经纬纵横：蜘蛛的网络工程 VS 人的知识工程 对于一个人来说，构建知识结构就是在做一个知识工程。 知识结构就是一个知识的网络，有经（纵）线，也有纬（横）线。 一个有创意的蜘蛛网，最难的是先构建经（纵）线，然后才是构建纬（横）线。如果说经（纵）线是各学科的基础知识，那么，纬（横）线则是不同学科之间的联系。 通过阅读 Pauling 的博客，俺认识到大科学家 Pauling 的知识结构的经（纵）线是晶体结构及其测量， Pauling 曾经自己制造过一台 X 射线衍射相机， Pauling 的知识结构的纬（横）线则是量子力学， Pauling 的量子力学讲稿也很特别。 Pauling 缔造的知识网络是化学键理论，其经（纵）线是晶体结构（键 = 原子间距离），纬（横）线则是量子力学（原子杂化态概念）。 Pauling 发表过大量关于晶体结构的文章，参见附录。 Pauling 的文章署名者一般只有 2 个人，很多文章只署名了 Pauling 自己，这应该是 Pauling 自己完成的。因此， Pauling 的经（纵）线（晶体结构知识）很结实，完全能够支撑起后来的纬（横）（原子杂化态）线。 还是让我们来看看蜘蛛是如何构造网络的。 这只蜘蛛的网，看上去已经很旧了，注意哪些纬线，已经乱七八糟的了，这是昨天傍晚的情况。 蜘蛛网挂在两层楼高的大树上，这是主干的经（纵）线，照片从几乎平行网的方向拍摄，因此，很多经（纵）线可以重叠在图面上，以便增强照片的效果。 今天早上，蜘蛛在旧网的上方，重新编织新的纬（横）线。那一圈圈的纬（横）线，非常整齐，线间的距离近似相等。由于我经常观看，似乎蜘蛛已经认识我了。因此，蜘蛛一点也不在乎我拿着相机看她（女性蜘蛛）。注意，蜘蛛使用一条后腿布线，那线头和蜘蛛的屁股相连，实际上，蜘蛛丝是从屁股吐出来的。 附录： Pauling 发表过大量关于晶体结构的文章。 Publications of Linus Pauling(1920 - 1950) ： 晶体结构部分 1923p.1 The crystal structure of molybdenite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45 (1923): 1466-1471 . . 1923p.2 The crystal structure of magnesium stannide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45 (1923): 2777-2780. 1924p.1 The crystal structure of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 46 (1924): 1615-1622. . 1924p.2 The crystal structures of ammonium fluoferrate, fluo-aluminate and oxyfluomolybdate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 46 (1924): 2738-2751. 1925p.1 The crystal structures of hematite and corundum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47 (1925): 781-790. . 1925p.2 The crystal structure of barite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47 (1925): 1026-1030. . 1925p.7 A new crystal for wave-length measurements of soft X-rays. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 11 (1925): 445-447. . 1925p.8 The crystal structures of sodium and potassium trinitrides and potassium cyanate and the nature of the trinitride group. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47 (1925): 2904-2920. . 1927p.1 An X-ray study of the alloys of lead and thallium. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 49 (1927): 666-669. . 1927p.4 The sizes of ions and the structure of ionic crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 49 (1927): 765-790. 1928p.4 The crystal structure of potassium chloroplatinate. Z. Kristall. 68 (1928): 223-230. . 1928p.5 The application of the quantum mechanics to the structure of the hydrogen molecule and hydrogen molecule-ion and to related problems. Chem. Rev. 5 (1928): 173-213. 1928p.6 The crystal structure of brookite. Z. Kristall. 68 (1928): 239-256. , photocopy. 1928p.7 The crystal structure of topaz. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 14 (1928): 603-606. 1928p.9 The coordination theory of the structure of ionic crystals. in Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage Arnold Sommerfelds, Verlag von S. Hirzel, Leipzig , (1928): 11-17. 1929p.1 The principles determining the structure of complex ionic crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51 (1929): 1010-1026. 1929p.2 The crystal structure of the A-modification of the rare earth sesquioxides. Z. Kristall, 69 (1929): 415-421. 1929p.6 On the crystal structure of the chlorides of certain bivalent elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.15 (1929): 709-712. 1929p.7 The molecular structure of the tungstosilicates and related compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc.51 (1929): 2868-2880. 1929p.8 Photo-ionization in liquids and crystals and the dependence of the frequency of X-ray absorption edges on chemical constitution. Phys. Rev. 34 (1929): 954-963. 1930p.1 On the crystal structure of nickel chlorostannate hexahydrate. Z. Kristall. 72 (1930): 482-492. 1930p.2 The crystal structure of pseudobrookite. Z. Kristall. 73 (1930): 97-112. 1930p.3 The structure of the micas and related minerals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 16 (1930): 123-129. 1930p.4 Note on the lattice constant of ammonium hexafluoaluminate. Z. Kristall. 74 (1930): 104-105. 1930p.5 The structure of sodalite and helvite. Z. Kristall. 74 (1930): 213-225. 1930p.6 The structure of some sodium and calcium aluminosilicates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 16 (1930): 453-459. 1930p.7 Rotational motion of molecules in crystals. Phys. Rev. 36 (1930): 430-443. 1930p.8 躡 er die Kristallstruktur des Rubidiumazids. Z. Physik. Chem. B 8 (1930): 326-328. 1930p.9 The crystal structure of bixbyite and the C-modification of the sesquioxides. Z. Kristall. 75 (1930): 128-142. . 1930p.10 The structure of the chlorites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 16 (1930): 578-582. 1930p.11 The crystal structure of cadmium chloride. Z. Kristall. 74 (1930): 546-551 . . 1931p.1 The determination of crystal structure by X-rays. Ann. Surv. Am. Chem. 5 (1931): 118-125. 1932p.1 Review of The Structure of Crystals , 2nd ed. by Ralph W. G. Wyckoff. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 24 (January 1932): 117-118. 1932p.2 The nature of the chemical bond. III. The transition from one extreme bond type to another. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54 (1932): 988-1003. 1932p.3 The crystal structure of magnesium platinocyanide heptahydrate. Phys. Rev. 39 (1932): 537-538. . 1932p.4 The packing of spheres. The Chemical Bulletin ( Chicago Section, Am. Chem. Soc.) 19 (February 1932): 35-38. 1932p.5 Screening constants for many-electron atoms. The calculation and interpretation of X-ray term values, and the calculation of atomic scattering factors. Z. Kristall. 81 (1932): 1-29. . 1932p.6 The crystal structure of chalcopyrite, CuFeS2. Z. Kristall. A 82 (1932): 188-194. . 1932p.7 The determination of crystal structure by X-rays. Annu. Surv. of Am. Chem. 6 (1932): 116-122. 1932p.8 Interatomic distances in covalent molecules and resonance between two or more Lewis electronic structures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 18 (1932): 293-297 . 1933p.1 The crystal structure of sulvanite, CU3VS4. Z. Kristall. A 84 (1933): 204-212 . . 1933p.2 Note on the crystal structure of rubidium nitrate. Z. Kristall. A 84 (1933): 213- 216. . 1933p.3 The crystal structure of zunyite, Al13Si5O20(OH, F)18Cl. Z. Kristall. A 84 (1933): 442-452. 1933p.5 The determination of the structures of the hexafluorides of sulfur, selenium and tellurium by the electron diffraction method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 19 (1933): 68- 73. . 1933p.7 The electron-diffraction investigation of the structure of molecules of methyl azide and carbon suboxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 19 (1933): 860-867 . . 1933p.8 The crystal structure of ammonium hydrogen fluoride, NH4HF2. Z. Kristall. A 85 (1933): 380-391. 1934p.1 Review of A Study of Crystal Structure and its Applications by Wheeler P. Davey (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1934). Science 80 (1934): 451. 1934p.2 The structure of calcium boride, CaB6. Z. Kristall. A 87 (1934): 181-182. . 1934p.3 Covalent radii of atoms and interatomic distances in crystals containing electron- pair bonds. Z. Kristall. A 87 (1934): 205-238. . 1934p.4 The cristal structure of enargite, Cu3AsS4. Z. Kristall. A 88 (1934): 48-53 . . 1934p.5 The crystal structure of binnite, (Cu, Fe)12As4Sl3, and the chemical composition and structure of minerals of the tetrahedrite group. Z. Kristall. A 88 (1934): 54-62. . 1934p.6 The structure of the carboxyl group. I. The investigation of formic acid by the diffraction of electrons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 20 (1934): 336-340. . 1934p.7 The structure of the carboxyl group. II. The crystal structure of basic beryllium acetate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 20 (1934): 340-345. . 1935p.8 The crystal structure of swedenborgite, NaBe4SbO7. Am. Mineral. 20 (1935): 492-501. . 1935p.9 The structure and entropy of ice and of other crystals with some randomness of atomic arrangement. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (1935): 2680-2684 . 1935p.10 The radial distribution method of interpretation of electron diffraction photographs of gas molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (1935): 2684-2692. . 1935p.11 The electron diffraction investigation of phosgene, the six chloroethylenes, thiophosgene, alpha-methylhydroxylamine and nitromethane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (1935): 2693-2704. . 1936p.6 The crystal structure of metaldehyde. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58 (1936): 1274-1278. . 1936p.9 The structure of the pentaborane B5H9. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58 (1936): 2403-2407. . 1937p.1 The crystal structure of aluminum metaphosphate, Al(PO3)3, Z. Kristall. A 96 (1937): 481-487. . 1937p.2 The X-ray analysis of crystals. Current Science (Special Number on Laue Diagrams) (Jan. 1937): 20-22. 1937p.3 The adjacent charge rule and the structure of methyl azide, methyl nitrate, and fluorine nitrate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59 (1937): 13-20. . 1937p.4 The magnetic properties and structure of ferrihemoglobin (methemoglobin) and some of its compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59 (1937): 633-642. . 1937p.5 Report on the X-ray study of the isomorphism of compounds of bivalent europium and barium. (Attached to the article An improved method for purifying europium by Herbert N. McCoy). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59 (1937): 1132-1133. 1937p.6 Carbon-carbon bond distances. The electron diffraction investigation of ethane, propane, isobutane, neopentane, cyclopropane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, allene, ethylene, isobutene, tetramethylethylene, mesitylene, and hexamethylbenzene. Revised values of covalent radii. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59 (1937): 1223-1236. . 1938p.1 Review of Atomic Structure of Minerals by W. L. Bragg (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1937). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 220. 1938p.2 Review of Einf 黨 rung in die Quantenchemie (Introduction to Quantum Chemistry) by Dr. Hans Hellmann (Vienna: Verlag Franz Deuticke, 1937). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 734. 1938p.3 Review of The Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics, With Elementary Applications by Edwin C. Kemble (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1937). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 734-735. 1938p.4 Review of The Fine Structure of Matter. Part I. X-rays and the Structure of Matter. Vol. II of A Comprehensive Treatise of Atomic and Molecular Structure by C. H. Douglas Clark (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1937). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 988. 1938p.5 The electron diffraction study of digermane and trigermane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 1605-1607. . 1938p.7 The crystal structure of cesium aurous auric chloride, Cs2AuAuCl6, and cesium argentous auric chloride, Cs2AgAuCl6. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 1846-1851. . 1938p.8 The structure of ammonium heptafluozirconate and potassium heptafluozirconate and the configuration of the heptafluozirconate group. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 2702-2707. . 1938p.9 Review of The Fine Structure of Matter. Part II. Molecular Polarization. Part III. The Quantum Theory and Line Spectra by C. H. Douglas Clark (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1938). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 2833-2834. 1938p.10 The crystal structure of ammonium cadmium chloride, NH4CdCl3. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938): 2886-2890. . 1938p.11 The future of the Crellin laboratory. Science 87 (1938): 563-566. 1938p.12 The nature of the interatomic forces in metals. Phys. Rev. 54 (1938): 899-904. 1939p.1 The magnetic properties of intermediates in the reactions of hemoglobin. J. Phys. Chem..43 (1939): 825-839. . 1939p.2 The electron diffraction investigation of methylacetylene, dimethylacetylene, dimethyldiacetylene, methyl cyanide, diacetylene, and cyanogen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939): 927-937. . 1939p.3 The electron diffraction investigation of the structure of benzene, pyridine, pyrazine, butadiene-1,3, cyclopentadiene, furan, pyrrole, and thiophene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939): 1769-1780. . 1939p.4 The structure of proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939): 1860-1867. . 1939p.5 Recent work on the configuration and electronic structure of molecules; with some applications to natural products. Fortschr. Chem. Organ. Naturstoffe 3 (1939): 203-235. 1939p.6 The magnetic properties of the compounds ethylisocyanide- ferrohemoglobin and imidazole-ferrihemoglobin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 25 (1939): 517-522. . 1939p.7 A theory of the color of dyes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 25 (1939): 577-582 . 1940p.1 A structural interpretation of the acidity of groups associated with the hemes of hemoglobin and hemoglobin derivatives. J. Biol. Chem. 132 (1940): 769-779. . 1941p.3 The crystal structures of the tetragonal monoxides of lead, tin, palladium, and platinum. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 63 (1941): 1392-1394. . 1941p.6 Review of Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals by N. F. Mott and R. W. Gurney (New York: Oxford University Press, 1940). J. Phys. Chem. 45 (1941): 1142. 1946p.1 The use of punched cards in molecular structure determinations. I. Crystal structure calculations. J. Chem. Phys. 14 (1946): 648-658. . 1946p.2 The use of punched cards in molecular structure determinations. II. Electron diffraction calculations. J. Chem. Phys. 14 (1946): 659-664. . 1946p.3 The serological properties of simple substances. XII. The reactions of antiserum homologous to the p-azophenyltrimethylammonium group. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68 (1946): 250-255 . . 1946p.4 Theory of Resonance (Jackson Laboratory Lecture Series, Lecture No. 6) (Wilmington, DE: E. I. Dupont de Nemours Co., February 8 1946): 1-13. 1946p.5 An instrument for determining the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas. Science 103 (1946): 338. . 1946p.6 An instrument for determining the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68 (1946): 795-798. . 1946p.7 Analogies between antibodies and simpler chemical substances. . Chem. Eng. News 24 (25 April 1946): 1064-1065. 1946p.8 Modern structural chemistry. . Chem. Eng. News 24 (10 July 1946): 1788-1789. 1946p.9 Molecular Architecture and Medical Progress. , (New York: U. S. Rubber Co., 1946), 1-3. 1946p.10 Disagreed. Chem. Eng. News 24 (25 November 1946): 3108. 1946p.11 Molecular architecture and biological reactions. Chem. Eng. News 24, 1375-1377 (25 May 1946). 1947p.1 The nature of the bonds in metals and intermetallic compounds. . Proc. Intern. Congr. Pure and Applied Chem. ( London ) 11 (1947): 249-257. 1947p.2 Atomic radii and interatomic distances in metals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 (1947): 542-553. 1947p.3 Unsolved problems of structural chemistry. . Chem. Eng. News 25 (13 October 1947): 2970-2974. 1948p.1 The serological properties of simple substances, XIII. The reactions of antiserum homologous to the p-azosuccinanilate ion group. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70 (1948): 1352-1358. . 1948p.2 Molecular structure and biological specificity. . Chemistry and Industry Supplement (1948): 1-4 . 1948p.4 The structure of uranium hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70 (1948): 1660-1661 . . 1948p.5 Chemical achievement and hope for the future. Am. Scientist 36 (1948): 51-58. ______ Reprinted in The Smithsonian Report for 1950 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1951): 225-241. 1948p.6 The ratio of valence electrons to atoms in metals and intermetallic compounds. Rev. Mod. Phys. 20 (1948): 112-122. . 1948p.7 Antibodies and specific biological forces. Endeavour 7 (1948): 43-53. 1948p.8 The interpretation of some chemical properties of hemoglobin in terms of its molecular structure. Stanford Med. Bull. 6 (1948): 215-222. 1948p.9 The nature of the bonds in the iron silicide FeSi and related crystals. Acta Cryst. 1 (1948): 212-216. . 1948p.10 La Structure des complexes et l'influence de cette structure sur les r 閍 ctions d'echange. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5 (1948): 142-146. 1948p.11 Nature of forces between large molecules of biological interest . Nature 161 (1948): 707- 709. 1948p.12 The metallic state. Nature 161 (1948): 1019. 1948p.13 Molecular Architecture and the Processes of Life , (Nottingham, England: Sir Jesse Boot Foundation, 1948), 1-13. 1948p.14 The modern theory of valency. . J. Chem. Soc. (1948): 1461-1467. 1948p.15 The electronic structure of excited states of simple molecules. Z. Naturforsch. 3 (1948): 438-447. 1950p.1 The problem of the graphite structure. Am. Mineral 35 (1950): 125. . 1950p.2 Structural chemistry in relation to biology and medicine. (Second Bicentennial Science Lecture of the City College Chemistry Alumni Association, New York, 7 December 1949). Baskerville Chemical Journal 1 (1950): 4-7. 1950p.3 Compressibilities, force constants, and interatomic distances of the elements in the solid state. J. Chem. Phys. 18 (1950): 747-753. . 1950p.4 Two hydrogen-bonded spiral configurations of the polypeptide chain. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72 (1950): 21. . 1950p.5 The determination of the structures of complex molecules and ions from X-ray diffraction by their solutions: The structures of the groups PtBr6--, PtCl6--, Nb6Cl12 ++, Ta6Brl2 ++, and Ta6Cl12++. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72 (1950): 5477-5486. .
标签: 蜘蛛
