Bt棉田狼蛛的猎物遭遇和猎物营养含量是否影响猎物选择 Wolf spiders are abundant and voracious predators at the soil-plant interface in cotton crops. Among other prey, they attack late-instar larvae of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa spp ., an economically important pest. Consequently, wolf spiders in transgenic Bt cotton could provide significant biological control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae that descend to the soil to pupate. The predator-prey interactions between wolf spiders and Helicoverpa could, however, be constrained by the presence of alternative prey and intraguild predators. This study used laboratory enclosures to analyse the effect of alternative prey on predatory selection of the wolf spider Tasmanicosa leuckartii Thorell. The prey included another wolf spider Hogna crispipes Koch (potential intraguild predator), the ground cricket Teleogryllus commodus Walker (minor pest), and Helicoverpa armigera larvae (major pest). We tested if encounter rates, prey vulnerability, and prey nutritional content influenced the likelihood that a prey was attacked. In three-way food webs, Tasmanicosa encountered and attacked Teleogryllus and Helicoverpa in similar frequencies. However, in the presence of a competing intraguild predator and potential prey ( Hogna ) in a four-way food web, Tasmanicosa did not always attack Teleogryllus at first encounter, but still attacked Helicoverpa at each encounter. Helicoverpa (protein-poor) and Hogna (protein-rich) were consumed by Tasmanicosa in similar proportions, suggesting that Tasmanicosa might benefit from nutrient balance as an outcome of diverse prey in this food web. As Teleogryllus (protein rich) escapes quicker than Helicoverpa and Hogna , Hogna may be an easier protein-rich option than Teleogryllus . Field surveys showed that while Teleogryllus was the most common prey, wolf spiders feed on diverse insect taxa, as well as other spiders. That Tasmanicosa readily attacked Helicoverpa larvae in the presence of alternative prey is an encouraging result that supports the potential of Tasmanicosa predation to assist in the control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae and thereby inhibit the proliferation and spread of resistance. 狼蛛是棉田土壤-植物交界丰富而又贪婪的捕食者。在其他猎物中，它们攻击棉铃虫 Helicoverpa spp. 的晚龄幼虫，这是一种重要的经济害虫。因此，转Bt基因棉花上的狼蛛对下到土壤化蛹的抗Bt棉铃虫幼虫有显著的生物防治作用。然而，狼蛛和棉铃虫之间的捕食者-猎物之间的相互作用可能会受到替代捕食者和行内捕食者的存在的限制。本研究利用实验室围栏分析了选择性捕食对狼蛛 Tasmanicosa leuckartii 捕食选择的影响。猎物包括另一种狼蛛 Hogna crispipes (潜在的行内捕食者)、地面蟋蟀 Teleogrolus Commodus Walker(次要害虫)和棉铃虫幼虫(主要害虫)。我们测试了相遇率、猎物脆弱性和猎物营养含量是否影响猎物被攻击的可能性。在三向食物网中， Tasmanicosa 以相似的频率遇到并攻击蟋蟀T eleogcrlus 和棉铃虫 Helicoverpa 。然而，在四向食物网中有相互竞争的行内捕食者和潜在猎物( Hogna )存在的情况下， Tasmanicosa 并不总是在第一次遭遇时攻击 Teleogrolus ，但在每次遭遇时仍然会攻击 Helicoverpa 。 Tasmanicosa 以相似的比例消耗 Helicoverpa (缺乏蛋白质)和 Hogna (富含蛋白质)，这表明 Tasmanicosa 可能从营养平衡中受益，这是这个食物网中捕食不同猎物的结果。由于蟋蟀 Teleogryllus (富含蛋白质)比 Helicoverpa 和 Hogna 逃逸得更快， 因此 Hogna 可能是更容易得到的富含蛋白质的选择 。实地调查显示，虽然 Teleogcrlus 是最常见的猎物，但狼蛛和其他蜘蛛一样，以不同的昆虫分类群为食。 Tasmanicosa 很容易在有替代猎物的情况下攻击棉铃虫幼虫，这是一个令人鼓舞的结果，支持了 Tasmanicosa 捕食的潜力，以帮助控制Bt抗性的棉铃虫幼虫数量，从而抑制Bt抗性的增殖和传播。 intraguild predators，其他人多翻译为集团内捕食者，我个人认为保留默认的“行（行会）内捕食者”这个翻译，其实也是不错的。 有道翻译等翻译软件对一些英文学术词汇的翻译也是参考了一些中英对照的摘要，但每个人的水平参差不齐，专门学术词汇的翻译需要有一些专业性的订正，至少生态学领域就该加强。 Rendon, D., Taylor, P.W., Wilder, S.M., Whitehouse, M.E.A., 2019. Does prey encounter and nutrient content affect prey selection in wolf spiders inhabiting Bt cotton fields? PLoS One 14, e0210296.
蒋高明 中国农业科学院吴孔明研究团队2008年在“科学”上发表论文，题目是《由于种植鼻涕Bt抗虫棉抑制了多种作物中的棉铃虫》，说中国北方6省因大规模种植鼻涕棉（Bt转基因抗虫棉 ），棉铃虫在其他宿主（玉米、花生、大豆、蔬菜）中也没精神了。（英文原题：Suppression of Cotton Bollworm in Multiple Crops in China in Areas with Bt Toxin -Containing Cotton）。 两年后即2010年，他们第二次在“科学”上发表论文，题目是【多种作物中害虫的暴发与中国大面积种植Bt棉有相关关联】。（英文原题：Mirid Bug Outbreaks in Multiple Crops Correlated with Wide-Scale Adoption of Bt Cotton in China）。 又两年后即2012年，该团队又在英国《自然》发表文章《广种Bt棉少用杀虫剂促进生物控制》，2012年6月13日发表。该稿今年1月3日投出、4月23日通过，40天后6月12日刊出，直 通车一般神速。 与吴孔明团队命运不同的是，中国南京大学关于微小核糖核酸的论文，2011年9月在中国国内刊物上发表，震动了全球生物科学界（中国的生物学界无动于衷），此一重大科学发现 曾于2011年发表前2年投稿《科学》，被拒。在科学上，今日也是立场决定观点了？顶级科学杂志不爱科学却钟情于技术，对真正的科学发现冷漠到冰点。美英所谓顶尖杂志为中 国科学家在中国推广转基因技术鸣锣开道，甘心做马前卒，其用意耐人寻味。 英国《自然》杂志发表的中国农业科学院植物保护研究所所长吴孔明带领的团队报告与该团队在4年前发表的文章，最早该团队的进行了10年的研究成果正是，转基因棉造成小虫成 大灾，农民使用农药增加，近期的文章观点截然相反，反而说转基因棉促进了生物控制，不是自打耳光吗？ Science 321, 1676 (2008); Kong-Ming Wu et al. Suppression of Cotton Bollworm in Multiple Crops in China in Areas with Bt Toxin -Containing Cotton Science 328, 1151 (2010); Yanhui Lu et al. Mirid Bug Outbreaks in Multiple Crops Correlated with Wide-Scale Adoption of Bt Cotton in China （多种作物中害虫的暴发与中国大面积种植Bt棉有关） News: GM crop use makes minor pests major problem Published online 13 May 2010 | Nature | http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100513/full/news.2010.242.html 该文章说，吴孔明团队调查报告指出，转基因棉花长期规模种植使棉田害虫增加了12倍，若不控制，可使棉花收成减少50%；因此，棉农不得不增加农药使用（即转基因作物非 但没减少、反而增加了农药用量）。如此结果，本来是“小问题”的害虫事情、变成了“大问题”。 该文章说，美国克奈尔大学专题调研说明，转基因棉花种植不但使害虫增加，而且，因农药用量而使中国棉农经济利益受到损害。 《自然》杂志介绍吴孔明团队2010年的报告：小问题成了大问题（原文摘录）。 News: GM crop use makes minor pests major problem Jane Qiu, Published online 13 May 2010 | Nature | http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100513/full/news.2010.242.html Pesticide use rising as Chinese farmers fight insects thriving on transgenic crop. Numbers of mirid bugs (insects of the Miridae family), previously only minor pests in northern China, have increased 12-fold since 1997, they found. "Mirids are now a main pest in the region," says Wu. "Their rise in abundance is associated with the scale of Bt cotton cultivation." "Mirids can reduce cotton yields just as much as bollworms, up to 50% when not controlled," Wu adds. The insects are also emerging as a threat to crops such as green beans, cereals, vegetables and various fruits. The rise of mirids has driven Chinese farmers back to pesticides — they are currently using about two-thirds as much as they did before Bt cotton was introduced. As mirids develop resistance to the pesticides, Wu expects that farmers will soon spray as much as they ever did. Two years ago, a study led by David Just, an economist at Cornell University at Ithaca, New York, concluded that the economic benefits of Bt cotton in China have eroded. The team attributed this to increased pesticide use to deal with secondary pests.
标签: 棉铃虫
