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[转载]怎样灭去人体的四把火
ephedra 2011-11-28 16:15
怎样灭去人体的四把火,胃火、肝火、心火、肺火 第一把火:胃火   表现症状:胃肠道症状表现为胃部灼热疼痛、腹胀、口干口臭、大便稀烂、便秘、牙龈肿痛、胃口不好等。胃火还分虚实两种,虚火表现为轻微咳嗽、胃口不好、便秘、腹胀、舌红、少苔;实火表现为上腹不适、口干口苦、大便干硬。   胃火,即是胃热。对于嗜酒、嗜食辛辣、过食膏粱厚味等饮食不当引起的火气,中医称之为胃火,通常是由湿热、食滞两方面原因造成。同时,火气也因饮食的量、质和时间三大原因而引起。轻微胃火盛者,好像永远吃不饱,其实是胃热给大脑的错觉;到火盛至某一个阶段,胃部出现发炎现象,就会变成什么都吃不下,可以说是物极必反。中医认为,胃火调节应当遵循清热、清滞的原则,要饮食节制,太过热气的东西少吃,甜腻的食物少吃,饮食上应增加黄绿色蔬菜与时令水果,以补充维生素和无机盐的不足,并且适当注意口腔卫生。药疗方面,可用川莲、灯芯花、莲子芯、麦冬等泻火。 降火食方:鲜萝卜汁、绿豆粥、西瓜   现代研究表明,萝卜有明显的抗菌作用。中医则认为,萝卜汁性味辛、甘、凉,归肺、胃经,有胃火者可以饮用萝卜汁进行调理治疗。但属脾胃虚寒型口疮者不宜服用。绿豆粥有清热解毒、消暑止渴、清心泻火的作用,能清心胃之火。莲子、芡实、淮山等皆为健脾开胃之物,西洋菜、生菜、油麦菜、西红柿、枇杷等都是利于消化的食物。胃火过热者,还可在隆冬季节通过吃西瓜来降胃火。 第二把火:肝火   表现症状:头痛头晕、耳鸣、眼干、口干舌燥、口苦口臭、两肋胀痛、睡眠不稳、身体闷热、舌苔增厚。   肝火多由外界刺激引起,所以调整情志、稳定情绪非常重要,焦躁情绪会火上浇油,保持心情舒畅有助于调节体内的火气。睡眠不够或是睡眠质量不好,也会造成肝火上升。经常熬夜会打乱人体正常的作息时间,肝脏不能如期休息和排毒,于是只好加班加点将体内积存的杂质和毒素清除,这无疑加重了肝脏本身的负担。要预防肝火旺,除了睡眠足够、心情放松,一些简单的药材或食物也有助于清火,比如药疗方面,肝太热者可用金菊花、溪黄草、夏枯草、白芍等平肝息火的药材合煎饮服。不宜吃辛辣、海腥、过腻过酸、煎炸食品,以及羊肉、海虾、肥肉、乌梅等,以免火上浇油。 降火食方:川贝母冰糖梨汁、枸杞菊花茶   梨含有丰富的糖分和维生素,有保肝和帮助消化的作用。菊花与枸杞都是中药护眼的药材,特别对肝火旺、用眼过度导致的双眼干涩有较好的疗效。多吃新鲜的绿叶蔬菜水果,如黄瓜、橙子、苦瓜、无花果、豌豆苗、韭菜等,都有良好的清火作用。胡萝卜对补充人体的维生素B、避免口唇干裂也有很好的疗效。此外,可以口服各类清凉冲剂,如夏桑菊冲剂、金菊冲剂等对“清火”也很有效。中医也认为,养肝可多吃猪肝或鸡肝,尤其适合头晕脑涨、眼赤目干、经常用脑者。 第三把火:心火   表现症状:心烦急躁、面赤口渴、心中烦热,失眠、便干尿血、口舌生疮、肌肤疮疡。心火分虚实两种,虚火表现为低热、盗汗、心烦、口干等;实火表现为反复口腔溃疡、口干、小便短赤、心烦易怒等。   心火上升可引起口腔疾病。中医提醒需要控制情绪,减少紧张,少生心事烦事。尤其是减少思虑那些迟延不决、处理繁杂、涉及众多人际关系的烦心事,以免心火气盛,诱发心脑疾病。心火的预防办法主要是保持良好心态,寒温适度,多食蔬菜水果,少食辛辣之物,禁酒,多运动。用黄连、莲子芯等药物清心泻火。 降火食方:冰糖莲子汤、百合银耳玉竹汤   对于心火,可以多食一些性寒而味苦的食物,如苦瓜、苦菜、百合、苦丁茶类,多食酸枣、红枣、百合或者干净的动物胎盘等补养心肾之品。虚火上升的人可常喝清心润燥的冰糖莲子汤,《本草纲目》记载莲子“清心去热”,除烦热、清心火、养心安神,对于心火内炽所致的烦躁不眠具有较好的疗用。百合微寒无毒、补虚清心、除烦安神,用百合、银耳、玉竹煮的甜汤,具有清心养阴的作用。心火旺者还可常喝竹叶、甘草、灯心草、生地、麦冬煮成的茶饮,具有清心泻火的作用 第四把火:肺火   表现症状:咽干疼痛、咳嗽胸痛、干咳无痰或痰少而黏、口鼻干燥、潮热盗汗、手足心热、失眠、舌红。   冬季固然寒冷,但人们穿衣多、住房暖、活动少、饮食所含热量偏高,体内容易积热,故冬季也会时有肺火显盛的现象。中医认为肺主皮毛,不妨适当吃一点属性偏凉的食物,如白萝卜、白木耳、大白菜、芹菜、菠菜、冬笋、香蕉、梨、苹果、百合、杨桃、枇杷,同时多饮水,少吃肉类及巧克力等热量高的食品。除肺火,也可用呼吸咳嗽洗肺法,通过深呼吸和主动咳嗽,帮助呼吸道排出分泌物,增强免疫力。可选择空气新鲜的地方,反复进行吸气呼气,尽量排出肺内气体,另外每天主动咳嗽几下,也是积极的保护性反射动作,能有效清洁肺部。如肺热郁闭,可在医生指导下服用通宣理肺丸、麻杏石甘草汤,阴虚肺热可服用养阴清肺口服液或者金果饮等。药物还有白薇、地骨皮,两者均可清泻肺热。 降火食方:猪肝枸杞菜、罗汉果猪肺汤   枸杞菜性凉,可以清肝肾、降肺火,吃猪肝也可去肺火。中医认为,罗汉果味甘性凉,有清热凉血,清肺止咳、润肠通便的作用,还可治疗风热袭肺引起的声音嘶哑、咳嗽不爽、咽痛等症。吃猪肺也可清肺热、养肺阴。
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美国工程院院士名单(1967-2011)共123位
huagw 2011-11-27 14:26
08. Industrial, Manufacturing Operational Systems Engineering Mr. Rodney C. Adkins Senior Vice President International Business Machines Corporation Greenwich, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Paul A. Allaire Former Chairman and CEO Xerox World Headquarters Norwalk, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dell K. Allen Adjunct Professor Utah State University Orem, UT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1984 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Egon Balas University Professor and Thomas Lord Professor of Operations Research Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Cynthia Barnhart Associate Dean of Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Leslie A. Benmark Six Sigma Black Belt E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company Joelton, TN, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Daniel Berg Distinguished Research Professor of Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1976 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dimitris J. Bertsimas Boeing Professor of Operations Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. John A. Betti Former Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition U.S. Department of Defense North Palm Beach, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. John R. Birge Jerry W. and Carol Lee Levin Professor of Operations Management The University of Chicago Chicago, IL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Robert E. Bixby Research Professor Rice University Houston, TX, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Jack L. Blumenthal Instructor Mayfield Senior High School Pasadena, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Alfred Blumstein University Professor and J. Erik Jonsson Professor of Urban Systems and Operations Research Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John G. Bollinger Dean Emeritus, College of Engineering Professor Emeritus of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison, WI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1983 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Geoffrey Boothroyd Co-Founder Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. Wakefield, RI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. H. Kent Bowen Bruce Rauner Professor of Business Administration, Emeritus Harvard University Boston, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Andrew Brown, Jr. Executive Director and Chief Technologist Delphi Corporation Troy, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2002 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Gerald G. Brown Distinguished Professor of Operations Research U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Lawrence D. Burns Professor of Engineering Practice University of Michigan Franklin, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Kenneth E. Case Regents Professor Emeritus Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1990 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Don B. Chaffin Richard G. Snyder Distinguished University Professor Emeritus University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1994 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Ms. Josephine Cheng IBM Fellow and Vice President IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. W. Peter Cherry Independent Consultant Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Robert P. Clagett Retired Lecturer, Management Department University of Rhode Island Williamsburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. W. Dale Compton Lillian M. Gilbreth Distinguished Professor of Industrial Engineering, Emeritus Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1981 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Richard W. Conway Emerson Electric Company Professor of Manufacturing Management Emeritus Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Harry E. Cook Professor and Head of Department University of Illinois Sharpsburg, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1990 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas M. Cook President T.C.I. Dallas, TX, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1995 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. William J. Cook Chandler Family Professor Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Gary L. Cowger Group Vice President Manufacturing and Labor General Motors Corporation Bloomfield Hills, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James Q. Crowe Chief Executive Officer Level 3 Communications, Inc. Broomfield, CO, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Earnest W. Deavenport, Jr. Retired Chairman and CEO Eastman Chemical Company Kiawah Island, SC, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ralph L. Disney Professor Emeritus Texas AM University Blacksburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Michael T. Duke President and CEO Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Bentonville, AR, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Joseph F. Engelberger Chairman HelpMate Robotics Inc. Newtown, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1984 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Michael L. Eskew Former Chairman and CEO UPS Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Armand V. Feigenbaum President General Systems Company, Inc. Pittsfield, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Robert E. Fenton Professor Emeritus The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Marshall L. Fisher UPS Professor University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1994 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John S. Foster, Jr. Retired Vice President, Science and Technology Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems Redondo Beach, CA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1969 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Donald P. Gaver, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Operations Research, Emeritus U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Arthur M. Geoffrion James A. Collins Chair in Management Emeritus University of California, Los Angeles Santa Monica, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer International Business Machines Corporation Armonk, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ronald E. Goldsberry Consultant Deloitte Bloomfield Hills, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. J. Michael Harrison Professor Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. George J. Hess Retired Vice President, Planning The Ingersoll Milling Machine Company Madison, WI, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1994 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Thom J. Hodgson Distinguished University Professor North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2001 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Charles O. Holliday, Jr. Chairman Bank of America Washington, DC, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Paul M. Horn NYU Distinguished Scientist in Residence and Senior Vice Provost for Research New York University New York, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2007 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ronald A. Howard Professor Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. J. Stuart Hunter Professor Emeritus, Statistics and Engineering Princeton University Highstown, NJ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Lee A. Iacocca Iacocca and Associates Beverly Hills, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Donald L. Iglehart Professor Emeritus Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ellis L. Johnson Coca Cola Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1988 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Edward H. Kaplan William N. Marie A. Beach Prof. of Mgt. Sciences Professor of Public Health, Prof. of Engrg. Yale School of Management New Haven, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ralph L. Keeney Professor Emeritus of Systems Engineering University of Southern California San Francisco, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1995 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Karl G. Kempf Fellow and Director, Decision Engineering Intel Corporation Chandler, AZ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Yoram Koren James J. Duderstadt Distinguished University Professor of Manufacturing University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Way Kuo President and University Distinguished Professor City University of Hong Kong Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Member Type: Member Election Year: 2000 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James F. Lardner Retired Vice President, Tractor and Component Operations Deere Company Bettendorf, IA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1985 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Richard C. Larson Mitsui Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. Hau L. Lee Thoma Professor of Operations, Information and Technology Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Kenneth Levy Chairman Emeritus KLA-Tencor Corporation Los Gatos, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. John D.C. Little Institute Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Christopher B. Lofgren President and Chief Executive Officer Schneider National, Inc. Green Bay, WI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Gen. David M. Maddox Independent Consultant Arlington, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas L. Magnanti Institute Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1991 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Stephen Malkin Distinguished Professor Emeritus University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas J. Malone Retired, Executive Vice Chairman Milliken Company La Grange, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William S. Marras Professor and Director, Honda Endowed Chair The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William L. Maxwell Senior Scientist SupplyChain Consultants, Inc. Wilmington, DE, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dan Maydan President Emeritus Applied Materials, Inc. Los Altos Hills, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. William J. McCune, Jr. Retired Chairman Polaroid Corporation Lincoln, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1979 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Eugene S. Meieran Intel Corporation Phoenix, AZ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Richard C. Messinger Retired Vice President and Chief Technical Officer Cincinnati Milacron, Inc. Cincinnati, OH, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1985 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Gerald Nadler IBM Chair Emeritus in Engineering Management and Director, Breakthrough Thinking Group University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. George L. Nemhauser Institute Professor and Chandler Chair Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Joseph H. Newman Retired President and CEO Tishman Research Corporation Jupiter, FL, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1973 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Deborah J. Nightingale Professor of Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. Amedeo R. Odoni Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Robert M. Oliver Professor of Operations Research University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James J. Padilla President and Chief Operating Officer Ford Motor Company Sarasota, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2001 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William P. Pierskalla Distinguished Professor Emeritus University of California, Los Angeles Bradenton, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2007 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Stephen M. Pollock Herrick Emeritus Professor of Manufacturing University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2002 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Donald E. Procknow Retired Vice Chairman Lucent Technologies Doylestown, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1988 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William R. Pulleyblank Professor of Operations Research US Military Academy, West Point West Point, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Howard Raiffa Professor Emeritus, Managerial Economics Harvard University Belmont, MA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. H. Donald Ratliff Regents' Professor and UPS Professor of Logistics and Executive Director Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Stephen M. Robinson Professor Emeritus University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison, WI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William B. Rouse Executive Director and Professor Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1991 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Henry M. Rowan Chairman Inductotherm Group Rancocas, NJ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas L. Saaty Distinguished University Professor University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Andrew P. Sage University Professor and First American Bank Professor George Mason University Fairfax, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Vinod K. Sahney Senior Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer Concord, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Gavriel Salvendy Professor Emeritus Purdue University Sarasota, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1990 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John M. Samuels, Jr. President Revenue Variable Engineering, LLC Villas, NJ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Ms. Linda S. Sanford Senior Vice President, Enterprise Transformation International Business Machines Corporation Somers, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Maxine L. Savitz General Manager, Technology/Partnerships Honeywell Inc. Los Angeles, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Laurence C. Seifert Dr. F. Stan Settles Professor and Co-Director, Systems Architecting and Engineering Program University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1991 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Hanif D. Sherali University Distinguished Professor and W. Thomas Rice Chaired Professor of Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universit Blacksburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2000 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas B. Sheridan Ford Professor of Engineering and Applied Psychology, Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lexington, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1995 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John A. Simpson Retired Director, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Falls Church, VA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1988 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Mark K. Smith Management Consultant/Writer Independent Consultant Norwich, VT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1967 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. James J. Solberg Ransburg Professor of Manufacturing Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Ms. Anne L. Stevens Chairman and CEO SA IT Services Roswell, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Lawrence D. Stone Chief Scientist Metron, Inc. Reston, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. James M. Tien Distinguished Professor and Dean University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2001 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Paul E. Torgersen John W. Hancock, Jr. Chair and President Emeritus Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universit Blacksburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Executive Vice President, ATT Wireless Group ATT Corporation Bellevue, WA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. G. Keith Turnbull Executive Vice President, Alcoa Business Systems Alcoa, Inc. Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Howard S. Turner Retired Chairman Turner Construction Company Newtown Square, PA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1973 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James E. Turner, Jr. President and Chief Operating Officer General Dynamics Corporation Suffolk, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas A. Vanderslice Chief Executive Officer TAV Associates Osterville, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1980 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Arthur F. Veinott, Jr. Professor Emeritus Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Kuo K. Wang Sibley College Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Alan R. Washburn Distinguished Professor of Operations Research U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Lawrence M. Wein Paul E. Holden Professor of Management Science Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John A. White, Jr. Distinguished Professor University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1987 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ward Whitt Professor Columbia University New York, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dennis F. Wilkie Corporate Vice President and Director, Business Development, Quality, and Staff Operations Motorola Corporation Bonita Springs, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2000 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Edgar S. Woolard, Jr. Former Chairman E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company Wilmington, DE, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Paul K. Wright A. Martin Berlin Chair in Mechanical Engineering and CITRIS Director University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2007 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Chien-Fu Jeff Wu Coca Cola Professor Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems
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[转载]Ka/Ks与进化选择压力
syfox 2011-11-26 15:12
2011年11月25日 ⁄ Bioinformation ⁄ 暂无评论 ⁄ 被围观 12 views+ 在遗传学中,Ka/Ks或者dN/dS表示的是异意替换(Ka)和同意替换(Ks)之间的比例。这个比例可以判断是否有选择压力作用于这个蛋白质编码基因。 不导致氨基酸改变的核苷酸变异我们称为同义突变,反之则称为非同义突变。一般认为,同义突变不受自然选择,而非同义突变则受到自然选择作用。在进化分析中,了解同义突变和非同义突变发生的速率是很有意义的。常用的参数有以下几种:同义突变频率 (Ks)、非同义突变频率(Ka)、非同义突变率与同义突变率的比值(Ka/Ks)。如果Ka/Ks1,则认为有正选择效应。如果Ka /Ks=1,则认为存在中性选择。如果Ka/Ks1,则认为有纯化选择作用。 计算方法: Ks = 同义突变SNP数/同义位点数,即同义突变率 Ka = 非同义突变SNP数/非同义位点数,即非同义突变率 同义突变SNP数= Σ同义SNP 非同义突变SNP数= Σ非同义SNP 同义位点数= Σ同义位点 非同义位点数= Σ非同义位点 KaKs或者Ka/Ks 1,基因受正选择(positive selection) Ka=Ks或者Ka/Ks =1,基因中性进化(neutral evolution) KaKs或者Ka/Ks 1,基因受纯化选择(purify selection) 用于计算Ka/Ks的软件:KaKs_Calculator 软件下载地址: http://code.google.com/p/kaks-calculator/ 相关论文:Zhang Z, Li J, Zhao XQ, Wang J, Wong GK, Yu J: KaKs Calculator: Calculating Ka and Ks through model selection and model averaging . Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2006 , 4:259-263. 稻基因组复制片段的发现及两类基因进化速率与形成原因的研究 副题名 外文题名 论文作者 史晓黎著 导师 罗静初,郝柏林指导 学科专业 生物学 研究领域\研究方向 生物信息学 学位级别 博士 学位授予单位 北京大学 学位授予日期 2005 论文页码总数 88页 关键词 水稻 基因工程 多倍体 自然选择 生物信息学 馆藏号 BSLW 2007 S511 118 【中文摘要】 摘要 水稻两个栽培亚种Japonica和Indica全基因组序列草图于2002年发布,为探索水稻基因组进化提供了宝贵资源。多倍化是影响被子植物进化的重要机制。研究表明,许多被子植物很可能是由古多倍体祖先演化而来。近年来,对植物多倍化研究集中在模式植物拟南芥和包括水稻... 详细 摘要 水稻两个栽培亚种Japonica和Indica全基因组序列草图于2002年发布,为探索水稻基因组进化提供了宝贵资源。多倍化是影响被子植物进化的重要机制。研究表明,许多被子植物很可能是由古多倍体祖先演化而来。近年来,对植物多倍化研究集中在模式植物拟南芥和包括水稻在内的几种禾本科植物。 本博士论文应用自主开发的动态规划搜索程序ColinearScan,在370Mb水稻(Indica籼稻亚种)基因组序列中搜索到10个共线性复制区,分布在所有12 条染色体上,占所分析序列总长45%,包含全部水稻基因的47%。依据水稻与玉米同源序列和水稻同源基因之间的遗传距离Ks,确定了上述10个复制区域是两次复制事件产物。其中一次为全基因组复制事件,发生在7千万年前,涉及九个复制区,共18个复制片段,分布在1-10号染色体上。另一次为片段基因组复制事件,发生在5百万年前,涉及一个复制区域,仅有两个复制片段,位于11和12号染色体上。结合禾本科植物其它有关证据,进一步推断禾本科植物中多倍化事件是一个持续过程。 从10个复制区域中选取1092组共线性并系同源基因,研究碱基组分在不同类型基因中的分布状况。共线性并系同源基因编码区密码子前两位GC含量呈单峰分布,而第三位GC含量(GC3)则呈现清晰的双峰分布。利用聚类分析方法,以GC3=0.75为分界线,将1092组基因对分成两类,其中469组为高GC3基因,623组为低GC3基因。基于上述结果,对两类基因进化速率和形成原因进行了详细探讨。 分别采用NG方法(Nei和Gojobori)、GY方法(Goldman和Yang)和YN方法(Yang和Nielsen),计算了并系同源基因同义替代率Ks,发现不同方法所得结果有很大差异。NG方法计算结果显示Ks和GC3含量呈负相关关系,而GY方法和YN方法计算结果显示Ks和GC3含量呈正相关关系。借助于玉米和拟南芥外类群序列,对上述两类高GC3含量和低GC3含量基因,分别定义并计算了同义核苷酸替代频率矩阵和平均同义替代率(ASR)。通过同义核苷酸替代频率,我们发现高GC3含量基因具有很强的同义核苷酸替代偏性,而低GC3基因含量不存在显著的同义核苷酸替代偏性。两类基因的平均同义替代率显示Ks和GC3含量呈负相关,相关性比用NG方法计算结果弱。本文认为,高GC3含量基因具有强的同义核苷酸替代偏性可能是上述三种方法计算结果不一致的主要原因。 通常认为,自然选择和突变偏性是引起基因组GC含量改变的两种主要机制。本文研究了水稻复制区域两类基因形成的主要原因,对可能和基因GC3含量改变相关的因素进行了分析,包括基因编码序列长度、外显子数目、基因家族成员数量、在染色体上的定位、编码蛋白质功能,以及同义替代率。结果表明,两类基因形成的主要原因是自然选择而不是突变偏性。 关键字:生物信息学,水稻,多倍化,两类基因,GC含量,同义替代率,突变偏性,自然选择
个人分类: 组装|13050 次阅读|0 个评论
Remembering my best friend, Frank Tung
热度 7 何毓琦 2011-11-25 22:26
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. My best friend, Frank Tung passed away five years ago on 11/15/06. I haveknown Frank longer than even his own immediate family – a total of 55 yearssince 1951 when we both worked at our first job in a summer resort inVermont. Later we became collegeroommates and majored in the same discipline at MIT. We were also initiated into the same collegeFraternity at the same time. In the fifties, fraternity hazing was at itsheight. I still remember the remark Frank made after the initiation, “If thisis what they do to you when they picked you to be brothers, what happens whenthey don’t like you”. During college years we even chased after the same girl.But never became jealous of each other and Frank was far more successful. Thereis an old saying about love, “Men like to be a women’s first love. Women liketo be a man’s last love”. Both Frank and I shared that fortune. We proposed toour wives of over 50 years simultaneously (but separately of course) after adouble date on Valentine’s Day in 1959. We were best man at each other’swedding; Godparents to each other’s first-born son and had the same number ofchildren and grand children. In terms of careers, except for a few years awayin CA and MI resp., we each spent our entire adult life in Greater Boston inone job. To top it off, which two persons in the world can say that theyshare consecutive Social Security Numbers. Other moments we shared are too manyto mention. But one example illustrates them. On the morning my wife and Iwere going to move into our first house, I came down with a kidney stone attackwhich was excrutiatingly painful. I had to be hospitalized. Overnight there wasa snowstorm in addition. In desperation and with two small children of 5 and 3whom would my wife call? Frank quit work immediately and personally shoveled apath to our new house and helps settle in my wife and two small children. Thus,while we may not be brothers in blood, but certainly in name and in fact. Finally we retired within one year of each other. But Frankdid not stop his public service. He was invited to chair a study sponsored bythe prestigious National Academy of Engineering on FAA preparedness andrestructuring. In his typical modest way, I don’t think he even mentioned thisto his friend. During retirement we were members of a lunch club by the nameof Romeo, which stands for “Retired Old Men Eating Out”. We took turns to picka restaurant each months for a leisurely lunch from 11:30am to past 2pm.Members ages from 76 to 97. Thus Frank and I were at the younger end of thespectrum. The unofficial motto of the club which is also due to Shakespeare – afamous quote in which Shakespeare wrote “Isn’t it strange that “desire”outlives by so many years over “performance?” to which Frank and I alwaysresponded by “speak for yourself and not for me”. During these lunches, we talkabout anything and everything, China, politics, religion, and even sex. Ourfirst meeting next year will be at Frank’s favorite restaurant and we shallorder his favorite dishes. I think it is also fate that we never got to say goodbye toeach other since I was away on an extended trip and did not even know he wasseriously ill. In this sense and in my mind, he is still with us. This is onlya temporary separation. So here to you, Frank. Reserve a seat at the Romeotable on the other side. I’ll be joining you in due time. On this day of thanksgiving and remembrance in 2011, I am priviliged to call Frank my best friend.
个人分类: 生活点滴|12883 次阅读|11 个评论
[转载]蔷薇科李属新化石资料
ephedra 2011-11-25 17:30
[转载]蔷薇科李属新化石资料
蔷薇科李属Prunus wutuensis 新化石资料: http://sourcedb.ib.cas.cn/cn/ibthesis/201111/P020111121327439155005.pdf 果实图 地史分布
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始新世从海水向淡水的生境变迁促进了特提斯海片角类动物的分化
ephedra 2011-11-23 09:34
始新世从海水向淡水的生境变迁促进了特提斯海片角类动物的分化
注:前段时间看到PNAS上的一篇很漂亮的论文,学习过程中将之翻译为中文,放在这里与诸君共享,仅供学习之用,不妥之处请批评指正。发了帖子,发现一些错误,修改下,抱歉。 Hou ZE, Sket B, Fiser C, Li SQ, 2011. Eocene habitat shift from saline to freshwater promoted Tethyan amphipod diversification. PNAS, 108 ( 35 ) 14533 - 14538. ---------------- 始新世从海水向淡水的生境变迁促进了特提斯海片角类动物的分化 侯仲娥, Boris Sket , Cene Fiser ,李枢强 中国科学院动物研究所动物系统与进化重点实验室 摘要 :流行的理论预言向新的生境的变迁会加速分化,而当传代线分化成多个物种后,强化的竞争会降低分化速率。我们利用全北区片角类动物钩虾属( Gammarus )属来检验这个假设。我们对代表 115 个 Gammarus 种的 289 个样品的四个基因( 5088bp )进行了测序。系统发育分析表明 Gammarus 起源于古新世特提斯海区的一个海水生祖先,后来在中中新世定居到淡水生境。祖先分布区和分化模型分析联合古地质和古气候证据表明从海水向淡水生境的变迁导致分化速率的增加。 Gammarus 海水传代线在 55mya 年前向大西洋两个方向扩散,由于特提斯海和大西洋之间的一些障碍,海水传代线在其进化历史上的分化速率恒定( 0.04 sp/My )。淡水 Gammarus 直到中新世中期时才经历了一次快速分化期( 0.11 sp/My ),由于隔离分化过程传代线在整个欧亚大陆连续分化,很可能是由特提斯海和陆块的变化所驱动。特别是,对应于拟特提斯海( Paratetys sea )的海退和中新世期间欧亚大陆的大陆化,淡水 Gammarus lacustris 和 Gammarus balcanicus 传代线有相对高的分化更替。随后大约在 14Ma ,淡水 Gammarus 的分化速率降低至 0.05 和 0.01 sp/My 。 Gammarus 属提供了支持生态机遇促进物种分化这个假设的非常好的水生案例。 定居到新的生境常常开辟了一个新的生态机遇,并因此促进传代线的分化。这是现代进化生物学的主要原则( major tenet ),陆地系统中已经有很多成功的案例研究,特别是在海洋岛屿上。加拉帕戈斯群岛上的达尔文雀和夏威夷群岛上的果蝇( drosophilid flies )也许是最广为认知的例子。在水体系统中,经常有报道说从海水向淡水的生境变迁。但是,是否这样的生境变迁促进了分化还没有得到有力地检验。海水和淡水是十分不同的生态系统,除了盐分这个重要的差异外,局部地方适应的共栖生物( coinhabitants )提供了不同的资源和竞争。为了调查这种生境变迁的进化意义,选取合适的生物类群十分关键。理想的类群是一个种类多的类群,它具有有限的长距离扩散能力,在淡水和海水中都有分布,且栖息在一个地质历史了解地比较清楚的地区。 片角类甲壳类动物( amphipod Crustaceans ) Gammarus 属似乎满足这些标准。该属包括了 200 余种,整个全北区分布。尽管大多数种类栖息在淡水中,相当多的种类出现在大西洋两岸、地中海和黑海 —— 里海海水体系中。早期的系统发育工作表明了从海水向淡水生境的可能的变迁。片角类动物没有独立的幼虫扩散期,除 Gammarus lacustris 外的所有的淡水种类都局限分布于这个地区。 Gammarus 目前的间断分布暗示这个类群的进化历史也许带着过去地质事件的清晰的标签,比如板块效应和下面描述的特提斯海事件。 在晚始新世( 37-34Ma 年前),印度和亚洲之间的碰撞促进了青藏高原的抬升,这打断了特提斯海和东亚水体之间的交流。非洲和欧洲之间的汇合形成了欧亚大陆南缘的一个活跃的阿尔卑斯造山带,这将拟特提斯海从地中海分离出来。拟特提斯海向东一直到塔吉克斯坦,并通过图尔盖海峡( Turgai Strait )和丹麦 —— 波兰海沟( Danish-Polish trough )分别与北冰洋( Arctic Ocean )和北海( North Sea )相联系。这两个海道将欧亚陆地分成西欧、东欧和亚洲。在早渐新世( 34-32Ma ),拟特提斯盆地开始退却,图尔盖海峡成为干的陆地,开辟了欧洲和亚洲大陆间动物的迁移通道。在早中新世( 23-19Ma ),拟特提斯海东部的一个快速退却过程扩大了陆地面积。米辛尼亚奇盐分危机( 5.96-5.33Ma )是地中海的一次剧烈变干事件,它对特有水生生物也许曾有过重要的影响。随后来自大西洋的洪水冲刷促进很多幸存种类重新在这个地区定居。在特提斯海区的这些地质事件和气候变化很可能与 Gammarus 属的进化历史有关。 流行的理论预测新生境的改变将物种从原来亲缘关系密切的种类之间的竞争中释放出来,并由于随后的辐射分化而加速了分化速率。当传代线分化成多个种后,新形成的种类之间的竞争会增加。因此,当有限空间中物种数量累积时,分化速率会降低。本研究中,我们使用 DNA 序列数据和多种分析方法检验是否 Gammarus 的生境变迁促进了物种分化速率。系统发育推断被用来重建 Gammarus 的历史,以估计主要传代线的分化时间,并测定从海水向淡水变迁发生的时间。我们进一步做了生物地理学分析来探测 Gammarus 首次在哪里定居到淡水生境中,分化分析估测与生境变迁相联系的时间分化模式。 结果 系统发育推断识别出始新世从海水向淡水的生境变迁 我们测了 115 个 Gammarus 种、三个 Baikal 片角类动物和 13 个外类群共 289 个样本的四个基因,即 28S 、 18S 和细胞色素氧化酶 I ( COI ),和延展因子 1α ( EF1α )。简约性分析和似然分析揭示了相似的拓扑关系,似然树见 Fig. S1 。 Gammarus 属形成一个单系群,包括 Baikal 片角类和 Sinogammarus , Sinogammarus 以前被认为是 Gammarus 属的一个异名。在这个类群的基部有三条海水传代线,它们为地中海 —— 大西洋特有类群。一条在古北区广泛分布的淡水传代线深深地嵌入这个树中。北美淡水种类在海水传代线中形成两个群,它们可能有海水生的共同祖先,最近才定居到淡水中。我们因此在随后的分析中将它们包括在海水传代线中。淡水传代线进一步细分成四个形态和地理上独特的分支:欧洲 Gammarus 分支、包括 Gammarus fossarum 、 Gammarus pulex 、 Gammarus roeselii 和 Gammarus komareki 种复合体;东方 Gammarus 分支,包括所有东亚种类; Gammarus lacustris 传代线和 Gammarus balcanicus 传代线。最后两个分支主要分布于欧洲和中亚。 分化时间估计是用一个简化的数据矩阵完成,由系统发育分析所定义的主要分支均等代表以避免偏差。我们感兴趣的节点的年龄用 BEAST 来估计,见图 1 ,更详细的情况见图 S2 和 Table S2 。 Gammarus 属起源于大约 61Ma 年前,在中始新世大约 43Ma 年前开始向淡水辐射分化。之后向淡水的定居发生在晚始新世,欧亚大陆的 Gammarus lacustris 和 Gammarus balcanicus 分支大约在 36Ma 年前,欧洲分支在 33Ma 年前,东方分支在 37Ma 年前(图 1 )。所有这些淡水定居事件均早于 Gammarus 属的最早的早渐新世化石记录。 生物地理学分析指明两次主要的分布区变迁。我们用似然法和简约法重建假设祖先的历史分布区。两种方法得出相似的结果,细节见 Table S3 。在 Gammarus 属的进化历史中检测到两次主要的分布区扩张事件( Fig. 1 )。祖先海水生 Gammarus 分布在古北区西部(节点 b ),随后在 55Ma 年前(节点 j )扩散进入新北区。第二次扩散事件发生在淡水 Gammarus 内部(节点 c ),它们在 40.6Ma 年前从古北区西部扩张进入古北区东部(节点 e )。 与生境变迁关联的分化模式。我们做了出生 —— 死亡( birth-death )分析来找到能最好代表 Gammarus 属总的分化格局、淡水 Gammarus 和海水 Gammarus 的模型。对所有 Gammarus 来说,蒙特卡洛( Monte Carlo )恒定速率( MCCR )检验拒绝了恒定速率的零假设(关键值 =-3.33 , P=0.003 ), γ 统计( γ=-4.3 )暗示分化速率随时间的降低。被检验的 6 个模型,具有一次分化改变的可变速率 yule2 速率模型被选作代表 Gammarus 总体的最适模型,揭示出初步分化速率每百万年 0.07 种( 0.07sp/My )在 25Ma 时改变为 0.03 sp/My 。与此类似, γ 统计和 MCCR 检验显著地拒绝了淡水 Gammarus 属的恒定速率模型, yule3 速率模型被选为最适模型,有 2 次分化速率降低,在 14Ma 是从 0.11 sp/My 减低为 0.05 sp/My , 6Ma 时从 0.05 sp/My 降低为 0.01 sp/My 。对于海水生 Gammarus 来说,分化速率为 0.04 sp/My 的净出生模型( pure birth model )作为最适模型,得到 γ 和 MCCR 检验的支持。详细结果见 Table S4 。 Gammarus 总体、淡水 Gammarus 和海水 Gammarus 的 LTT 散点见 Fig. 2 和 Fig. S3 。海水生 Gammarus 表现出相当低但是恒定的传代线累积速率。想法,淡水 Gammarus 在淡水生境定居早期维持了高的分化速率,直到大约 14Ma 年前。之后,我们鉴定出两个独立的分化速率降低事件, 6Ma 是一个主要的变化点。 属内绝对净分化速率( absolute net diversification rate )为 0.08-0.05 sp/My ,在相对灭绝速率( 0 和 0.9 )两个极端之间。淡水 Gammarus 的绝对净分化速率在 0.10-0.06 sp/My 之间变化,而海水 Gammarus 的这个速率在 0.05-0.03 sp/My 之间变化。相对分支发生( RC )统计表明淡水和海水 Gammarus 在分支发生速率上有显著差异( Fig. 1 )。分化速率的快速变化在中新世期间也发生在淡水 G. lacustris 和 G. balcanicus 传代线里。 讨论 淡水鱼的海水起源、始新世生境变迁和分化 Gammarus 属大约在 61Ma 年前起源于古北极西部的海水生境,随后在中始新世约 43Ma 年前定居到淡水生境并辐射分化( Fig. 1 3, I )。在古新世期间,特提斯海从西向东延伸穿越欧洲南部和中亚,联结着大西洋和太平洋,海水生 Gammarus 在那里占优势( Fig.1 )。当 Gammarus 开始分化的时候,特提斯海和大西洋之间可以自由交流,这引起该属从特提斯海向大西洋两端的第一次分布区扩张。随着始新世期间渐进的地壳运动和特提斯海的退却,陆地的增加形成了一个显著的新的淡水水生生态系统。 Gammarus 属广盐性的( euryhaline )祖先定居到正在扩大的欧亚大陆的淡水生境中,这个生境变迁也许在 Gammarus 属的分化中起着重要的作用。我们的分析清楚地表明 Gammarus 属为特提斯海水起源,这与传统的观点认为全北极淡水 Gammarus 属是陆地起源并次生地向沿海地带扩散的观点明显不同。 在成功定居到淡水生境以后, Gammarus 属大约在 40Ma 年前经历了另外一次从古北极西部向古北极东部的分布区扩张,并在晚始新世时在欧亚大陆的淡水生境中迅速异域分化。东方 Gammarus 分支(节点 i ; Fig. 1 3 II )在 37Ma 年前与欧洲淡水 Gammarus 从其共同祖先中分化出来,随后在 36Ma 年前欧亚大陆 G. lacustris 和 G. balcanicus 两条传代线分裂(节点 d ; Figs. 1 3 II )。几次古地质事件可能对淡水 Gammarus 属的这些假设的辐射分化事件起作用。始新世期间( 37-34Ma )印度板块和亚洲板块碰撞迫使青藏高原隆升,导致特提斯海的中断,以及引起亚洲东部淡水环境的形成。图尔盖海峡作为浅海路,提供拟特提斯海分布的 Gammarus 属向北扩散和定居到欧亚淡水生境中的路线。非洲板块和欧亚板块在渐新世期间( 34-30Ma )的汇合以及随后特提斯海的退却对逐渐扩大的欧洲陆地有贡献,而这使得 Gammarus 属能得到栖息的地方。 产生现代种类的大多数物种形成事件发生在中新世期间( Fig. 1 )。 G. lacustris 和 G. balcanicus 分支的分化可能是由于大约 29Ma 年前图尔盖海峡的闭合所驱动,这使得欧亚大陆上陆生淡水动物得以扩张其分布区。这两条传代线在图尔盖海峡闭合的同时形成,并在之后分化(节点 f 和 g ; Figs. 1 3 , III )。随着图尔盖海峡的变干,拟特提斯海盆地的收缩,以及欧亚地区的大陆化过程一起为淡水 Gammarus 创造了可以获得的生态位。大多数淡水种类有着局限的分布区并表现出强烈的隔离分化格局。考虑到它们的历史和缺乏长距离扩散能力,这个结果并不令人惊讶。 G. lacustris 是一个例外,有着全北区分布。它通常栖息在山区和冰川湖中,大概在冰期向欧洲北部和北美扩散。 生境变迁促进了淡水 Gammarus 属的分化。 我们的分化分析揭示出海水 Gammarus 在其进化历史上以 0.04 sp/My 恒定速率的分化。这个结果部分是可以预料到的;当海水 Gammarus 从特提斯海区起源时,它们能自由向大西洋的两端扩散,而没有物理障碍。另一方面,淡水 Gammarus 属从中始新世至中新世中期期间( 43-4Ma )最初有着高分化速率( 0.11 sp/My ),之后,在中新世 / 上新世边界期分化速率降低至 0.05 sp/My ,并在形成现代后裔时再次降低至 0.01 sp/My ( Fig. 2 和 Table S4 )。 RC 检验也表明淡水 Gammarus 在早中新世和中中新世期间 G. lacustris 和 G. balcanicus 分支经历了快速辐射分化 (Fig.1) 。淡水 Gammarus 属的分化假说暗示着当它们进入一个新的生境时经历了一个快速适应辐射,它们的分化速率随着种类的累积而降低,正如预见的模型一样。这个发现表明淡水 Gammarus 的分化是由大部分未被占据的生境的出现和少量竞争者所创造的生态机遇所驱动。 淡水 Gammarus 属的绝对净分化速率( 0.10-0.06 sp/My )约是海水 Gammarus 属分化速率的两倍( 0.05-0.03 sp/My )。淡水 Gammarus 属的分化速率与最快速分化的 bivalves 0.09 sp/My 相当,以及地面甲虫类( ground beetles )的分化速率 0.10 sp/My 相当。 然而,与地中海植物的分化速率相比较低,如石竹属( Dianthus ),其分化速率为 2.2-7.6 sp/My ,十字花科为 0.18-0.22 sp/My 。古特提斯区是全球生物多样性热点地区之一,不论是陆地生态系统还是水体生态系统。这可能归因于它复杂的地质历史和异质地形。该区将对研究进化过程研究不断地提供极好的背景。 Gammarus 属分类上是一个有挑战性的类群。我们的数据清晰地将 Sinogammarus 和 Baikal 片角类置于 Gammarus 属中。 Sinogammarus 完全由洞穴居住者组成, Baikal 片角类仅为 Baikal 湖特有。二者都有特化的形态特征。我们建议重新检查新的共衍征以在坚固的系统发育框架内定义 Gammarus 属及其属下类群。 生态机遇促进谱系分化的假设在岛屿陆地系统中得到了很好地研究。 Gammarus 属提供了水体系统中支持这个假设的强有力的案例。从海水向淡水的生境变迁与扩大的陆块和增长的可获得的淡水水体一起引起了淡水 Gammarus 的快速辐射分化。生境变迁在水生生物中并非稀有事件,因此沿着这条线的更多的研究可能阐明生物多样性的形成。 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
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Chinglish - A New Broadway Comedy by David Henry Hwang
热度 3 何毓琦 2011-11-19 07:24
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Chinglish - a New Broadway show by the award winningplaywright David Henry Hwang Henry Hwang of M.Butterfly fame just had hisnew comedy play Chinglish opened on broadway to very good reviews.Chinglish is of course the word used to describe the Chineseattempt to speak and use broken Englishand the often comical results. I have previously written about the problems ofLanguage and Translation in a series of blog articles. Hwang's playis about an American businessman attempting to do business in the interior ofChina without the benefit of Chinese cultural and language knowledge.Conversely, the few persons who in remote Chinese cities have some rudimentaryknowledge of English and serve as translators can be difficult to function anddeal with. The resultant comical interactions among these participants arehilarious. More importantly, I was very impressed with Hwang's appreciation ofthe current Chinese environment (not thestandard fare one reads in superficial western articles about Beijing orShanghai in most print media). However, I suspect that some of the subtle humorthat require deep bi-cultural understanding may be lost on the average Americanaudience. But there are enough universal comical situations and clever dialogthat may sustain a long successful run of the play on Broadway. I feel fortunate to be able to enjoy the play last nightin NYC and meet the author afterwards to personally congratulate him on hisperceptive study of Chinese-American personal interactions. All ChineseAmericans will love this show. I don't know if the play will ever get performed in China.Although in my opinion there are nothing offensive or political in it'sdialogs, authorities may nevertheless consider some of the comical situationsto be insulting (actually there are equal amount ofinsulting situations for America and Americans in the play. ButAmericans are used to be made fun of and can take good natured criticisms instride).
个人分类: 生活点滴|13848 次阅读|7 个评论
中国数学前沿2011年总目录
lusn 2011-11-11 18:52
Frontiers of Mathematics in China 2011 vol 6 ( lushn@hep.com.cn ) FRONTIERS OF MATHEMATICS IN CHINA SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 6 (2011) Editorials Lie Algebras and Related Topics Yucai SU, Shaobin TAN, Hechun ZHANG (565) Probability and Statistics---in Honor of Pao-Lu Hsu's 100th Birthday Dayue CHEN, Zhi GENG, Zhi-Ming MA (1021) Survey articles Ky Fan (1914--2010), he spent every waking moment thinking about mathematics Chuankuan YUAN (379) Parafermion vertex operator algebras Chongying DONG, Qing WANG (567) Some results and problems on commutators Shanzhen LU(821) Research articles Recognition by noncommuting graph of finite simple groups $L_4(q)$ M. AKBARI, M. KHEIRABADI, A. R. MOGHADDAMFAR (1) Numerical methods for backward Markov chain driven Black-Scholes option pricing Chi Yan AU, Eric S. FUNG, Leevan LING (17) A quadrangle comparison theorem and its application to soul theory for Alexandrov spaces Jianguo CAO, Bo DAI, Jiaqiang MEI (35) Oscillatory integrals on unit square along surfaces Jiecheng CHEN, Dashan FAN, Huoxiong WU, Xiangrong ZHU (49) Restricted Lie algebras all whose elements are semisimple Liangyun CHEN, Xiaoning XU, Yongzheng ZHANG (61) On symmetric $\lambda$-configurations with small $\lambda$ Yufeng GAO, Yanxun CHANG (71) Proximal alternating direction-based contraction methods for separable linearly constrained convex optimization Bingsheng HE, Zheng PENG, Xiangfeng WANG (79) Quantum superdeterminants for ${\rm OSP}_q(1\mid2n)$ Junli LIU, Shilin YANG (115) Pathwise uniqueness of multi-dimensional stochastic differential equations with H\"older diffusion coefficients Dejun LUO (129) Stability of almost submetries Xiaochun RONG, Shicheng XU (137) A Noether type inequality Hao SUN (155) Weakly $s$-semipermutable subgroups of finite groups Yong XU, Xianhua LI (161) Sharp {\it a posteriori} error estimate for elliptic equation with singular data Gang YUAN, Ruo LI (177) Learning rates for multi-kernel linear programming classifiers Feilong CAO, Xing XING (203) On uniqueness and existence of viscosity solutions to Hessian equations in exterior domains Limei DAI, Jiguang BAO (221) On quantum cluster algebras of finite type Ming DING (231) Regularity for weakly $(K_1,K_2(x))$-quasiregular mappings of several $n$-dimensional variables Hongya GAO, Qiuhua HUANG, Fang QIAN (241) A lowest order divergence-free finite element on rectangular grids Yunqing HUANG, Shangyou ZHANG (253) Spaces of type BLO on non-homogeneous metric measure Haibo LIN, Dachun YANG (271) A class of new braided Hopf algebras Tianshui MA, Haiying LI, Shuanhong WANG (293) A new characterization of Finsler metrics with constant flag curvature 1 Xiaohuan MO (309) Collision local times of two independent fractional Brownian motions Xiangjun WANG, Jingjun GUO, Guo JIANG (325) Flows in 3-edge-connected bidirected graphs Erling WEI, Wenliang TANG, Xiaofeng WANG (339) Quasineutral limit of bipolar quantum hydrodynamic model for semiconductors Xiuhui YANG (349) Singular values of nonnegative rectangular tensors Yuning YANG, Qingzhi YANG(363) Rotationally symmetric pseudo-K\"ahler-Einstein metrics Xiaojuan DUAN, Jian ZHOU (391) Modified Roper-Suffridge operator for some holomorphic mappings Shuxia FENG, Lin YU (411) Maximal operators of commutators of Bochner-Riesz means with Lipschitz functions Shuli GONG, Bolin MA (427) Ergodicity of transition semigroups for stochastic fast diffusion equations Wei LIU (449) Convergence analysis of generalized nonlinear inexact Uzawa algorithm for stabilized saddle point problems Junfeng LU, Zhenyue ZHANG (473) Generalized fractional L\'evy random fields on Gel'fand triple: A white noise approach Xuebin L\"U, Zhiyuan HUANG, Wanyang DAI (493) Weighted estimates for commutators of one-sided oscillatory integral operators Shaoguang SHI, Zunwei FU, Shanzhen LU (507) Weighted estimates for parametrized Littlewood-Paley operators Hongbin WANG, Zongguang LIU (517) Conformal minimal two-spheres in $Q_2$ Jun WANG, Xiaoxiang JIAO (535) Exact boundary controllability of nodal profile for 1-D quasilinear wave equations Ke WANG (545) On hybrid mean value of Dedekind sums and two-term exponential sums Tingting WANG, Wenpeng ZHANG (557) On classification of $n$-Lie algebras Ruipu BAI, Guojie SONG, Yaozhong ZHANG (581) Twisted fermionic and bosonic representations for a class of $BC$-graded Lie algebras Fulin CHEN, Shaobin TAN (607) Complex Lie algebras corresponding to weighted projective lines Rujing DOU, Jie SHENG, Jie XIAO (629) Schr\"odinger-Virasoro type Lie bialgebra: a twisted case Huanxia FA, Yanjie LI, Junbo LI (641) Generating index of finite-dimensional Lie algebras Fang FANG, Fuhai ZHU (659) First cohomology group of rank two Witt algebra to its Larsson modules Jinglian JIANG, Xiaoli KONG (671) Path realization of crystal $B(\infty)$ Bin LI, Hechun ZHANG (689) Associating quantum vertex algebras to deformed Heisenberg Lie algebras Haisheng LI (707) Whittaker modules for a Lie algebra of Block type Bin WANG, Xinyun ZHU (731) Second cohomology group of extended $W$-algebras Wei WANG, Yongping WU, Chunguang XIA (745) Partial differential equation approach to $F_4$ Xiaoping XU (759) Support varieties of semisimple-character representations for Cartan type Lie algebras Yufeng YAO, Bin SHU (775) Ideals and simplicity of unitary Lie algebras Yelong ZHENG, Zhihua CHANG, Yun GAO (789) Nonexistence of block-transitive 6-designs Jing CHEN, Weijun LIU (835) On minimal non-MSN-groups Pengfei GUO, Xiuyun GUO (847) Transmutation theory of a coquasitriangular weak Hopf algebra Guohua LIU, Quanguo CHEN, Haixing ZHU (855) $F$-Willmore submanifold in space forms Jin LIU, Huaiyu JIAN (871) Ring of invariants of general linear group over local ring ${\Bbb Z}_{p^m}$ Jizhu NAN, Yin CHEN (887) Remarks on $\alpha$-strongly irreducible ideals M. J. NIKMEHR, F. FATAHI (901) Quadratic perturbations of a quadratic reversible center of genus one Linping PENG (911) Growth and distortion theorems on subclasses of quasi-convex mappings in several complex variables Jianfei WANG, Taishun LIU, Jin LU (931) Essential closed surfaces in surface sum of product $I$-bundle of closed surfaces Shuxin WANG (945) A primal-dual approximation algorithm for stochastic facility location problem with service installation costs Xing WANG, Dachuan XU, Xinyuan ZHAO (957) von Neumann's mean ergodic theorem on complete random inner product modules Xia ZHANG, Tiexin GUO (965) Strongly irreducible operators and Cowen-Douglas operators on $c_0,\ l_p\ (1\leqslant p \infty)$ Yunnan ZHANG, Huaijie ZHONG (987) On Lefschetz series Xu'an ZHAO, Hongzhu GAO (1003) Coquasitriangular Hopf group coalgebras and braided monoidal categories Meiling ZHU, Huixiang CHEN, Libin LI (1009) General estimate of the first eigenvalue on manifolds Mu-Fa CHEN (1025) ${\Bbb N}$-measure for continuous state branching processes and its application Weijuan CHU, Yan-Xia REN (1045) Tolerance interval for exponential distribution Jiong DU, Xiangzhong FANG(1059) Deviation inequalities and moderate deviations for estimators of parameters in TAR models Jun FAN, Fuqing GAO (1067) A new class of Latin hypercube designs with high-dimensional hidden projective uniformity Yuanzhen HE, Mingyao AI (1085) Optimal control of a big financial company with debt liability under bankrupt probability constraints Zongxia LIANG, Bin SUN (1095) Generate gene expression profile from high-throughput sequencing data Hui LIU, Zhichao JIANG, Xiangzhong FANG, Hanjiang FU, Xiaofei ZHENG, Lei CHA, Wuju LI (1131) An ergodic theorem of a parabolic Anderson model driven by L\'evy noise Yong LIU, Jianglun WU, Fengxia YANG, Jianliang ZHAI (1147) Locally risk-minimizing hedging strategies for unit-linked life insurance contracts under a regime switching L\'evy model Linyi QIAN, Hailiang YANG, Rongming WANG (1185) A study of biases of DNA copy number estimation based on PICR model Quan WANG, Jianghan QU, Xiaoxing CHENG, Yongjian KANG, Lin WAN, Minping QIAN, Minghua DENG (1203) Fractal and smoothness properties of space-time Gaussian models Yun XUE, Yimin XIAO (1217) Identifiability of causal effects on a binary outcome within principal strata Wei YAN, Peng DING, Zhi GENG, Xiaohua ZHOU (1249) Saddlepoint approximation for moments of random variables Kai ZHAO, Xue CHENG, Jingping YANG (1265)
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