out more. Colin Firth has played a gay man in several roles, most notably A Single Man, which won him a Bafta and an Oscar nomination this year. Colin asked Evan Davis to talk to the actor Rupert Everett about the problems faced by homosexuals when casting for films. Over the last four decades, aid to Africa has quadrupled from around $11bn dollars a year to $44bn , according to the UN. Guest editor, Colin Firth, has long supported the work of Oxfam, but was keen to hear the BBC's Mike Thomson report on the arguments against aid. Chief Executive of Oxfam, Barbara Stocking, responded to claims that aid can cause more harm than good. Guest editor Colin Firth has noticed that people in the film industry often find it hard to tackle the theme of religion and faith. Catholic screenwriter Frank Cottrell Boyce explained what it is like to be a religious man in Hollywood. In this time of austerity, the coalition government refuses to cut international aid, pointing to its conviction that aid agencies do valuable work. Guest editor Colin Firth asked the BBC's Mike Thomson to investigate the effectiveness of humanitarian aid through the prism of Sierra Leone in West Africa, which has received more than 100m in UK aid since the end of its civil war. Colin Firth, heard and enjoyed the encounter on this programme last year between John Humphrys and Dame Edna Everage. He requested a rematch, so we brought them together again for a look back at this year's big stories. Are our political values and beliefs the result of experience or genetics in the brain? Colin Firth asked science correspondent Tom Feilden to report on an experiment involving two well-known political figures, Alan Duncan and Stephen Pound to see if it is possible to predict an individual's politics from the structure of their brains. Today's guest editor, Colin Firth, was keen to hear some poetry on his programme. The young poet Haroon Anwar, who won a performance poetry competition for under-16s run by The Poetry Society Slambassadors, recites Western Child. Colin Firth became a household name playing Mr Darcy in the BBC adaptation of Pride and Prejudice, and continued with a string of films including Bridget Jones's Diary. Justin Webb spoke to him about his experience and how he had approached the task of guest editing. ABOUT THE GUEST EDITOR Colin Firth, Bafta winner and Academy Award-nominated actor, has starred in films including A Single Man, Mamma Mia and Love Actually. His latest film is The King's Speech. -------------- 推荐博客: __________________________________________________ 人文地理与摄影系列: 西域 摄影作品之二 : 图片集锦 精选 《魅力西域》摄影展入选作品之一 : 图片集锦 精选 现代诗歌系列: 【 现代 诗歌】 【 现代 诗歌】 电影鉴赏系列: 电影鉴赏 : 《危险方法》荣格与弗洛伊德的决裂之精神分析学 ; 电影鉴赏《卑鄙的我》:萝莉与大坏蛋奶爸的故事 ; 电影鉴赏 : 《巴黎野玫瑰 》影片赏析; 电影鉴 赏 : 《开往春天的地铁》影片赏析 ; 社会与时政系列: 重 - 庆 事 - 件的成 - 因 - 和 - 走 - 向 ; 大败局:提振、猫腻、公子、剥削、官二代、昏庸、腐败 ; 中国 “ 裸 - 官 ” 报告出炉, “ 太 - 子奶 ” 全面爆发 ; 权力资本结盟牺牲民众利益造就行业性暴富 ; 集体世袭的中国高层:藉助权力赚取财富 ; 看不懂的农村 : 豫北老家农村见闻 ; 发条橙子 : 传说中的暴力亡命 “ 哥 ” 几则 ; 大败局:中国式尊严 ; ž 中国腐败新变向: 向三权( 权钱、权色、权权) 交易的转化与演变 ž 天涯杂谈: 二油裸涨了,官家套套特供了。一周杂谈 ž 二次掠夺?中国空心村土地亟待盘活利用?? 社会文化观察 : ž 打工诗歌的疼痛感:中国现代化进程见证 ž 【诗歌】城市的十字路口 ž 打工诗歌:一种生存的证明 ž 【诗歌】这些年,我携着生存奔跑在路上 ž 是谁制造了郑小琼们? 民工阶层的觉醒与呐喊 ž 屌 丝亚文化之网络群体自嘲进行时
2008 年创刊的Brain Stimulation《脑刺激》,ISSN: 1935-861X,季刊,美国(ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10010-1710 )出版,2009年入选 Web of Science的Science Citation Index Expanded,目前在SCI数据库可以检索到该期刊2008年的第1卷1-4期到2010年第3卷第1期共89篇论文。 89 篇文章包括学术论文51篇、社论13篇、评论12篇、通讯11篇、更正2篇。 89 篇文章的主要国家分布:美国54篇,德国21篇,意大利14篇,英国11篇,澳大利亚10篇,法国8篇,巴西、加拿大各6篇,新西兰5篇,比利时3篇,中国(其中台湾地区1篇)、日本、埃及各2篇等。 中国学者以通讯作者单位在该期刊发表论文的是香港大学(Univ Hong Kong)1篇。 89篇文章共被引用174次,其中2008年被引用12次,2009年被引用112次,2010年被引用51次,平均引用1. 96次, H指数为7(有7篇文章每篇最少被引用8次)。 Brain Stimulation《脑刺激》热点论文: 1.标题: Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy 作者: Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Nobler MS, et al. 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 2 页: 71-83 出版年: APR 2008 被引频次: 20 2.标题: Consensus: Motor cortex plasticity protocols 作者: Ziemann U, Paulus W, Nitsche MA, et al. 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 3 特刊: Sp. Iss. SI 页: 164-182 出版年: JUL 2008 被引频次: 17 3.标题: Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008 作者: Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, et al. 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 3 特刊: Sp. Iss. SI 页: 206-223 出版年: JUL 2008 被引频次: 17 4.标题: State of the art: Pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation 作者: Paulus W, Classen J, Cohen LG, et al. 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 3 特刊: Sp. Iss. SI 页: 151-163 出版年: JUL 2008 被引频次: 15 5.标题: State of the art: Physiology of transcranial motor cortex stimulation 作者: Di Lazzaro V, Ziemann U, Lemon RN 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 4 页: 345-362 出版年: OCT 2008 被引频次: 12 6.标题: Focal electrical stimulation as a sham control for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Does it truly mimic the cutaneous sensation and pain of active prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? 作者: Arana AB, Borckardt JJ, Ricci R, et al. 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 1 页: 44-51 出版年: JAN 2008 被引频次: 8 7.标题: Development and evaluation of a portable sham transcranial magnetic stimulation system 作者: Borckardt JJ, Walker J, Branham RK, et al. 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 1 页: 52-59 出版年: JAN 2008 被引频次: 8 8.标题: Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans 作者: Antal A, Boros K, Poreisz C, et al. 来源出版物: BRAIN STIMULATION 卷: 1 期: 2 页: 97-105 出版年: APR 2008 被引频次: 7 Brain Stimulation《脑刺激》投稿指南: 该刊是神经调节领域的顶级杂志,主要刊登研究论文、评论、通讯和社论。 网址: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1935861X 编委会: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaleditorialboard.cws_home/712317/editorialboard 作者指南: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/712317/authorinstructions 在线投稿: http://ees.elsevier.com/brs/
衰老解密解出神经科学奥秘 前一篇博客说道咬定青山一个月,苦写衰老解密后续篇,是为何物?值得那么大惊小怪吗?不看不知道,一看 也不能全知道。因为该文章在博客中目前只能为洋片,只能给出洋文的片段: 所谓 可供专家钻研, 亦为大家开眼。 若要尽知详情, 耐心等待半年。 不过为了满足某些看客的好奇心,先贴上文章的引言,并附上与老外的争辩(择时而发),让网上冲浪的好手,一道领略科学风口浪尖的头晕目眩。 Aging Resolution Implying Resolution of Neurobiochemistry -- Revealing the Missing Codes of Life Science Dazhong Yin Abstract While the enigma of aging is understood as a result of molecular dysfunction caused by increasing entropy due to the fail of maintenance systems, a brief history of the interpretation of aging mechanisms and the exact biochemistry connecting the entropy and biological aging is addressed. Lipofuscin formation mechanisms revealing irreparable accumulative changes represent the most important aging related alterations of entropy increase in biological kingdom, which is very different from the aging process of inorganic materials. A fifth level of aging mechanism studies that highlights the importance of functional groups of biochemistry, the missing codes of life science, is put forward in this review. Significance and validities of such life codes in biology beyond genomic and proteomic concepts has also been clarified. An open-minded pondering with functional groups of biomolecules, such as carbonyl stress, may explain fatigue and sleep biochemistry in neurobiochemistry and biomedicine in broad sense. When the 19 th World Congress of Gerontology and Geriatrics confirmed and celebrated the explanation of biological aging in Paris in June 2009, most biological scientists still have been suffering the confusion of the aging mystery in related fields . Most gerontologic and geriatric scientists yet not really understand what exactly is the real value of the resolution of aging. While professor Hayflick stated aging phenotype is resulted from dysfunctional molecules caused by increasing entropy , the most headache question to many biomedical scientists becomes what is the exact biochemistry bridging the entropy and aging. More challengingly, questions were raised such as: since the enigma of aging is solved, namely maintenance systems are the determinants of longevity, thus how damage plays into the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases and how may the detailed understanding be needed to make practical use? The objective of this review is: 1) to review the history of aging interpretation and clarify further the exact biochemistry connecting the entropy and aging; 2) to address a fifth level of aging mechanism studies and highlight the missing code of life science; and 3) to predict significance and validities of such codes into a broad field of neurobiology and life sciences. 1. The Evolution of the Entropy-Related Aging Interpretation Before going into the detailed biochemical interpretation of entropy increase during senescence, a quick overview of the aging studies is fundamental. While over 300 aging theories being developed in biological history, about 30 of them are continuously regarded of importance . On one hand, these theories may be best divided in two categories, the genetic and stochastic parties. The genome relevance to aging mechanisms, after over 200 genes were discovered and identified, the pathophysiological maintenance network (system) is realized to mostly work together in determining the animals longevity (instead of being the driving force to accelerate aging) . On the other hand, the aging associated phenotypes and theories have been studied and classified mainly into four classes. Such classes are biologically ranked as at: 1) the whole animal level; 2) the organ level; 3) the cellular level; and finally 4) the molecular level . Whereas the enormous amount of data from all biological fields, particularly from various biomedical branches, have been so confusion in the literature, in some situation, aging investigation was dismissed as just too complicated for serious scientific study . It is sometimes suspected in the society of life sciences that Western biomedical research is getting lost in the forest of overloaded massive data, such as from genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and systems biology, a quickly growing field that will certainly add more complexity to the chaotic life science of gerontology and geriatrics. Should life science become more and more complicated or if there will be some simple access, or code, that could solve the mass? Not devoted to look for such code, however, we happened to view some biochemistry of life science in common under lipofuscin investigation . No matter how complicated and confusion the biological impairments start and/or develope, two major energy metabolism induced biological stresses representing most important biological side-reactions are understood as the key aging causes . These two are known as free radical oxidative stress and nonenzymatic glycosylation stress (being simplified as glycation stress later) . While the oxidative stress may finally form advanced lipid peroxidation end-products (ALEs), the glycation stress can result in advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) . By realizing with surprise that these two biochemical stress carry a similar middle step -- carbonyl-amino reaction -- the reaction was primarily pinpointed by the author as a common reaction during lipofuscin formation and it was proposed later as carbonyl toxification theory of aging in 1995 . Because the crosslinkages resulting from biological reactions are mostly irreparable , the carbonyl stress, and other biochemical cross-linking culprits had already been stressed in a crosslinkage theory of aging by Bjorksten already in 1968 . After a half-century, the carbonyl stress appears to remain as the key process of the crosslinkage-related inevitable aging alterations both intracellularly and extracellularly . Since a large number of experiments showed clear defects of the free radical theory of aging , Sohal and others, while verifying the free radical theory of aging (Orr and Sohal, 1994), has tried also to build up a new flagship to interpret aging mechanisms, the so called oxidative stress hypothesis of aging . The reformed theory is thoughtful, but it is unsatisfactory to consider oxidative stress and related impairments to be the genuine aging mechanism since most of such damages are repairable by maintenance system. When the oxidative stress theory was found not to correlate with the maximum lifespan (MLS), the understanding of aging mechanisms became much more confused than ever before . For clarifying the complex of concepts in the field, we propose to illustrate the problem with a quite simple formula as given below (Formula 1): Damages ( aging causes ) Repairing ( maintenance ) = Aging alterations ( aging process ) Formula 1. Aging mechanisms (and process) in a general view. From the formula, one may recognize simply that carbonyl stress-related age pigment formation is more significant than oxygen free radicals during real aging process simply because it contributes almost directly to the crucial accumulation-based aging process, the right side of the formula given above. Although a complete picture of biological aging mechanisms cannot be obtained only through the accumulation biochemistry of biological alterations (garbage accumulation , in the case of lipofuscin formation), a general picture of aging starts to emerge. Because no matter how complex the detailed aging mechanisms (causes and consequences etc.) may be, their main clues and the final results are available, especially the net result of impairments and restorations, which are highlighted by the accumulation biology of age pigments, the well known hallmark of aging as articulated primarily by Sohal et al. (Sohal, 1981; Porta, 1990; Yin, 1996; Szweda, et al. 2003). More open-mindedly, considering the nature of aging of all kind of materials, impairments and damages are encountered to either organic or inorganic materials. The difference is that inorganic materials can not repair the damages, but organisms may fix impairments and damages by direct or indirect means (such as protein restoration or cell proliferation) to renew life . Various physicochemical damages may be the direct causes of aging for inorganic materials. In the biological world, however, such damages are not the aging alterations/process per se . Most alterations of biological aging are accumulative instead of degradative, such as collagen crosslinking and lipofuscin formation. Referring to entropy, although Schrodinger predicted that the entropy increase must be inevitable in biological system , organisms with enough diet, however, have no problem to gain energy (to reduce entropy) to avoid simple energy dispersal (simply to eat more). The actual problem is how the system may maintain its designed functioning pattern. The entropy increase related biological change has never been understood (only remaining as imaginative physics and as empty talk in biochemistry) until systematic understanding of formation biochemistry of lipofuscin and age pigments . The age pigment associated changes implying the exact polymerization-associated molecular alterations in relation to entropy have been formally clarified only recently . Biochemically, the crosslinking reaction of unsaturated carbonyls with amino compounds seems to be a more important reaction inducing physiological aging-related alterations. This is simply due to the fact that unsaturated carbonyls have a molecular structure of second bite (namely, it contains a pair of conjugated carbonyls or similar structure like hydroxy-ene structure) so that a further reaction is possible if a detoxification process fails to follow the first bite. As a result, steady crosslinking of low energy potential due to cyclization and/or conjugation (with increased entropy!) and thus irreversible by-products can be produced. Organisms, if they have no enzyme to break down such side-reaction induced by-products (e.g. AGEs and ALEs) with their limited (gene programmed) types of enzymes, so they have to put up with and pile them up with age . In other words, whereas the instant damages of the free radical/Maillard reaction belongs to pathological causes, which are mostly repairable or reversible (e.g. in the case of early glycation), the carbonyl stress induces mainly the irreversible accumulative physiological alterations with aging. . To sum up, the crucial problem that the entropy theory of aging is requested to answer is what is the exact biochemistry behind the entropy increase during aging. Scientists have been missing an adequate resolution until recently . Biological side-reactions, which have been discussed comprehensively in the foregoing sections, occur spontaneously in life activities, mainly including free radical oxidation, non-enzymatic glycation, carbonyl stress and protein crosslinking, etc. provide the best answer . The irreparable impairments are the molecular explanation of entropy increase. For example, protein cyclic conjugation is an exergonic process that increases the entropy of living systems. Stochastic by-products of crosslinking accumulate gradually because they cannot be degraded by normal proteinases, such as the crosslinked connective tissues in blood vessel, in wrinkled skin and in other protein complex, like lipofuscin, fibrosis, amyloids, tangles, senile plaques or lens cataract in vivo , which may form due to either physiological or pathological reasons (Korenchevsky, 1961; Selye, 1970; Bailey, 2001; Diazani, 2003; Binder et al., 2005). 2. A New Level of Aging Mechanism Study Revealing Life Code Ten years after our carbonyl aging hypothesis proposed, the carbonyl stress aging is developed to have a broader coverage as the essential mechanisms of aging in 2005 . Whereas irreparable damage accumulation of biological side reaction is summarized as the general interpretation of aging, the age pigment biochemistry and the entropy law were integrated to support strongly the general aging theory. The general aging theory was first appreciated in China as an Excellent Contribution and awarded by Chinese Gerontologic Society in 2006 and 2007 . (不好意思, 本文只能就此打住。有兴趣者,请暂时虚怀,若对群山,所谓:对面能说话,相逢得半年。 不过实在熬不过那么久的,可以琢磨请我前往交流,轻微腐败即可,哈 )。