http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1015/1 Lasers Impart Life Lessons in Flies By Nayanah Siva Science NOW Daily News 15 October 2009 By beaming a laser into the brains of fruit flies, scientists have created new memories from scratch. It's an amazing piece of work, says neuroscientist Simon Schultz of Imperial College London. The memories are very simple: just the association that a particular stimulus is bad and should be avoided. As a first step to creating this association, neuroscientist Gero Miesenbck of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom and colleagues studied fruit flies that preferred the odor of either 3-octanol (OCT) or 4-methylcyclohexanol (MCH). Next, the team electrically shocked the flies when one or the other odor was present. Naturally, the flies began to avoid the odor associated with the shock, even if they had preferred that odor in the first place. Miesenbck and colleagues then wanted to see whether they could program the flies to dislike an odor without shocking them first. To do this, they injected an engineered version of ATP--a source of cellular energy--into various neural circuits in the flies' brains. This time, when the flies encountered either OCT or MCH, the researchers flashed laser light into their brains. This released the engineered ATP, which activated neurons that release dopamine, a neurotransmitter believed to create aversive memories in flies. Sure enough, flies exposed to the laser light in the presence of OCT or MCH began to avoid that odor, just as though they had been shocked. Further experiments allowed the researchers to narrow down this negative reinforcement to a mere 12 neurons in the fruit fly brain. The team reports its findings tomorrow in Cell . Researchers are beginning to use the laser-light approach in mice, Schultz says, so it won't be long before these findings can be tested in mammals. And although it's a distant prospect, Schultz is already thinking about how this work could help humans: Imagine being able to take a pill ... while you are briefly exposed to information you might want to remember later, such as a Shakespeare sonnet or your car-repair manual. ( skip to comments for this article ) Next Article Comments Thanks for your feedback. Please keep it polite and to the point. Echo 9 Items Admin Log In Moderation General Settings Admin Notices Get this for your site JS-Kit Blog JS-Kit on Twitter Help Walter Maya The idea of planting memories in humans is a nightmare! You know how it is going to be used if you have been paying any attention for the last seventy years. 2009年10月16日, 8:08:27 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 Simon Schultz Walter, I should stress that my comment quoted at the end of the article was speculation rather than an active research programme. Certainly I agree that such ethical issues should be very carefully thought through. I think a better example might have been curing post-traumatic stress disorder (a form of memory that can become debilitating in the extreme). But this is a long way off - in the meantime, opto- and pharmacogenetic tools have an enormous amount to tell us about how the brain functions, and how it fails to function in brain disorders. 2009年10月16日, 16:40:58 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 David Flint Too true Walter. But the bad guys have easier ways of manipulating us that this. 2009年10月16日, 21:33:22 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 Alexander of Oregon My concerns with the idea of pill-popping or other voluntary treatments would obviously be an accumulated- dose-dependent loss of native memory-forming function and the long-term buildup of oxidized lipids in the cells of that particular pathway under conditions of overusage or abuse. 5 days ago, 1:18:49 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 Melanie Stegman Perhaps *blocking* memory formation after a traumatic event would help PTSD. There is some evidence that playing Tetris after traumatic event helps keep the flashbacks from forming.... 4 days ago, 23:40:06 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 Rupert the Dog Sounds as though this could be promising for addiction management... I need a drink zap No I don't. 2 days ago, 0:55:43 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 Tomassoo Isn't creating avoidance behaviour (or negative feedback) very different from creating memories ?? This may be a bit of overinterpretation. 2 days ago, 3:51:21 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 WRF If a 'memory' is just a strong association between two neurons, that is, a particularly sensitive synapse, then learning avoidance associations is nearly the same as remembering the plot to the Iliad, just between different sets of neurons. Not all memories are made consciously or can be recalled on command. 2 days ago, 6:08:15 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 maya wickstrom This sounds like cruel science to me. How much suffering and experimentation is enough? When is it enough? With all that is wrong in this world, why don't we fix that first? Why do anyone want to see what happens when you inflict pain on others? This is not right. Then we explain all we do with the fine-sounding interpretations about how this can be used for the benefit of all but that will never happen. What about medicine? Medicine should not be pursued for profit. Energy? I could go on and on.. when will we STOP and look into the mirror? 2 days ago, 7:26:05 Flag 回复 删除 Edit 监管 http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/10/224311.shtm 《细胞》：科学家用激光在果蝇大脑中塑造记忆 科学家用激光在果蝇大脑中创造了记忆。 通过将一束激光照进果蝇的大脑，科学家们从无到有创造出了一些新的记忆。英国伦敦皇家学院的神经科学家Simon Schultz表示，这是一项令人惊讶的研究工作。 记忆的形成是非常简单的，就是对那些很糟糕的并且需要避免的特殊刺激的联想。作为形成这种联想的第一步，英国牛津大学的神经科学家Gero Miesenbock和同事对果蝇究竟是喜欢3-辛醇（OCT）还是4-甲基环己醇（MCH）的气味进行了研究。接下来，研究小组在任意一种气味出现的时候，对果蝇进行了电击。自然而然地，这些果蝇开始逃避与这些气味有关的电击，即便是它们最初喜欢的气味也是如此。 Miesenbock和同事随后想要搞清的是，他们能否在不用电击的前提下让果蝇讨厌一种气味。为了实现这一目标，研究人员向果蝇大脑的不同神经回路中注射了一种转基因版本的ATP（细胞能量的一种来源）。这一次，当果蝇遇到OCT或MCH的气味时，研究人员便会向它们的大脑中反射一束激光。这一过程释放了转基因的ATP，进而激活了能够释放多巴胺一种被认为能够在果蝇中形成令人厌恶的记忆的神经传递素的神经细胞。毫无疑问，在OCT或MCH气味存在的情况下，暴露在激光下的果蝇会开始回避这些气味，就像它们被电击了一样。 更多的实验使得研究人员能够将这种负面强化效果限制在果蝇大脑中的仅仅12个神经细胞中。研究人员在最新出版的《细胞》杂志上报告了这一研究成果。 Schultz表示，研究人员正在给实验室小鼠中使用这种激光方法，因此这些发现在哺乳动物中进行测试的时间并不会等得太久。尽管这只是一个遥远的前景，但Schultz已经开始思索这项工作如何对人类产生帮助。他说：想象一下，当你需要记住一些信息时，例如一首莎士比亚的十四行诗，或你的汽车修理手册，或许你可以吃下一粒小药丸。 （群芳 译自 www.science.com ，10月21日） 《科学时报》 (2009-10-22 A3 国际) 更多阅读 《科学》相关报道（英文） 《细胞》发表论文摘要（英文） http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/edit_b.cgi Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature A-query: laser C-query: memories The B-list contains title words and phrases (terms) that appeared in both the A and the C literature. 23 articles appeared in both literatures and were not included in the process of computing the B-list but can be viewed here . The results of this search are saved under id # 10277 and can be accessed from the start page after you leave this session. There are 825 terms on the current B-list ( 191 are predicted to be relevant), which is shown ranked according to predicted relevance. The list can be further trimmed down using the filters listed in the left margin. To assess whether there appears to be a biologically significant relationship between the AB and BC literatures for specific B-terms, please select one or more B-terms and then click the button to view the corresponding AB and BC literatures. Use Ctrl to select multiple B-terms. Rank Prob B-term 10.93frontotemporal dementia 20.93amyloid beta 30.93mild cognitive impairment 40.93event related fmri 50.92model alzheimer disease 60.91event related 70.91signal regulated kinase 80.90related fmri study 90.89learning memory 100.89obstructive sleep apnea 110.89related potential 120.89frontotemporal 130.89forebrain ischemia 140.88sigma pi 150.88anesthesia propofol 160.88spectral hole burning 170.87egr-1 180.86attractor 190.86grating 200.86decline alzheimer disease 210.86beta amyloid 220.86anxiety depression 230.86hole burning 240.85cognitive decline alzheimer 250.85sleep apnea syndrome 260.85illusion 270.84cerebral ischemia reperfusion 280.84memory learning 290.84entorhinal cortex lesion 300.84idiopathic intracranial hypertension 310.83neurodegeneration 320.83panic disorder 330.83cerebral blood flow 340.82temporal lobe epilepsy 350.82amyloid 360.81morphine dependent rat 370.81cognitive impairment 380.81antiphospholipid 390.81hole 400.80cocaine addiction 410.80neural cell adhesion 420.80chaotic 430.80rat cortical neuron 440.80saccade 450.79sleep apnea 460.79nausea 470.79cortical network 480.78geniculate 490.78tattoo 500.78esthetic restorative dentistry 510.78memory young 520.78pair source 530.78aesthetic 540.78borderline personality 550.78patient alzheimer disease 560.77phase conjugate mirror 570.77fuzzy 580.76breast cancer survivor 590.76vasospastic angina 600.76corticobasal degeneration 610.76intrahepatic mass 620.75symptom inventory 630.75scar 640.75paired helical filament 650.75sexual assault 660.74scotoma 670.74occlusion rat 680.74alcohol exposure 690.73memory impairment 700.73neurodegenerative 710.72eye movement 720.72people alzheimer disease 730.72monocular 740.71genomic 750.71signal processing 760.71neurodegenerative disease 770.70bipolar disorder 780.70refractory epilepsy 790.70noise 800.70involuntary 810.70alzheimer disease 820.70diabetic 830.70cingulate 840.70implantable 850.69chronic pain 860.69dementia alzheimer disease 870.69brain atrophy 880.69amyloid beta derived 890.68photon pair source 900.68incontinentia pigmenti 910.68hippocampal 920.68model depression 930.68postoperative nausea vomiting 940.67nicotine exposure 950.67alzheimer 960.67traumatic brain injury 970.66normal aging 980.65women preterm labor 990.65personality disorder 1000.65cortical potential 1010.65matrix metalloproteinase activity 1020.65dentate 1030.65excitation 1040.65smooth muscle tumor 1050.64people diabetes 1060.64bond 1070.63eating disorder 1080.63fingertip 1090.62cancer survivor 1100.61vestibular deafferentation 1110.61coping strategy 1120.61cd8 t 1130.61noise reduction 1140.60filament 1150.59memory 1160.59corticostriatal 1170.59ovarian cancer 1180.58trace 1190.58activity dependent 1200.58specific cd8 t 1210.57ischemia reperfusion 1220.57stone 1230.57cortex hippocampus 1240.57lock 1250.57cerebral ischemia 1260.56cortical neuron 1270.56major depression 1280.56morphine analgesia 1290.56ca v 1300.56stroke non 1310.55ischemia 1320.55associated alzheimer disease 1330.55dementia care 1340.55alzheimer dementia 1350.55photo 1360.54global cerebral ischemia 1370.54acute respiratory distress 1380.54entanglement 1390.54functional dyspepsia 1400.54mental stress 1410.54memory multistep 1420.54activation source 1430.54memory nonlinear 1440.54based vertical cavity 1450.54ga gaas quantum 1460.53autoimmunity 1470.53panic 1480.53flash memory 1490.53tb 1500.52memory young rat 1510.52detection bragg 1520.52age related 1530.52photon source 1540.52demented 1550.52combat 1560.52breech presentation 1570.51medulloblastoma 1580.51parenting 1590.51processor 1600.51chronic lung disease 1610.51cortical response 1620.50rat cortical 1630.50epileptiform 1640.50tardive 1650.50hyperbaric oxygen therapy 1660.50neuroticism 1670.49adhd 1680.49hearing 1690.49wound 1700.49neurotrophic 1710.49arrhythmia 1720.48charcot 1730.48dementia alzheimer 1740.48sedation 1750.48tachycardia 1760.48cross talk 1770.47binocular 1780.47hypospadia 1790.47dementia 1800.47spatially 1810.47analgesia 1820.46assault 1830.46apnea 1840.46signal noise ratio 1850.46cognitive deficit 1860.46cortical activity 1870.46sodium channel activity 1880.46preterm labor 1890.45nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 1900.45calcineurin activity 1910.45abuse 1920.45alzheimer disease patient 1930.45delirium 1940.45signature 1950.44cortex lesion 1960.44transitional 1970.44goldmann 1980.43bidirectional 1990.43implant 2000.43alzheimer disease a 2010.43early cortical 2020.43cancer treatment 2030.42acetyltransferase activity 2040.42therapy treatment 2050.42slow wave 2060.42schizophrenia a 2070.41intellectual disability 2080.41epileptic 2090.41resonance 2100.41tracing study 2110.41hematoma 2120.40arbitrary 2130.40attention deficit 2140.40degeneration 2150.39resonance imaging 2160.39amnestic 2170.39psychosis 2180.38fibromyalgia patient 2190.38brain death 2200.38related gene 2210.38accuracy 2220.38sensorimotor 2230.37detachment 2240.37neural activity 2250.37spectrum disorder 2260.37neuronal activity 2270.37resonance imaging human 2280.37lens 2290.36depressive symptom 2300.36blind randomized 2310.36tetanus 2320.36anxious 2330.36arc 2340.35dizziness 2350.34epilepsy 2360.34palliative care 2370.34esthetic 2380.34pain a 2390.34cortical 2400.34stress induced 2410.33critically ill patient 2420.32respiratory distress syndrome 2430.32hallucination 2440.32flip 2450.32dementia patient 2460.32memory global 2470.31anticipatory 2480.31lattice 2490.31separation 2500.31three dimensional memory 2510.31herpes simplex encephalitis 2520.31signal noise 2530.31overweight 2540.30leprosy patient 2550.30stress distribution 2560.30fluctuation 2570.30diabetes mellitus patient 2580.29depressive 2590.29sweat 2600.29measle 2610.29trauma 2620.29carrier 2630.29hypoglycemia 2640.29coping 2650.29accurate 2660.28cognitive disorder 2670.28gaze 2680.28resonance spectroscopy 2690.28cortex activation 2700.28habituation 2710.28intrusive 2720.28body mass 2730.28schizophrenic 2740.28brain injury 2750.27angina 2760.27excitability 2770.27dorsolateral 2780.26huntington disease 2790.26head trauma 2800.26formation diabetic 2810.25stress exposure 2820.25treatment stress 2830.255-ht 2840.25children autism 2850.25adhesion 2860.24condensed matter 2870.24urticaria 2880.24atopic 2890.24stroke 2900.24patient essential hypertension 2910.24brain damage 2920.24deficit 2930.24historical 2940.24learning impairment 2950.24stress rat 2960.24mass 2970.24antioxidant activity 2980.23seizure 2990.23energy 3000.23edward 3010.22psychiatric disorder 3020.22weight loss 3030.22leprosy 3040.22people dementia 3050.21non diabetic 3060.21cortical hippocampal 3070.21critically ill 3080.21cholera 3090.21hemophilia 3100.21founder 3110.21decomposition 3120.21stress spontaneous 3130.21signal 3140.21aphthous 3150.21receptive 3160.21thermal 3170.20lung cancer 3180.20sleep disturbance 3190.20matter 3200.20impairment 3210.19activity neuron 3220.19muscarinic 3230.19cortex reduce 3240.19diabetes 3250.19anxiety 3260.19mouth ulcer 3270.19episodic 3280.18dissociation 3290.18double blind 3300.18fibromyalgia 3310.18essential hypertension 3320.18fatigue 3330.18cortex 3340.18engagement 3350.17schizophrenia 3360.17awake 3370.17herpes 3380.17tuberculosis 3390.17aneurysm 3400.17diagnosis ovarian cancer 3410.17guillain barre syndrome 3420.17diphtheria 3430.17chiari 3440.16circadian 3450.16context 3460.16stress 3470.16autonomic 3480.16leukemia lymphoma 3490.16proprioceptive 3500.16ethnic 3510.16atrial fibrillation 3520.16hotspot 3530.16firing 3540.16relief 3550.16void 3560.15knock 3570.15addiction 3580.15cardiac arrest 3590.15blocker 3600.15hamartoma 3610.15cancer a case 3620.14cavity 3630.14adrenocortical 3640.14association psychosis 3650.14neurotoxicity 3660.14nicotinic 3670.14dyskinesia 3680.14health related 3690.14accident 3700.14critically 3710.14parallel 3720.13neurobehavioral 3730.13hyperactivity 3740.13infarct 3750.13epileptic patient 3760.13max 3770.13pi 3780.13anaesthesia 3790.13viral hepatitis 3800.12renal disease 3810.12critical role 3820.12disordered 3830.12historical perspective 3840.12cerebral activity 3850.12hodgkin 3860.12cancer research 3870.12related peptide 3880.12paralysis 3890.11historic 3900.11parkinson disease a 3910.11tracing 3920.11lesion rat 3930.11diabetes mellitus 3940.11parkinson 3950.11dermatitis 3960.11age related change 3970.11chronic myeloid leukemia 3980.11encephalitis 3990.11rat strain 4000.11huntington 4010.10parkinson disease 4020.10disability 4030.10intrahepatic 4040.10diabetes insipidus 4050.10stress relaxation 4060.10internuclear 4070.10flu 4080.10nelson 4090.10aura 4100.10pain 4110.10autism 4120.10parasympathetic 4130.10fibrillation 4140.09underwater 4150.09occlusion 4160.09anesthesia 4170.09homeless 4180.09pick disease 4190.08blind 4200.08lung disease 4210.08cortex rat 4220.08muscle relaxation 4230.08jump 4240.08vulnerability 4250.08breast cancer 4260.08fragile 4270.08body image 4280.08confusion 4290.08abortion 4300.08rural 4310.08cyst 4320.08headache 4330.08herpes simplex 4340.08glomerular 4350.07traumatism 4360.07cancer a 4370.07petit 4380.07ulcer 4390.07patient schizophrenia 4400.07scene 4410.07crest 4420.07silicosis 4430.07efficient 4440.06cancer 4450.06infarction 4460.06depression 4470.06cell loss 4480.06anorectic 4490.06plague 4500.06cerebrovascular disease 4510.06cerebrovascular 4520.06convolution 4530.06bright 4540.06deafferentation 4550.06mice deficient 4560.06education 4570.06source 4580.06cancer patient 4590.06atopic dermatitis 4600.06barrier 4610.06hyperbaric 4620.06slow 4630.05c s 4640.05shock 4650.05influenza 4660.05weakly 4670.05stress increase 4680.05atrophy 4690.05roy 4700.05suppression 4710.05dilation 4720.05puberty 4730.05renal failure 4740.05hypertension 4750.05drug addiction 4760.05young diabetic 4770.05depressive disorder 4780.05negative 4790.05children cancer 4800.05therapy 4810.05androgenetic 4820.05burn 4830.05dysfunctional 4840.05prolapse 4850.05rehabilitation 4860.04ill 4870.04ocular pathology 4880.04expressive 4890.04h o 4900.04pcp 4910.04related 4920.04embolism 4930.04ca 4940.04complaint 4950.04granulomatosis 4960.04related change 4970.04ich 4980.03boundary 4990.03disease patient 5000.03phosphatase activity 5010.03multiple sclerosis 5020.03sensitivity specificity 5030.03bump 5040.03weak 5050.03noisy 5060.03leukemia 5070.03therapy eye 5080.03deficient rat 5090.03stress related 5100.03patient systemic lupus 5110.03giant 5120.03consumption 5130.03deficient mice 5140.03involutional 5150.03obesity 5160.03slow fast 5170.03louis 5180.03david 5190.03reversible inactivation 5200.03asthma 5210.02sclerosis 5220.02mosaic 5230.02following exposure 5240.02cortical interaction 5250.02arm length 5260.02therapy malignant 5270.02down syndrome 5280.02fistula 5290.02web 5300.02nervosa 5310.02history 5320.02oral health 5330.02rheumatoid 5340.02gait 5350.02anxiety level 5360.02myocardial infarction 5370.02marfan 5380.02sudden death 5390.02red 5400.02mental retardation 5410.02strong 5420.02mal 5430.02sharp 5440.02illness 5450.02attack 5460.02stress induce 5470.02disease elderly 5480.02fast slow 5490.02anaesthesia a 5500.02brazilian 5510.02blocked 5520.02mutant mice 5530.02spatially separated 5540.02arthropathy 5550.02disorder evidence 5560.01catalase activity 5570.01neurological disorder 5580.01positive negative 5590.01term retention 5600.01standard 5610.01alexander 5620.01context dependent 5630.01senile 5640.01dawn 5650.01bloom 5660.01attraction 5670.01negative feedback 5680.01mutant 5690.01sepsis 5700.01werner 5710.01dystrophy 5720.01anorexia nervosa 5730.01malignant 5740.01involution 5750.01taylor 5760.01unpleasantness 5770.01block 5780.01brain pathology 5790.01injury patient 5800.01normal subject 5810.01patient rheumatoid arthritis 5820.01restless 5830.01nervous 5840.01addict 5850.01response stress 5860.01symptom 5870.01en 5880.01autistic 5890.01myeloid leukemia 5900.01medicolegal 5910.01battery 5920.01alpine 5930.01pick 5940.01retention 5950.01sensitivity 5960.01ionizing radiation 5970.01lymphoma 5980.01sclerosis preliminary 5990.01p h 6000.01positional 6010.01hypoxia 6020.01condensation 6030.01canadian 6040.01mutation 6050.01australian 6060.01depressed 6070.01activity new 6080.01blindness 6090.01neurotoxic 6100.01burn injury 6110.01cb 6120.01overflow 6130.01encephalitis a 6140.01clinical observation 6150.01religious 6160.01respiratory disease 6170.01death 6180.01command 6190.01inactivation 6200.01sequela 6210.00amino 6220.00ash 6230.00russell 6240.00surgical intervention 6250.00lupus erythematosus 6260.00inversion 6270.00intimate 6280.00anesthesia a 6290.00systemic lupus erythematosus 6300.00current therapy 6310.00systemic lupus 6320.00lupus 6330.00warm 6340.00deficient 6350.00infectious disease 6360.00dysfunction 6370.00ehrlich 6380.00aggressive 6390.00versus normal 6400.00shock a 6410.00cystic fibrosis 6420.00disorder patient 6430.00bystander 6440.00remission 6450.00pinch 6460.00strain 6470.00palsy 6480.00resistance 6490.00complication following 6500.00normal children 6510.00life death 6520.00spotted 6530.00norm 6540.00sign 6550.00cortex vivo 6560.00neuropsychiatric 6570.00stressor 6580.00meningitis 6590.00repeated treatment 6600.00splitting 6610.00execution 6620.00therapy reduce 6630.00arthritis 6640.00sterility 6650.00manipulative 6660.00rheumatoid arthritis 6670.00impairment associated 6680.00exposure 6690.00effect stress 6700.00muller 6710.00fountain 6720.00patient multiple sclerosis 6730.00abnormality 6740.00loss visual 6750.00tropical 6760.00finding 6770.00fair 6780.00increased sensitivity 6790.00hd 6800.00unintentional 6810.00fit 6820.00hepatitis 6830.00pharmacological activity 6840.00cortical lesion 6850.00shooting 6860.00complication 6870.00turn 6880.00fibrosis 6890.00injury 6900.00activity associated 6910.00catastrophic 6920.00separation human 6930.00martin 6940.00influence stress 6950.00sad 6960.00drag 6970.00fragility 6980.00loss early 6990.00zone 7000.00view 7010.00pathology 7020.00inaccuracy 7030.00talk 7040.00lesion 7050.00confused 7060.00critical 7070.00death cancer 7080.00consumer 7090.00absence 7100.00endocrine 7110.00disorder 7120.00dead 7130.00stronger 7140.00unrelated 7150.00induced stress 7160.00stillborn 7170.00additive 7180.00intoxication 7190.00injury acute 7200.00stress or 7210.00presence 7220.00negatively 7230.00pathogenesis 7240.00disorder treatment 7250.00disorder children 7260.00check 7270.00observation 7280.00poor 7290.00cut 7300.00obscure 7310.00worry 7320.00infection 7330.00morphologic 7340.00typically 7350.00secret 7360.00proximity 7370.00fall 7380.00stress a 7390.00reach 7400.00fever 7410.00normal control 7420.00maximum 7430.00activity human 7440.00infectious 7450.00pre exposure 7460.00hypersensitivity 7470.00mediterranean 7480.00hyper 7490.00study normal 7500.00underestimation 7510.00rigidity 7520.00consideration 7530.00following stress 7540.00sensitivity increased 7550.00inadvertent 7560.00don t 7570.00passing 7580.00walk 7590.00thread 7600.00problem solving 7610.00ll 7620.00excellent 7630.00syndrome 7640.00tour 7650.00critical review 7660.00suffering 7670.00normal 7680.00disease review 7690.00disorder preliminary 7700.00problem 7710.00not normal 7720.00u s 7730.00dysfunction early 7740.00king 7750.00disease study 7760.00differential sensitivity 7770.00disease 7780.00syndrome a 7790.00enlargement 7800.00activity 7810.00harsh 7820.00toxic 7830.00therapy patient 7840.00assumption 7850.00turning 7860.00disease or 7870.00numeric 7880.00request 7890.00tumor 7900.00morphology 7910.00preliminary finding 7920.00vulnerable 7930.00lesion a 7940.00neurogenic 7950.00clinical symptom 7960.00additional 7970.00addition 7980.00imperfect 7990.00compromise 8000.00activity e 8010.00pathological process 8020.00activity related 8030.00syndrome patient 8040.00north american 8050.00hope 8060.00alive 8070.00lesion following 8080.00disorganization 8090.00doesn t 8100.00patient suffering 8110.00wrong 8120.00regression 8130.00inconsistency 8140.00comparison normal 8150.00clue pathogenesis 8160.00health disease 8170.00mystery 8180.00presence a 8190.00ramification 8200.00diagnosis therapy 8210.00reason 8220.00normal pathological 8230.00excessive 8240.00move 8250.00purpose Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature AB literature B-term BC literature laser mild cognitive impairment memories 1: Redox proteomic identification of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified brain proteins in amnestic mild cognitive impairment : insight into the role of lipid peroxidation in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.2008 Add to clipboard 2: Novel panel of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the prediction of progression to Alzheimer dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment .2007 Add to clipboard 1: Altered neural network supporting declarative long-term memory in mild cognitive impairment .2009 Add to clipboard 2: Emotional valence and semantic relatedness differentially influence false recognition in mild cognitive impairment , Alzheimer's disease, and healthy elderly.2009 Add to clipboard 3: Impairment of episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease.2009 Add to clipboard 4: Recollection- and familiarity-based memory in healthy aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment .2008 Add to clipboard 5: Episodic, but not semantic, autobiographical memory is reduced in amnestic mild cognitive impairment .2008 Add to clipboard 6: Functional MRI studies of associative encoding in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment , and Alzheimer's disease.2007 Add to clipboard 7: Memory for the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks one year later in patients with Alzheimer's disease, patients with mild cognitive impairment , and healthy older adults.2007 Add to clipboard 8: Memory and emotions for the september 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in patients with Alzheimer's disease, patients with mild cognitive impairment , and healthy older adults.2004 Add to clipboard B-list on Thu Oct 22 01:50:40 2009 1 frontotemporal dementia 2 amyloid beta 3 mild cognitive impairment 4 event related fmri 5 model alzheimer disease 6 event related 7 signal regulated kinase 8 related fmri study 9 learning memory 10 obstructive sleep apnea 11 related potential 12 frontotemporal 13 forebrain ischemia 14 sigma pi 15 anesthesia propofol 16 spectral hole burning 17 egr-1 18 attractor 19 grating 20 decline alzheimer disease 21 beta amyloid 22 anxiety depression 23 hole burning 24 cognitive decline alzheimer 25 sleep apnea syndrome 26 illusion 27 cerebral ischemia reperfusion 28 memory learning 29 entorhinal cortex lesion 30 idiopathic intracranial hypertension 31 neurodegeneration 32 panic disorder 33 cerebral blood flow 34 temporal lobe epilepsy 35 amyloid 36 morphine dependent rat 37 cognitive impairment 38 antiphospholipid 39 hole 40 cocaine addiction 41 neural cell adhesion 42 chaotic 43 rat cortical neuron 44 saccade 45 sleep apnea 46 nausea 47 cortical network 48 geniculate 49 tattoo 50 esthetic restorative dentistry 51 memory young 52 pair source 53 aesthetic 54 borderline personality 55 patient alzheimer disease 56 phase conjugate mirror 57 fuzzy 58 breast cancer survivor 59 vasospastic angina 60 corticobasal degeneration 61 intrahepatic mass 62 symptom inventory 63 scar 64 paired helical filament 65 sexual assault 66 scotoma 67 occlusion rat 68 alcohol exposure 69 memory impairment 70 neurodegenerative 71 eye movement 72 people alzheimer disease 73 monocular 74 genomic 75 signal processing 76 neurodegenerative disease 77 bipolar disorder 78 refractory epilepsy 79 noise 80 involuntary 81 alzheimer disease 82 diabetic 83 cingulate 84 implantable 85 chronic pain 86 dementia alzheimer disease 87 brain atrophy 88 amyloid beta derived 89 photon pair source 90 incontinentia pigmenti 91 hippocampal 92 model depression 93 postoperative nausea vomiting 94 nicotine exposure 95 alzheimer 96 traumatic brain injury 97 normal aging 98 women preterm labor 99 personality disorder 100 cortical potential 101 matrix metalloproteinase activity 102 dentate 103 excitation 104 smooth muscle tumor 105 people diabetes 106 bond 107 eating disorder 108 fingertip 109 cancer survivor 110 vestibular deafferentation 111 coping strategy 112 cd8 t 113 noise reduction 114 filament 115 memory 116 corticostriatal 117 ovarian cancer 118 trace 119 activity dependent 120 specific cd8 t 121 ischemia reperfusion 122 stone 123 cortex hippocampus 124 lock 125 cerebral ischemia 126 cortical neuron 127 major depression 128 morphine analgesia 129 ca v 130 stroke non 131 ischemia 132 associated alzheimer disease 133 dementia care 134 alzheimer dementia 135 photo 136 global cerebral ischemia 137 acute respiratory distress 138 entanglement 139 functional dyspepsia 140 mental stress 141 memory multistep 142 activation source 143 memory nonlinear 144 based vertical cavity 145 ga gaas quantum 146 autoimmunity 147 panic 148 flash memory 149 tb 150 memory young rat 151 detection bragg 152 age related 153 photon source 154 demented 155 combat 156 breech presentation 157 medulloblastoma 158 parenting 159 processor 160 chronic lung disease 161 cortical response 162 rat cortical 163 epileptiform 164 tardive 165 hyperbaric oxygen therapy 166 neuroticism 167 adhd 168 hearing 169 wound 170 neurotrophic 171 arrhythmia 172 charcot 173 dementia alzheimer 174 sedation 175 tachycardia 176 cross talk 177 binocular 178 hypospadia 179 dementia 180 spatially 181 analgesia 182 assault 183 apnea 184 signal noise ratio 185 cognitive deficit 186 cortical activity 187 sodium channel activity 188 preterm labor 189 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 190 calcineurin activity 191 abuse
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;1179052v1?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=CFSsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0resourcetype=HWCIT Published Online October 8, 2009 Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1179052 Science Express Index Reports Submitted on July 14, 2009 Accepted on August 31, 2009 Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Vincent C. Lombardi 1 , Francis W. Ruscetti 2 , Jaydip Das Gupta 3 , Max A. Pfost 1 , Kathryn S. Hagen 1 , Daniel L. Peterson 1 , Sandra K. Ruscetti 4 , Rachel K. Bagni 5 , Cari Petrow-Sadowski 6 , Bert Gold 2 , Michael Dean 2 , Robert H. Silverman 3 , Judy A. Mikovits 1 * 1 Whittemore Peterson Institute, Reno, NV 89557, USA. 2 Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. 3 Department of Cancer Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. 4 Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. 5 Advanced Technology Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. 6 Basic Research Program, Scientific Applications International Corporation, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Judy A. Mikovits , E-mail: judym@wpinstitute.org
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