化学合成新突破:促进抗癌药进入临床实验 诸平 We spent decades on basic research and made very dramatic progress, said Yoshito Kishi, Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus, in Harvard's Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology. Credit: Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard Staff Photographer Chemical structures referenced in this work and the scale-up strategy. ( a ) Chemical structures of halichondrin B, norhalichondrin B, C52-halichondrin-B alcohol, and C52-halichondrin-B amine/E7130. ( b ) The strategy for scale-up. The previous synthesis relied on a C38-C39 bond formation strategy. The new synthesis relies on a C37-C38 bond formation strategy. The latter provided 19.5 g of C52-halichondrin-B alcohol with 99.84% purity. Fifteen grams of this compound was used to synthesize 11.5 g of E7130 with 99.81% purity as the first GMP batch (92 overall steps). 据哈佛大学( Harvard University )的提供的消息,哈佛大学化学和化学生物学系名誉化学教授岸义人 (Yoshito Kishi) 说:“我们花了几十年时间进行基础研究,取得了非常显著的进展。”这就是一个酝酿了 30 年的壮举 : 岸义人领导的哈佛大学的化学家们已经完成了一篇新论文,在其中所称是“药物发现的里程碑”,该论文论述了哈利洪德林(halichondrin )的全合成。哈利洪德林在小鼠研究中被认为是一种有效的抗癌剂,并在天然的海绵体中发现——尽管含有量很少——哈利洪德林类( halichondrins )分子结构极其复杂,从未在实验室中大规模合成过。 岸义人是哈佛大学化学与化学生物学系莫里斯·勒布( Morris Loeb )的名誉化学教授 , 已经完成了有足够数量的 E7130 合成。 E7130 也是属于从海绵体中提取的哈利洪德林类化合物中的一种 , 具有潜在抗肿瘤活性。经静脉滴注后, E7130 可与微管蛋白 vinca 结构域结合,抑制微管蛋白聚合和微管组装,从而抑制有丝分裂纺锤体组装,诱导细胞周期阻滞在 G2/M 期。为了严格的研究其生物活性、药理特性和有效性 , 与日本卫材制药公司( Japanese pharmaceutical company Eisai )的研究人员进行合作。此分子已经经历了异常快速的发展,并已在日本进行了一期临床试验,由哈佛大学技术开发办公室 (Harvard's Office of Technology Development , OTD) 授权给卫材( Eisai )制药公司。该公司希望在适当的时候在美国开始第二次临床试验。 岸义人实验室的研究成果,通过与卫材长达三年的紧密合作,于 2019 年 6月17 日发表在开放获取的自然杂志社出版的《科学报告》 ( Scientific Reports ) 上—— Satoshi Kawano , Ken Ito , Kenzo Yahata , Kazunobu Kira , Takanori Abe , Tsuyoshi Akagi , Makoto Asano , Kentaro Iso , Yuki Sato , Fumiyoshi Matsuura , Isao Ohashi , Yasunobu Matsumoto , Minetaka Isomura , Takeo Sasaki , Takashi Fukuyama , Yusuke Miyashita , Yosuke Kaburagi , Akira Yokoi , Osamu Asano , Takashi Owa , Yoshito Kishi .A landmark in drug discovery based on complex natural product synthesis. Scientific Reports , 2019,9, Articlenumber:8656. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45001-9 (点击可以浏览原文)。 本文报道了高效哈利洪德林类化合物 E7130(halichondrin molecule E7130) 的全合成 , 并已经制得 E7130 分子 11.5 g ,其纯度为 99.81% ,并对其作用模式进行了表征。在临床前研究中,研究小组已经确定它不仅是一种微管动力学抑制剂,正如之前所认识的,而且是一种新的靶向肿瘤微环境的药物。 岸义人说:“我们花了几十年的时间进行基础研究,如今取得了巨大的进步。”自 1978 年以来,岸义人的实验室一直得到美国国立卫生研究院 (National Institutes of Health , NIH) 下属的美国国家癌症研究所 (National Cancer Institute, NCI) 的大力支持,以天然产物的合成作为研究目标。 通过全合成得到的完整的 E7130 分子的结构尤其难以复制,因为它有 31 个手性中心,每个不对称点必须正确定位。换句话说,要想得到它有大约 40 亿种方法会出错。 33 年前,当日本研究人员首次发现这种天然产物时,立即引起了人们的兴趣。卫材肿瘤业务集团的首席医药创意官和首席发现官、论文作者之一大和田孝( Takashi Owa )博士回忆说:“当时,他们意识到,哈利洪德林类化合物( halichondrins )看起来非常有效。”但是,随着时间的推移, NCI 的研究人员测试了少量的它,认识到它正在影响微管的形成,这是细胞分裂必不可少的。大和田孝博士解释说 : “由于这种天然产物的独特结构,许多人对这种行为模式很感兴趣,研究人员想做一项临床研究,但药物供应不足成为进行临床研究的拦路虎。”因此,一拖 30 年过去了,非常不幸,但岸义人教授是这一领域的先驱。” 多年来,岸义人实验室采用了先进的聚集合成( convergent synthesis )方法,使复杂分子能够从亚单位( subunits )组装而成,而并非线性构建。另一个创新,现在被称为 野崎 - 桧山 - 岸反应 ( Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction ,简称 “NHK反应” )是由 镍 或 铬 介导的 烯丙基 或 乙烯基 卤 与 醛 偶联 为 醇 的 反应 。该反应的反应形式与 Barbier 反应 相同,保护高反应性官能团的组装。 该反应系 高井和彦 、 野崎一 ( Hitosi Nozaki )和 桧山为次郎 ( Tamejiro Hiyama )在 1977 年报道,其最早发现的为铬 ( Ⅱ ) 催化的 苯甲醛 与 烯丙基氯 间的偶联,其中铬 ( Ⅱ ) 盐由 氯化铬 ( Ⅲ ) 与 氢化铝锂 作用制得。 1983 年反应适用范围被拓展至以乙烯基卤、 三氟甲磺酸酯 和 芳 基碘化物或溴化物作为底物。研究发现反应效果与氯化铬 (Ⅱ) 的来源有很大关系。 1986 年,高井和彦等人发现了氯化铬 ( Ⅱ ) 中的镍杂质对碳铬键形成有明显的促进作用,从而发现镍对反应的共催化作用。 同年, 岸义人 (Yoshito Kishi )等在合成 沙海葵毒素 ( palytoxin )时,也分别发现镍的催化作用。 1992 年, 岸义人 和他的同事完成了第一个哈利洪德林(halichondrin )分子 (halichondrin B) 的全合成,该过程需要 100 多个化学反应序列,总收率不足 1% 。然而,这是一项重大成就,而这种分子的简化版本—— 艾瑞布 林 ( eribulin )——成为了一种治疗转移性乳腺癌和脂肪肉瘤的药物,目前由日本卫材药业上市销售。从那以后,岸义人的实验室一直从事有机合成的基础研究,包括发现和开发在合成后期可用的新反应。 岸义人说 : “ 1992 年,合成一克重的海参碱是不可想象的,但三年前,我们向卫材药业提出了这个想法。有机合成已经发展到另一个水平,即使分子的复杂性在几年前是不可企及的。我们很高兴看到我们的基本化学发现,现在使大规模合成这种化合物成为可能。” 大和田孝说 : “这是全合成方面一个前所未有的成就,也是一个特殊的成就。“没有人能够在 10g 范围内生产出哈利洪德林类( halichondrins)化合物1mg ,仅此而已。他们已经完成了惊人的全合成,使我们能够启动 E7130 的临床试验。” 该团队的科学报告论文描述了在动物模型中进行的体外和体内研究的结果,阐明了分子的复杂作用模式。研究小组发现 E7130 可以增加肿瘤内 CD31 阳性内皮细胞 (intratumoral CD31-positive endothelial cells) ,减少肿瘤微环境中可能参与肿瘤向恶性转化的 α- SMA 阳性成纤维细胞 (alpha-SMA-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts) 。 大和田孝说 : “岸义人教授的专业知识为我们提供了这样一个令人兴奋和独特的机会,来测试我们系统中的分子。”“我从未经历过这种高效、快速、成功的合作。仅仅三年的合作就把这种复杂分子从发现阶段带到了临床开发阶段,并具有非常独特的机制和作用模式。对我来说,这是一种药物研发的创新记录。” “卫材和哈佛大学的科学家之间的合作是学术界和产业界共同努力的一个例子,他们成功地加速了一种新疗法的开发,这种疗法可能会解决一些重要的尚未得到满足的医疗需求,”哈佛大学 OTD 战略伙伴关系董事总经理薇薇安•柏林 (Vivian Berlin) 表示,“这种合作精神和透明的关系对项目的成功做出了巨大的贡献。” 大和田孝补充说:“没有 OTD ,这种合作永远不会发生。哈佛 OTD 一直是连接业界和哈佛研究人员的核心,并促成有关如何建立双赢关系展开讨论。”更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 Abstract Despite their outstanding antitumour activity in mice, the limited supply from the natural sources has prevented drug discovery/development based on intact halichondrins. We achieved a total synthesis of C52-halichondrin-B amine (E7130) on a 10 g scale with 99.8% purity under GMP conditions. Interestingly, E7130 not only is a novel microtubule dynamics inhibitor but can also increase intratumoural CD31-positive endothelial cells and reduce α-SMA-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts at pharmacologically relevant compound concentrations. According to these unique effects, E7130 significantly augment the effect of antitumour treatments in mouse models and is currently in a clinical trial. Overall, our work demonstrates that a total synthesis can address the issue of limited material supply in drug discovery/development even for the cases of complex natural products.
抗癌新药 OTS964 诸平 据《科学转化医学》( Science Translational Medicine ) 杂志网站 2014 年 10 月 22 日 报道,日本川崎市的肿瘤治疗科学株式会社( オンコセラピー・サイエンス株式会社 ,或 Onco Therapy Science Inc., Kawasaki, Japan )和美国芝加哥大学医学系( Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago )的研究人员合作研发出了一种名为 OTS964 的新型抗癌 药。 OTS964 的化学名称为 ( R )-9-(4-(1-( 二甲氨基 ) 丙烷 -2- 基 ) 苯基 )-8- 羟基 -6- 甲基噻吩 喹啉 -4(5 H )- 酮 { ( R )-9-(4-(1-(dimethylamino)propan-2-yl)phenyl)-8-hydroxy-6-methylthieno quinolin-4(5 H )-one } ),这种药物被证明能消除移植在小鼠体内的侵袭性人肺癌组织。研究人员指出,其作用机理在于 OTS964 能抑制一种蛋白的活性,这种蛋白在包括肺癌和乳腺癌在内的多种癌症中过量表达,在健康成人组织中却鲜有表达。下图解释了脂质OTS964进入癌细胞之后,可以抑制 TOPK 酶,防止癌细胞最后阶段分裂。口服时药物耐受性很好, 毒性 有限。而将OTS964用脂质作为载体制成的一种通过静脉注射剂,使药效不会受到任何影响,但是副作用会更小一些。OTS964目标就是 TOPK酶,这是 一种 由多种人类癌细胞所产生的 蛋白质,它被认为是促进肿瘤的生长。TOPK 高 表达与乳腺癌和肺癌患者的预后不良有关。 这一研究成果 2014 年 10 月 22 日 在《科学转化医学》( Science Translational Medicine )杂志网站发表—— Yo Matsuo , Jae-Hyun Park , Takashi Miyamoto 1 , Shinji Yamamoto 1 , Shoji Hisada 1 , Houda Alachkar and Yusuke Nakamura . TOPK inhibitor induces complete tumor regression in xenograft models of human cancer through inhibition of cytokinesis . Science Translational Medicine 22 October 2014: Vol. 6, Issue 259, p. 259ra145. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010277. 7 位作者中芝加哥大学医学教授 中村祐輔 ( Yusuke Nakamura )博士是通讯作者,他原来在日本东京大学人类基因组中心工作过,是一位日本遗传学领域的杰出科学家,曾领导和组织过日本一些最大的科研项目,同时他还创建了肿瘤治疗科学株式会社。这位日本顶尖的遗传学家、原东京大学人类基因组中心的 中村 祐輔 ( Yusuke Nakamura )教授在 2012 年上半年加入了芝加哥大学。 中村 祐輔 表示,他离开日本是因为对基因组学研究的支持缺乏,而他在 2011 年 1 月担任医药创新局( Office of Medical Innovation )的秘书长后,也感到无能为力。他在接受《自然》(NATURE)杂志采访时表示:“创新局不起任何作用。我无事可做。” 中村 祐輔 是日本的顶尖科学家之一,曾领导了日本一些最大的科研项目。此外,他还是一位成功的生物技术企业家,创立了肿瘤治疗科学株式会社( OncoTherapy Science Inc. )。由于 中村 祐輔 的努力,日本在国际 HapMap 项目中大约完成了四分之一的工作。但从那之后,日本基因组学研究的经费开始枯竭。政府转向支持后基因组学研究,启动大规模项目来研究蛋白结构等。 中村 祐輔 教授说,“十年前,我们就发现了这种药物的分子靶标,但却花费了近十年的时间才找到抑制它的有效方法。我们最初筛选出了 30 万种化合物,然后合成了其中的 1000 多种,再从中找到了一些在人体内发挥作用的化合物。最后我们定位在最有效的一种化合物,我认为现在我们终于找到了非常有前景的东西。” OTS964 可以口服,也可以注射入人体,其一大特点就是毒性低,采用注射的方式比口服方式的毒性还可以再降低一些,因为口服药物是包裹在一种脂质体之中的。无论是口服还是注射,实验结果都表明这两种方法均能完全消除移植的肿瘤。更多信息请浏览原文。 Sci Transl Med 22 October 2014: Vol. 6, Issue 259, p. 259ra145 Sci. Transl. Med. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010277 RESEARCH ARTICLE CANCER TOPK inhibitor induces complete tumor regression in xenograft models of human cancer through inhibition of cytokinesis Yo Matsuo 1 , * , Jae-Hyun Park 2 , * , Takashi Miyamoto 1 , Shinji Yamamoto 1 , Shoji Hisada 1 , Houda Alachkar 2 and Yusuke Nakamura 2 , † ↵ * These authors contributed equally to this work. ↵ † Corresponding author. E-mail: ynakamura@bsd.uchicago.edu Abstract TOPK (T–lymphokine-activated killer cell–originated protein kinase) is highly and frequently transactivated in various cancer tissues, including lung and triple-negative breast cancers, and plays an indispensable role in the mitosis of cancer cells. We report the development of a potent TOPK inhibitor, OTS964 {( R )-9-(4-(1-(dimethylamino)propan-2-yl)phenyl)-8-hydroxy-6-methylthieno quinolin-4(5 H )-one}, which inhibits TOPK kinase activity with high affinity and selectivity. Similar to the knockdown effect of TOPK small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), this inhibitor causes a cytokinesis defect and the subsequent apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro as well as in xenograft models of human lung cancer. Although administration of the free compound induced hematopoietic adverse reactions (leukocytopenia associated with thrombocytosis), the drug delivered in a liposomal formulation effectively caused complete regression of transplanted tumors without showing any adverse reactions in mice. Our results suggest that the inhibition of TOPK activity may be a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of various human cancers.
姜黄素抗癌作用研究相关文献 ——PubMed数据库统计结果 诸平 1 姜黄素( Curcumin )研究文献变化 姜黄素化学结构式 1970~2014年9月下旬PubMed数据库收录了 相关研究论文近 7000 篇,具体年度收录量见图1:其中有关“ Anticarcinogenic Agents (抗致癌药物)”近 240 篇;“ Chemoprevention (化学预防)”近 190 篇。 化学预防是指利用化学复合物预防恶性肿瘤的发生 , 作为癌症治疗新方法之一 , 正受到广泛重视 。 大肠癌以及肺癌 、 前列腺癌 、 乳腺癌等 , 在确定了癌前病变的疾病或已确定了致病基因的疾病中 , 可以选定为高危组 , 并进行各种化学预防研究 。 图1 1970~2014年PubMed数据库收录姜黄素研究文献的变化 2 姜黄素与抗癌研究文献变化 姜黄素与癌症( Curcumin, cancers )结合作为检索词,通过 PubMed数据库可以检索到 相关文献近 1800 篇;其中以美国研究最多 604 篇,其次是中国(包括台湾 106 篇) 385 篇,印度位于第三( 176 篇),其余均在 100 篇以下。年度变化见图2. 图2 1983~2014年姜黄素与抗癌研究文献变化 3 综述性文献的统计结果 姜黄素与抗癌研究的综述性 文献有400余篇,其年度变化见图3. 图3 姜黄素与抗癌作用的综述性研究文献变化 下面列举几篇综述性研究论文,供大家参考: Aliye Aras, Abdur Rehman Khokhar, MuhammadZahid Qureshi , et al. TargetingCancer with Nano-Bullets: Curcumin, EGCG, Resveratrol and Quercetin on FlyingCarpets . Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(9): 3865-3871. http://www.apocpcontrol.org/paper_file/issue_abs/Volume15_No9/3865-3871%202.23%20Aliye%20Aras%20(MINI-REVIEW).pdf Sana Afreen, Mir S Adil, MohammedNassir M, Muniba Suad, Sidhra Fatima. Curcumin and its promising role in theprevention of cancer. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013; 4(12):1-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.041201 Turmeric Cancer http://greenhealthmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Anti-Cancer-Foods-2-Turmeric.pdf Noor Hasima, Bharat B Aggarwal . Cancer-linked targets modulated by curcumin. Int J Biochem MolBiol, 2012, 3(4): 328-351. http://www.ijbmb.org/files/ijbmb1209004.pdf DarveshA S , AggarwalB B , BishayeeA . Curcuminand liver cancer: a review . Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 , 13(1): 218-228. Role of Curcumin in Cancer Therapy. CurrProbl Cancer, 2007, 31: 243-305. 参考了 289 篇参考文献,综述长达 63 页,详见: http://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/115719/current-problems-in-cancer-article-1.pdf Reason Wilken, Mysore S Veena, Marilene B Wang, et al. Cucurmin:A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamouscell carcinoma . Mol Cancer, 2011, 10: 12. http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/pdf/1476-4598-10-12.pdf 4 综述性论文作者关系图 其中美国德克萨斯大学( University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center)的 Aggarwal, B B ,先后曾经撰写过20余篇有关姜黄素与抗癌作用的综述性研究文献,具体作者关系图见图4. 图4 综述作者关系图 5 Aggarwal, B B 的部分论文摘录 Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability , absorption and metabolism of curcumin : the golden pigment from golden spice . Authors: Prasad, Sahdeo , et.al. . ... Journal: Cancer research and treatment : official journal of Korean Cancer Association (Cancer Res Treat) , Vol. 46 (1): 2-18 , 2014 . ... Curcumin ( diferuloylmethane ) is a yellow pigment present in the spice turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) that has been associated with antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , anti cancer , antiviral , and antibacterial activities as indicated by over 6,000 citations. 24520218 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX , USA . . ... Related Products: order online Targeting proteasomal pathways by dietary curcumin for cancer prevention and treatment. Authors: Hasima, Noor , et.al. . ... Journal: Current medicinal chemistry (Curr Med Chem) , Vol. 21 (14): 1583-94 , 2014 . ... In this review , we discuss in detail how modulation of these targets by curcumin is linked to prevention and treatment of cancer . 23834173 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas , 77030, United States . aggarwal@mdanderson.org. . ... AdipoGen anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (mouse) mAb (Casper-1) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) (Biotin) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) (FITC) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) (R-PE) ... . ... Antibodies Online Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 2 (BIRC2) , Catalase (CAT) , COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 8 (Arabidopsis) (COPS8) ... . ... Related Products: order online Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin in breast cancer . Authors: Sinha, Dona , et.al. . ... Journal: Current drug targets (Curr Drug Targets) , Vol. 13 (14): 1799-819 , 2012 . ... The current review critically analyzes various aspects of curcumin -related research conducted for molecular understanding of its efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer . 23140290 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata , West Bengal , India . dona.sinha@cnci.org.in . ... Related Products: order online Role of nuclear factor κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in cancer -related symptoms and their regulation by nutritional agents. Authors: Gupta, Subash C , et.al. . ... Journal: Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) (Exp Biol Med (maywood)) , Vol. 236 (6): 658-71 , 2011 . ... We will also discuss how nutritional agents such as curcumin , genistein , resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate and lycopene can modulate inflammatory pathways and thereby reduce cancer -related symptoms in patients . 21565893 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . ... Antibodies Online Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) . ... Related Products: order online Epigenetic changes induced by curcumin and other natural compounds. Authors: Reuter, Simone , et.al. . ... Journal: Genes nutrition (Genes Nutr) , Vol. 6 (2): 93-108 , 2011 . ... This review summarizes current knowledge about the effect of curcumin on the regulation of histone deacetylases , histone acetyltransferases , DNA methyltransferase I , and miRNAs . 21516481 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX , 77030, USA . . ... Antibodies Online DNA (Cytosine-5)-Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin and liver cancer : a review . Authors: Darvesh, Altaf S , et.al. . ... Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology (Curr Pharm Biotechnol) , Vol. 13 (1): 218-28 , 2012 . ... This review also discusses potential challenges involved in the use of curcumin in HCC, such as bioavailability , pharmacokinetics , drug delivery as well as paucity of clinical studies. 21466422 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cancer Therapeutics and Chemoprevention Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA . . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin , the golden spice from Indian saffron, is a chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer for tumors and chemoprotector and radioprotector for normal organs. Authors: Goel, Ajay , et.al. . ... Journal: Nutrition and cancer (Nutr Cancer) , Vol. 62 (7): 919-30 , 2010 . ... Similar studies have also revealed that this agent can sensitize a variety of tumors to gamma radiation including glioma , neuroblastoma , cervical carcinoma , epidermal carcinoma , prostate cancer , and colon cancer . 20924967 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas , Texas , USA . . ... AdipoGen GPX1 (human) (IntraCellular) ELISA Kit , GPX1 (human) (rec.) (His) , GPX1 (human) ELISA Kit , GPX4 (human) (rec.) (His) , anti-GPX1 (human) pAb . ... Antibodies Online Nuclear Factor (erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2 (NFE2L2) , Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (Isomer 1) (GPX1) , V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 1 (AKT1) ... . ... Related Products: order online Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals . Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B . ... Journal: Annual review of nutrition (Annu Rev Nutr) , Vol. 30 , 2010 . ... Curcumin directly interacts with adipocytes , pancreatic cells , hepatic stellate cells , macrophages , and muscle cells . 20420526 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... AdipoGen anti-Leptin (human) mAb (HLEP 155) , anti-Leptin (human) mAb (HLEP 55G) , anti-Leptin (human) pAb , anti-Leptin (human) pAb (Biotin) , anti-Leptin (mouse) pAb ... . ... Antibodies Online Proinsulin (PI) , Insulin (INS) , Leptin (LEP) ... . ... Related Products: order online Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases : an age-old spice with modern targets. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Trends in pharmacological sciences (Trends Pharmacol Sci) , Vol. 30 (2): 85-94 , 2009 . ... Extensive research within the past two decades has shown that curcumin mediates its anti-inflammatory effects through the downregulation of inflammatory transcription factors (such as nuclear factor kappaB), enzymes (such as cyclooxygenase 2 and 5 lipoxygenase ) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor , interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 ). 19110321 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... AdipoGen Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) , CTRP1 (globular domain) (human) (rec.) ... . ... Antibodies Online 5-Lipoxygenase (LOX5) , Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) , Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) ... . ... Related Products: order online Modulation of anti-apoptotic and survival pathways by curcumin as a strategy to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Authors: Reuter, Simone , et.al. . ... Journal: Biochemical pharmacology (Biochem Pharmacol) , Vol. 76 (11): 1340-51 , 2008 . ... This article reviews the main effects of curcumin on the different apoptotic signaling pathways involved in curcumin -induced apoptosis of cancer cells, including the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, the NF -kappaB-mediated pathway as well as the PI3K / Akt signaling pathway. 18755156 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer , Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg , Luxembourg . . ... AdipoGen Killer TRAIL™ (R1 specific) Soluble (human) (rec.) , Enhanced TRAIL Soluble (human) (rec.) Pack , Killer TRAIL™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , iz TRAIL Soluble (human) (rec.) , Super Killer TRAIL™ Soluble (human) (rec.) ... . ... Antibodies Online Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 10 (CD253/TRAIL) (TNFSF10) , Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Catalytic, delta Polypeptide (PIK3CD) , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit alpha (PIK3R1) ... . ... Related Products: order online Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin , the anti-inflammatory agent , against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic , autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: The international journal of biochemistry cell biology (Int J Biochem Cell B) , Vol. 41 (1): 40-59 , 2009 . ... In the current review , we provide evidence for the potential role of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of various proinflammatory chronic diseases . 18662800 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX , USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... Related Products: order online Potential of spice-derived phytochemicals for cancer prevention. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Planta medica (Planta Med) , Vol. 74 (13): 1560-9 , 2008 . ... For instance, the potential of turmeric ( curcumin ), red chilli ( capsaicin ), cloves ( eugenol ), ginger (zerumbone), fennel (anethole), kokum ( gambogic acid), fenugreek ( diosgenin ), and black cumin (thymoquinone) in cancer prevention has been established. 18612945 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin inhibits proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of different cancers through interaction with multiple cell signaling proteins . Authors: Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B , et.al. . ... Journal: Cancer letters (Cancer Lett) , Vol. 269 (2): 199-225 , 2008 . ... These aspects of curcumin are discussed further in detail in this review . 18479807 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . . ... Related Products: order online Multi-targeted therapy by curcumin : how spicy is it? Authors: Goel, Ajay , et.al. . ... Journal: Molecular nutrition food research (Mol Nutr Food Res) , Vol. 52 (9): 1010-30 , 2008 . ... The present article reviews the key molecular mechanisms of curcumin action and compares this to some of the single-targeted therapies currently available for human cancer . 18384098 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas , TX , USA . . ... AdipoGen α-Galactosylceramide , Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) ... . ... Antibodies Online Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) , Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 2 (BIRC2) , Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) ... . ... Related Products: order online Bioavailability of curcumin : problems and promises. Authors: Anand, Preetha , et.al. . ... Journal: Molecular pharmaceutics (Mol Pharm) , Vol. 4 (6): 807-18 , 2007 Nov-Dec . ... Despite the lower bioavailability , therapeutic efficacy of curcumin against various human diseases, including cancer , cardiovascular diseases , diabetes, arthritis , neurological diseases and Crohn's disease , has been documented. 17999464 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory and Pharmaceutical Development Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin as Curecumin: from kitchen to clinic. Authors: Goel, Ajay , et.al. . ... Journal: Biochemical pharmacology (Biochem Pharmacol) , Vol. 75 (4): 787-809 , 2008 . ... Other clinical trials suggest a potential therapeutic role for curcumin in diseases such as familial adenomatous polyposis , inflammatory bowel disease , ulcerative colitis , colon cancer , pancreatic cancer , hypercholesteremia , atherosclerosis , pancreatitis , psoriasis , chronic anterior uveitis and arthritis . 17900536 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas , TX , United States . . ... AdipoGen anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (mouse) mAb (Casper-1) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) (Biotin) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) (FITC) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) (R-PE) . ... Antibodies Online Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) , Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 2 (BIRC2) , Mdm2-Binding Protein (MDM2) ... . ... Related Products: order online Role of curcumin in cancer therapy. Authors: Shishodia, Shishir , et.al. . ... Journal: Current problems in cancer (Curr Prob Cancer) , Vol. 31 (4): 243-305 , 2007 Jul-Aug . ... No Abstract available. 17645940 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston , Texas , USA . . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin : the Indian solid gold. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Advances in experimental medicine and biology (Adv Exp Med Biol) , Vol. 595 , 2007 . ... Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , antiviral , antibacterial, antifungal, and anti cancer activities and thus has a potential against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies , arthritis , Alzheimer's disease , and other chronic illnesses . 17569205 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... AdipoGen α-Galactosylceramide , Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) ... . ... Antibodies Online Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) , CD34 Class III , V-Erb-B2 erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2, Neuro/glioblastoma Derived Oncogene Homolog (Avian) (ERBB2) ... . ... Related Products: order online Targeting signal-transducer-and-activator-of-transcription-3 for prevention and therapy of cancer : modern target but ancient solution. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Ann Ny Acad Sci) , Vol. 1091 , 2006 . ... Its role in cancer is indicated by numerous avenues of evidence, including the following: STAT3 is constitutively active in tumor cells; STAT3 is activated by growth factors (e.g., EGF , TGF-alpha , IL-6 , hepatocyte growth factor ) and oncogenic kinases (e.g., Src ); STAT3 regulates the expression of genes that mediate proliferation (e.g., c-myc and cyclin D1 ), suppress apoptosis (e.g., Bcl-x(L) and survivin), or promote angiogenesis (e.g, VEGF ); STAT3 activation has been linked with chemoresistance and radioresistance; and chemopreventive agents have been shown to suppress STAT3 activation . 17341611 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston , TX 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... Antibodies Online Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 (NCOA1) , Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) , Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) ... . ... Related Products: order online Spicing up of the immune system by curcumin . Authors: Jagetia, Ganesh Chandra , et.al. . ... Journal: Journal of clinical immunology (J Clin Immunol) , Vol. 27 (1): 19-35 , 2007 . ... This suggests that curcumin 's reported beneficial effects in arthritis , allergy , asthma , atherosclerosis , heart disease , Alzheimer's disease , diabetes, and cancer might be due in part to its ability to modulate the immune system . 17211725 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . . ... AdipoGen Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) , CTRP1 (globular domain) (human) (rec.) ... . ... Antibodies Online Interleukin 2 (IL2) , Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) , Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) ... 更多信息请浏览: http://www.gopubmed.com/ Here are the studies on Cancer and Turmeric: Turmeric stops cancer from starting: Preclinical cancer research using curcumin has shown it inhibits carcinogenesis in a number of cancer types, including colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, prostate, hepatic, breast, and oral cancers, and leukemia, and at various stages of carcinogenesis.5 Turmeric stopped cancer from growing - Turmeric also helps to prevent angiogenesis – in other words, it prevents the tumor from creating its own blood supply to help the tumor grow even bigger.6 Turmeric stopped cancer from spreading - Turmeric stops metastasis – or the spread of cancer cells in certain cancers.7 Turmeric kills cancer cells - Turmeric also encourages cancer cells to commit suicide – apoptosis.8 There are current trials on turmeric and cancer to see if it can be used as a drug - There are currently at least nine ongoing trials investigating the effects of turmeric and curcumin as a cancer therapy.9 Turmeric can be used with Chemo if you are having chemo - Turmeric can be used in conjunction with chemotherapy. In fact, curcumin has been found to enhance certain types of chemotherapy and radiation and is now being used as a complementary therapy during chemo by some clinics.10 Turmeric can make chemo more effective - Turmeric has been found to enhance the effects of chemotherapy in certain cancers.11 Turmeric makes chemo more effective - Another study found curcumin made certain tumors more susceptible to the chemo so the chemo killed more of the tumor.12 Turmeric prevents certain cancers - Other studies have shown curcumin helps to suppress certain cancers.13 Turmeric has been used on the following cancers - Turmeric studies have shown that curcumin has been effective in: 1. Bowel Cancer14 15 2. Throat and esophageal cancer16 3. Colorectal cancer17 4. Breast cancer18 19 5. Cervical cancer20 21 6. Lung cancer22 23 24 7. Pancreatic cancer25 8. Prostate cancer26 27 9. Skin cancer28 更多信息请浏览: http://greenhealthmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Anti-Cancer-Foods-2-Turmeric.pdf 姜黄素的人工合成: 参考文献No. 54544 标题: Curcumin 作者: Scrimal, R.C. 来源: Drugs Fut 1987,12(4),331 合成路线图解说明: Synthesis of curcumin was first described by Lampe et al. In our laboratory curcumin has been synthesized by condensing vanillin (I) and acetyl acetone (II) in a medium of ethyl acetate using tributylborate as boron complex to avoid Knoevenagel condensation at C-3 of acetyl acetone. Curcumin is isolated from the reaction mixture by acidification and extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layers are washed until neutral, dried and the solvent is removed. purified by chromatography over silica gel using ether/petroleum ether as the solvent. 参考文献No. 589471 标题: Labelled compounds of interest as antitumour agents - VII. - and -curcumin 作者: Threadgill, M.D.; Parveen, I. 来源: J Label Compd Radiopharm 2000,43(9),883 合成路线图解说明: The protection of 4-bromo-2-methoxyphenol (I) with ethyl vinyl ether (II) and TsOH in dichloromethane gives the ethoxyethyl ether (III), which is treated with n-BuLi in THF to yield the phenyl lithium compound (IV). The reaction of (IV) with 2H-labeled DMF (V), followed by hydrolysis with HCl, affords the labeled 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VI), which is finally condensed with pentane-2,4-dione (VII) by means of B2O3 and tetrahydroquinoline in DMF. 合成路线图解说明: The protection of 4-bromo-2-methoxyphenol (I) with ethyl vinyl ether (II) and TsOH in dichloromethane gives the ethoxyethyl ether (III), which is treated with n-BuLi in THF to yield the phenyl lithium compound (IV). The reaction of (IV) with 14C-labeled DMF (V), followed by hydrolysis with HCl, affords the labeled 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VI), which is finally condensed with pentane-2,4-dione (VII) by means of B2O3 and tetrahydroquinoline in DMF.
据 PHYS.ORG 网站 2012 年 12 月 10 日 报道 , 美国 加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校 ( University of California - San Diego )的生物学家已经利用基因工程使藻类产生一种复杂而昂贵的用于治疗癌症的药物获得成功。他们的研究结果就在近期发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》( Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences )的网站上。这项研究打开了大量制造这些蛋白质和其他 “ 设计 ” 的蛋白质,降低生产成本之门,与现在可用哺乳动物细胞生产相比较具有很大优势。加州大学圣地亚哥分校生物学教授 Stephen Mayfield, 也是圣地亚哥藻类生物技术研究中心主任认为,因为可以采用海藻来制备相同的药物 , 因此有机会可以使药物的价格急剧下降。他们的方法甚至可能被用来制造其他任何系统无法产生的新奇复杂的设计药物,以全新的方法可以用来治疗癌症或其他人类疾病。更多信息请浏览: http://www.pnas.org/ Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Provided by University of California - San Diego http://phys.org/news/2012-12-algae-complex-anti-cancer-drug.html#nwlt
有人询问对于肾癌细胞具有抑制生长作用的Englerin A衍生物是否有专利申请,结果有关专利文献数据库进行不全面的简要检索,得到了几项相关专利文献,有美国专利。欧洲专利、世界专利组织的专利,具体内容加下: Match Document Document Title Score 1 WO/2011/120886A1 A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF (-)-ENGLERIN A, AND ANALOGUES AND INTERMEDIATES THEREOF It is provided a process for the preparation of (-)-englerin A, as well as analogous compounds thereof, the process comprising transforming a compound of formula (II) wherein PG1 is an ether... 1000 2 WO/2012/084267A1 DERIVATIVES OF ENGLERIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER The present invention relates to compounds of the general Formula (I), which show a specific activity against cancer cell lines, the use of these compounds for prophylaxis and treatment of cancer... 630 3 WO/2009/088854A1 EPOXY-GUAIANE DERIVATIVES AND TREATMENT OF CANCER Disclosed are englerins and derivatives (I) thereof useful in the treatment of a number of cancers, particularly renal cancer, as well as pharmaceutical compositions and method of treating a... 410 4 EP2474550A1 Derivatives of Englerin for the treatment of cancer The present invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I) which show a specific activity against cancer cell lines, the use of these compounds for prophylaxis and treatment of cancer as... 407 5 US20100286259 EPOXY-GUAIANE DERIVATIVES AND TREATMENT OF CANCER Disclosed are englerins and derivatives (I) thereof useful in the treatment of a number of cancers, particularly renal cancer, as well as pharmaceutical compositions and method of treating a... 379 6 EP2235021B1 EPOXY-GUAIANE DERIVATIVES AND TREATMENT OF CANCER 120
博主感受:领域交叉在新药发现中将启发新的灵感 来自于:生物谷 2012-03-15 分享 编辑 : 陈蓉 根据一项新的研究证实,一种已经进步 II 期临床试验实验的、治疗癌症的化合物能在阿尔茨海默氏症的动物模型减慢神经损伤和改善大脑功能。 3 月 13 , Journal of Neuroscience 杂志刊登的一则研究表明:埃博霉素 D ( EpoD )在阿尔茨海默氏病的小鼠模型( AD )中能有效地防止神经损伤、改善认知表现 。这些结果接揭示将来或许该药物能用于早期 AD 患者治疗. 研究者从宾夕法尼亚大学 Perelman 医学部医学博士、文章第一作者张斌博士、高级研究员和资深作家、神经退行性疾病研究中心药物发现部主任 Kurt R. Brunden 博士,将 EpoD 给予记忆障碍的大脑衰老小鼠,大脑衰老小鼠大脑有类似的 tau 蛋白折叠错误缠绕现象( AD 的一个标志)。在神经细胞 中, tau 蛋白正常的稳定结构称为微管结构,蛋白折叠缠绕可能危及微管稳定,导致神经细胞受损。增加微管稳定性的药物可以提高 AD 等大脑中又蛋白缠绕形成 的其他疾病中神经 - 细胞功能。 类似 FDA 批准的抗癌药物紫杉醇, EpoD 也有相同的稳定微管作用机制。这些药物防止癌细胞增殖通过稳定在细胞分裂染色体分离过程中发挥作用的特定微 管。然而,宾州大学的研究人员证实, EpoD 不像紫杉醇, EpoD 很容易进入大脑因此可能用于治疗 AD 和相关疾病。 相比于没有接受药物的 AD 小鼠,接收 EpoD 三个月后的老年 AD 小鼠的大脑中没有额外的 tau clumps 形成,神经 - 细胞功能也增加。更重要的是, EpoD 处理的小鼠学习和记忆都得到改善。重要的是,产生这些功效的 EpoD 的剂量要比原先二期临 床试验中在癌症病人上使用的剂量要低得多。研究者利用转基因小鼠,在小鼠给予 EpoD 后并没有观察到副作用包括抑制免疫系统和周围神经损伤。 这些结果表明低剂量的 EpoD 可能对 AD 和相关的神经退行性疾病如额颞叶变性或进行性核上性麻痹具有治疗效果。 文章合著者 CNDR 主任、 Virginia M.-Y. Lee 博士、宾夕法尼亚大学老龄研究所和 CNDR 的主任 John Trojanowski 博士介绍说利用微管稳定药物以抵消 tau 蛋白缠绕、弥补 tau 正常功能损失的概念 15 年前就出现了。 宾夕法尼亚 CNDR 的研究人员与文章其他作家 Amos B. Smith III 博士,罗德 · 汤普森化学系教授和宾夕法尼亚大学化学系 Carlo Ballatore 博士共同合作,早期在 AD 小鼠模型中研究评价了 EpoD 对微管稳定性的作用。 EpoD 不像其它许多稳定微管的化合物, EpoD 很容易进 入大脑,相比于存在血液中的时间, EpoD 存在于大脑里有更长的时间。此功能特征可以解释为什么低剂量在 AD 小鼠模型中是同时有效、又是安全的。 这项新研究是对早先发表在 2010 年 10 月《神经科学杂志》上的研究的延伸拓展。 这项研究是由国家衰老研究所和 Marian S. Ware 阿尔茨海默计划资助。
针对转移性黑色素瘤 T 细胞抗体药物:一种新的抗癌药物,取名为 ipilimumab ,能让身体自身的免疫系统,更有效地对抗癌症。该药是施贵宝开发 , 得到美国 FDA 的优先审核,临床试验表明该药改进经过治疗见效不大的晚期黑色素瘤患者生存率。 http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB1mOWEB10O00d000j10020001000h00100090000 102 documents semantically analyzed Top Years Publications 2009 31 2010 30 2008 21 2007 15 2006 3 2005 2 Top Countries Publications USA 69 Spain 6 Netherlands 2 Germany 2 France 2 Austria 1 Canada 1 Australia 1 Italy 1 United Kingdom 1 1 2 Top Cities Publications Bethesda 9 New York City 8 Tampa 8 San Francisco 6 Boston 5 Barcelona 5 Los Angeles 4 Pittsburgh 3 Santa Monica 3 Seattle 3 San Diego 2 Kiel 2 Houston 2 Tucson 2 Durham 2 Rotterdam 1 Pamplona 1 Princeton 1 Wien 1 Paris 1 1 2 1 2 3 Top Journals Publications Clin Cancer Res 10 Method Find Exp Clin 10 J Immunother 8 Cancer Immunol Immunother 4 Melanoma Res 4 Oncologist 4 J Clin Oncol 4 Cancer Immun 3 N Engl J Med 3 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 3 Ann Oncol 2 Nat Rev Drug Discov 2 Cancer J 2 Lancet Oncol 2 Cancer 2 Oncology-ny 2 Dig Dis Sci 2 Expert Opin Biol Ther 2 Ann Surg Oncol 2 Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 ... 48 Top Terms Publications Humans 88 Antibodies, Monoclonal 84 Melanoma 74 Patients 66 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 65 antigen binding 64 Antibodies 63 T-Lymphocytes 59 Antigens, CD 57 Immunization 50 Immunity 50 Neoplasms 42 Immunotherapy 36 Antigens 36 Middle Aged 33 Vaccines 28 Vaccination 28 Skin Neoplasms 27 Antineoplastic Agents 27 T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic 26 1 2 3 ... 48 1 2 3 ... 22 Top Authors Publications Rosenberg S 5 Moral M 4 Yang J 4 Kammula U 4 Royal R 4 Sherry R 4 Lwy I 4 Bayes M 4 Topalian S 3 Levy C 3 Mavroukakis S 3 Yellin M 3 Prous J 3 Rabasseda X 3 Yuan J 2 Ribas A 2 Ryan C 2 O'Day S 2 Small E 2 Allen T 2 1 2 3 ... 22