按:这是Science of Us网站一则趣闻。下面的视频在Facebook已经被浏览了有近3000万次。这里仅把第一段翻译下来,视频和英文文字一并附后。 本月早些时候被上传到Facebook上的一段视频正在网上热传,浏览量已经超过2600万次(按:9月15日的数据),视频的主角是一位“狡猾”的宝宝。故事的基本情节是:每次当她爸爸给她剪手指甲时,她都喊叫着并做出一脸苦相,很快又化作咯咯的笑声,显然是为她和她的小玩笑而得意。 A devious infant is the protagonist of a recent viral video that was posted to Facebook earlier this month and has since racked up more than 26 million views. The basic plot line: Every time her dad goes to cut her fingernails, she cries out and makes a pained face — then quickly dissolves into baby giggles, clearly pleased with herself and her little joke. 宝宝何时会开玩笑.zip (“脸书”视频上传不成功,本文末最后链接不知可否打开?若不行,这里可以下载,仅1.7M) She’s pranking him, in other words, and it’s a pretty good gag, too. And this brings us to an interesting question: At what age do babies start making jokes? I don't just mean funny faces or weird noises, but jokes — as in, the ability to set up and subvert an expectation? And what does that tell us about their psychological development? This is something that researchers are starting to study in earnest, and the scientific pursuit is something of an about-face from a once commonly held theory in the 20th century that babies only reacted to humor, but weren't able to crack a joke themselves. When you think about it, a joke is a pretty complicated thing, especially for a human so tiny as our little prankster here. To joke around with someone you have to be able to imagine the world from their perspective; you have to be able to make a good guess, in other words, at what their reaction might be, so that you can upend it. Teasing, therefore, involves playing in the realm of minds, write Vasudevi Reddy and Gina Mireault, co-authors of a recent paper on the subject. Psychologists call this theory of mind, and it's something that starts developing in infancy. According to Reddy and Mireault's paper, babies will typically start this variety of teasing jokes by around 9 months of age, which suggests that by this age infants are able to do this perspective-shifting trick — something that may be one of the building blocks for the development of empathy. The baby girl in this video looks a little younger than 9 months (I think?), but she seems to be catching on to this joke thing just fine. Science of Us 原网址:http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2015/09/when-do-babies-start-making-jokes.html
疫苗改变了世界,改变了许多国家的健康水平和状况.就拿小儿灰质脊椎炎(小儿麻痹症)疫苗接种,全球范围发病率明显下降. 盖茨基金会投入许多钱, 推广疫苗和检测试剂,要在2020年之前,彻底消灭该疾病.现在看,离实现这个目标为期不远.还有许多疾病的预防与疫苗的开发和使用有直接关联,包括最近因接种死亡事件引起关注的乙肝疫苗. 但任何事情,都有二面性, 反药三分毒,疫苗也并非绝对安全, 美国CDC统计过1300万多人在2005-2008 四年间接种各种疫苗的人,有15000多人在接种60天之内死亡, 比例最高的是老人(85岁或更年长者),其次是婴儿. 一岁以内的婴儿接种,如果同时接种越多,越危险,住院和死亡比例最高.在全球33个国家的免疫接种数据统计显示,接种越多的, 反而死亡率偏高.在33个国家婴儿死亡率(IMR)最低的新加坡,瑞士和日本,只有美国的一半. 这几个国家要求婴儿在一岁之内接种疫苗只有12个注射剂量(次),美国则最高,26次. 尽管, 美国人是均花费医疗费最高的国家,疫苗接种, 钱没少花,效果欠佳,不过其IMR高的原因, 据信与其婴儿早产高也有关系.合理接种疫苗,还需要更多研究.疫苗制造厂,不能一味追求效益,还要多做安全研究和比较. 福布斯, 疫苗改变世界 http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/02/19/a-graphic-that-drives-home-how-vaccines-have-changed-our-world/ 疫苗安全性统计研究 http://news.dxy.cn/bbs/topic/27171288 CDC 资料汇集 2011-2012 Recent Publications (2011-2012)Specific outcomes in vaccine safety research Broder KR, Martin DB, Vellozzi C. In the heat of a signal: Responding to a vaccine safety signal for febrile seizures after 2010–11 influenza vaccine in young children, United States. Vaccine 2012; 30(11):2032-2034. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361305 Gidudu J, Sack DA, Pina M, et al; The Brighton Collaboration Diarrhea Working Group. Diarrhea: Case definition and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine . 2011 Jan 29:29(5): 1053-71. Huang WT, Suh CA, Campagna E, Broder KR, Daley MF, Crane LA, Stokley S, Kempe A. Adherence to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommendation to Prevent Injuries from Postvaccination Syncope: A National Physician Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 2011; 41(3):317-321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855747 Jackson LA, Yu O, Nelson JC, Dominguez C, Peterson D, Baxter R, Hambidge SJ, Naleway AL, Belongia EA, Nordin JD, Baggs J. Injection Site and Risk of Medically Attended Local Reactions to Acellular Pertussis Vaccine. Pediatrics 127: e581-e587, 2011. Miller EK, Dumitrescu L, Cupp C, Dorris S, Taylor S, Sparks R, Fawkes D, Frontiero V, Rezendes AM, Marchant C, Edwards KM, Crawford DC. Atopy history and the genomics of wheezing after influenza vaccination in children 6-59 months of age. Vaccine . 2011 Apr 18;29(18):3431-7. Miller E, Batten B, Hampton L, Campbell SR, Gao J, and Iskander J. Tracking Vaccine-Safety Inquiries to Detect Signals and Monitor Public Concerns. Pediatrics. 2011; 127 Suppl 1:S87-91. Epub 2011 Apr 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21502241 Nordin JD, Yih WK, Kulldorff M, Weintraub E. Tdap and GBS letter. Vaccine . 2011 Feb 1;29(6):1122. Epub 2010 Dec 2. Pahud BA, Glaser CA, Dekker CL, Arvin AM, Schmid DS. Varicella zoster disease of the central nervous system: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features 10 years after the introduction of the varicella vaccine. J Infect Dis . 2011 Feb 1;203(3):316-23. Slade B, Gee J, Broder K, Vellozzi C. Comment on the contribution by Souayah et al., Guillain-Barré syndrome after Gardasil vaccination: Data from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 2006-2009. Vaccine 2011;29(5):685-686. Woo EJ, Wise RP, Menschik D, Shadomy SV, Iskander J, Beeler J, Varricchio F, Ball R. Thrombocytopenia after vaccination: case reports to the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2008. Vaccine . 2011 Feb 1;29(6):1319-23. Yen C, Jakob K, Esona MD, Peckham X, Rausch J, Hull JJ, Whittier S, Gentsch JR, Larussa P. Detection of fecal shedding of rotavirus vaccine in infants following their first dose of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine . 2011 May 31;29(24):4151-5. General vaccine safety, vaccines and vaccination practices, methodology and systems for vaccine safety monitoring Baggs J, Gee J, Lewis E, Fowler G, Benson P, Lieu T, Naleway A, Klein NP, Baxter R, Belongia E, Glanz J, Hambidge SJ, Jacobsen SJ, Jackson L, Nordin J, Weintraub E. The Vaccine Safety Datalink: a model for monitoring immunization safety. Pediatrics 127 Suppl 1: S45-S53, 2011. DuMouchel W. Bayesian data mining in large frequency tables, with an application to the FDA spontaneous reporting system. Am Stat. 1999;53:177-90. Greene SK, Kulldorff M, Yin R, Yih WK, Lieu TA, Weintraub ES, Lee GM. Near real-time vaccine safety surveillance with partially accrued data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011. Haber P, Iskander J, Walton K, Campbell SR, and Kohl KS. Internet-Based Reporting to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System: A More Timely and Complete Way for Providers to Support Vaccine Safety. Pediatrics 2011;127 Suppl 1: S39-44. Klein NP, Gidudu J, Qiang Y, Pahud B, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Baxter R, Dekker CL, Edwards KM, Halsey NA, Larussa P, Marchant C, Tokars JI, Destefano F. Developing the next generation of vaccinologists. Vaccine . 2011 Apr 19. Kulldorff M, Davis RL, Kolczak M, Lewis E, Lieu T, Platt R. A Maximized Sequential Probability Ratio Test for Drug and Vaccine Safety Surveillance. Sequential Analysis . 2011:30: 1, 58-78. LaRussa PS, Edwards KM, Dekker CL, Klein NP, Halsey NA, Marchant C, Baxter R, Engler RJ, Kissner J, Slade BA. Understanding the role of human variation in vaccine adverse events: the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Network. Pediatrics . 2011 May;127 Suppl 1:S65-73. McCarthy NL, Gee J, Weintraub E, Donahue JG, Nordin JD, Daley MF, Naleway A, Henninger M, Baxter R, Crane B, Aukes L, Wagner N, Fisher S, Jacobsen SJ, Sy L, Baggs J. Monitoring vaccine safety using the Vaccine Safety Datalink: Utilizing immunization registries for pandemic influenza. Vaccine . 2011 May 17. Miller E, Batten B, Hampton L, Campbell SR, Gao J, and Iskander J. Tracking Vaccine-Safety Inquiries to Detect Signals and Monitor Public Concerns. Pediatrics . 2011 May;127 Suppl 1:S87-91. Salmon DA, Akhtar A, Mergler MJ, Vannice KS, Izurieta H, Ball R, Lee GM, Vellozzi C, Garman P, Cunningham F, Gellin B, Koh H, Lurie N, and the H1N1 Working Group of the Federal Immunization Safety Task Force. Immunization- Safety Monitoring Systems for the 2009 H1N1 Monovalent Influenza Vaccination Program. Pediatrics . 2011 May;127 Suppl 1:S78-86. Xu S, Zhang L, Nelson JC, Zeng C, Mullooly J, McClure D, Glanz J. Identifying optimal risk windows for self-controlled case series studies of vaccine safety. Stat Med . 2011 Mar 30;30(7):742-52. doi: 10.1002/sim.4125. Yih WK, Kulldorff M, Fireman BH, Shui IM, Lewis EM, Klein NP, Baggs J, Weintraub ES, Belongia EA, Naleway A, Gee J, Platt R, Lieu TA. Active surveillance for adverse events: the experience of the Vaccine Safety Datalink project. Pediatrics 127 Suppl 1: S54-S64, 2011. Vaccine safety in special populations Morgan TM, Schlegel C, Edwards KM, Welch-Burke T, Zhu Y, Sparks R, Summar M; the Urea Cycle Disorders Consortium. Vaccines Are Not Associated With Metabolic Events in Children With Urea Cycle Disorders. Pediatrics . 2011 May;127(5):e1147-e1153. Moro P, Broder KR et al. Adverse events in pregnant women following administration of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(2):146.e1-e7.
据国外媒体报道,美国科学家近日培育出了世界上第一批转基因婴儿。参与这一项目的科学家们在6月27日晚上宣布了这一结果,他们利用基因修改技术培育出了30个婴儿。此外,其中两个被测试的婴儿被发现含有来自三位不同成人的基因。据研究人员称,这项实验历时超过3年。 这批转基因婴儿由不能怀上自己孩子的妇女所生。为了“生下”孩子,来自另一名女性捐献者的额外基因被注入了这些妇女的卵子,然后使卵子受精。科学家们采集了其中两个转基因婴儿的指纹,并证实,他们继承了三个成年人的DNA:一个男人和两个女人。这意味着,由于在基因修改过程中继承了这些额外的基因,他们将来也能把这些基因传给自己的后代。换句话说,如果允许这些转基因婴儿以后与非转基因的人结婚,可能会改变他们的后代的遗传密码。 这种基因修改方法可能有一天会被用于培育拥有所需特性的婴儿,如力量强大或高智商的人类。 在此之前,英国科学家曾报道称,科学家们正在培育“人兽怪物”。这些报告突出了这样一个事实:全世界已经展开了猖獗的人类遗传实验,从而使许多科学家呼吁应该对这些稀奇古怪的做法制定新规则。美国的研究人员曾研究利用人脑细胞改造老鼠。 现在,许多专家都公然反对培育转基因婴儿,包括领先的生育专家和主要组织。保护未出生儿童协会(Society for the Protection of Unborn Children)主任约翰·史密顿(John Smeaton)说:“这是人类沿着一条错误道路又向前迈出了非常令人担忧的一步。”(嘟嘟) 来源:中国科技网 原文链接: http://www.stdaily.com/stdaily/content/2012-07/03/content_489832.htm
武夷山老师的博文:" 天生的道德能力? "让我想起《纽约时报》2010年5月5日发表的长篇文章" The Moral Life of Babies "。 图片来自《纽约时报》杂志 这篇耶鲁大学心理学教授 Paul Bloom 写的文章介绍了该校 婴儿认知中心 近10年的研究,发现婴儿不仅天生具有基本的算术和物理常识--他们对看似违反物理定律的现象表示惊讶,而对符合物理定律的现象不怎么关心;对1+1=2没有特别的兴趣,而对违反1+1=2的木偶表演有异常的兴趣--而且具有基本的道德判断 。 Bloom的文章很有趣,除了文章,还有录像: http://video.nytimes.com/video/2010/05/04/magazine/1247467772000/can-babies-tell-right-from-wrong.html 武老师提到 Jonathan Haidt。我 2008年 曾介绍过他 在 《 SCIENCE 》发表一篇题为“ The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology ” ( 道德心理学的新综合 ) 的综述文章,总结了把演化论应用于道德研究的新结果,见: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=714do=blogid=36003
根据来自波兰一个研究小组长达7年的研究结果,母乳喂养超过6个月以上的孩子,较用奶瓶喂养的孩子IQ平均高3.8。通过对468个孩子(母亲无吸烟嗜好)从婴儿期到学龄前的跟踪研究和5次定期测试,发现母乳喂养孩子的认知能力明显高于用奶瓶喂养的孩子,而且IQ增加的程度与母乳喂养的时间长短呈显著的正比例关系。母乳喂养在三个月的孩子IQ较奶瓶喂养的孩子平均高2.1,四至六个月的平均高2.6,六个月以上的平均高3.8。这个结果发表在2011年5月的《欧洲儿科杂志》(European Journal of Pediatrics).科学家的解释是,在幼儿大脑的发育期,母乳喂养时幼儿与妈妈所形成的关联(或者连结),对提高幼儿的认知能力是任何奶瓶或者营养物质都不可替代的。(报道原文来自Scientific Americans, November 16, 2011 | )
育儿必读:环境污染物在母婴之间传递? 美国化学会主办的《环境科技》( Environ. Sci. Technol.) 网站,2010年12月17日公布了美国亚特兰大疾病防控中心、哈佛公共卫生学院(Harvard School of Public Health);丹麦南方大学(University of Southern Denmark)、丹麦欧登塞大学(Odense University)医院;德国社会服务局(State Agency for Social Services)以及法罗群岛(Faroe Islands)的医院联合进行的环境污染物对于育儿的影响量化研究结果( DOI: 10.1021/es1019614 ),也是首次对87种环境污染物(研究小组分析的这些化学物质本身就是美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)发布常规监控对象。)究竟是怎样通过母亲来影响育儿进行的量化研究。研究人员以来自法罗群岛的2000份母亲血样和婴儿脐带血、脐带组织、胎盘以及母乳样品为研究对象,研究海洋污染对法罗群岛妇女和婴儿带来的影响。在15种样本中共测量了87种环境污染物,对于母亲和胎儿组织均进行检查。发现母亲血样有机卤化合物(如多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)、氯化杀虫剂等)的浓度是胎儿脐带血中相应污染物浓度的1.7倍、是脐带组织和胎盘组织中相应污染物的2.8倍,是母乳中有机卤化合物的浓度的0.7倍。对所有样品的检测结果表明,母亲血样中有机卤化物的浓度与胎儿其他组织中的有机卤化物浓度之间存在高度的相关性( r 2 0.5),高氯化污染物会使从母体血液中到母乳中的转移降低。五氯代苯浓度,γ-六氯环己烷以及几个低氯化的多氯化联苯类似物浓度,在胎儿组织样品中更高,与母亲血液中同类物质的水平相比较,相关性较差。婴儿脐带血中全氯化物的浓度较母亲血样中全氯化物的浓度更低。同时测定了胎儿样品中的镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se),但只有汞(Hg)浓度在不同底质中显示出密切相关性。? 该发现提供了一种母亲血液中污染物浓度水平与婴儿发育存在某种关联,有助于管理者转告孕妇或者哺乳期的女士,尽可能避免与污染有关的物质接触,对于护理婴儿有益。研究人员认为胎盘是胎儿抵抗外来污染物相当有效的保护伞,但是,近年来研究人员已经证明,怀孕和哺乳期妇女将环境污染物会转移婴儿,会使婴儿的神经系统、生殖系统、免疫系统、呼吸系统以及代谢的发育受到影响。位于挪威和冰岛之间的法罗群岛居民,有食用巨头鲸肉和鲸脂的传统习惯,但是这些食品中含有高水平的持久性污染物如甲基汞、多氯联苯(PCBs)等。欲了解更为详细的研究结果,请浏览( Partition of Environmental Chemicals between Maternal and Fetal Blood and Tissues )
图片 据 媒体报道 , 英国一位母亲在怀孕时意外发现患了子宫癌 ,幸运的是母子平安,母亲的癌症也很快得到了治疗。现在他们已经安然生活了两年多时间。就如这位母亲所说: We were both allowed home on the same day, which was lovely. I feel like the luckiest mum in the world, for both my son and I to have survived. 这则消息无论如何都让人兴奋,也凸现了生命的奇妙。 然而,世界不是总如此完美的。 另外一则消息 则说,癌症病毒也有可能由母亲传给婴儿,虽然这个几率极其微小。据统计, 自1866年到2009年共有17例婴儿患有和母亲同样癌症的病例 。不过,研究显示, It is further evidence for what we think that cancers are generated more often than we think. It is quite likely that all of us generate small cancers all the time and they are eliminated by the body's immune system. 希望我们早日找到应对癌症的手段。
盛弘强 2010-02-22 但凡父母都非常关心宝宝的成长,1岁以下的宝宝医学上称为婴儿,1-3岁的为幼儿。婴儿喝奶后有溢奶和吐奶之分,前者只是溢流在嘴角的少量残余,后者则是多少不一(可轻重不一,如有大口吐或喷射性吐)。排除一些宝宝对刚换奶粉的不适应、病理性吐奶(比如脑膜炎等)等原因,还有一个很重要的便是搂抱姿势可能会影响宝宝吐奶。 一般来讲,俯卧/右侧卧位优于仰卧/左侧卧位。 (搂抱姿势影响婴儿胃的姿势,婴儿的食管胃交界处的贲门括约肌比较松弛,胃内食物多时容易反流引起呕吐)。 可以想象,当左撇子与右撇子的大人在搂抱婴儿时会有习惯性的区别。如果碰到宝宝吐奶的情况,不妨换手姿势,或许可以减轻症状。有经验的护士、阿姨会注意宝宝饮食量的多少、搂抱的姿势,动作的轻柔和活动度,但是要说为什么,估计绝大部分人说不上原因,对医学感兴趣的可以看看专业参考文献的实验结果。 参考文献: Omari TI, Rommel N, Staunton E, Lontis R, Goodchild L, Haslam RR, Dent J,Davidson GP. Paradoxical impact of body positioning on gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying in the premature neonate. J Pediatr. 2004 Aug;145(2):194-200. Ewer AK, James ME, Tobin JM. Prone and left lateral positioning reduce gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.1999 Nov;81(3):F201-5. Victor YH. Effect of body position on gastric emptying in the neonate. Arch Dis Child. 1975 Jul;50(7):500-4.