这是一本新书，由World Scientific出版公司于出版。但是，要说明的是，这本书是该出版公司出版的关于 信息研究的丛书 的第二部。目前该丛书已经预告到了第三部。具体说来，第一部的书名叫《信息理论——基础性、多样性和统一性》（Thoery of Information: Fundamentality，Deversity and Unification），第二部就是我现在要介绍的 《信息与计算——对信息和计算基础理解的科学与哲学文集》 （Information and Computation：Essays on Scientific and Philosophical Understanding of Foundation of Information and Computation）而第三部这是《涌现的信息：统一信息论架构大纲》（An Outline Unifified Theory of Information Framework）。 第一、三两部都是单人的专著，均可自成一说，可是信息这个问题是极其复杂的一个概念，如何理解信息可谓见仁见智。而第二部这体现出包容的内容。首先，它是一部文集，其中所选的17篇文章都是编者们（Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic Mark Burgin ）精心挑选的，因而比较有代表性；其次，这些文章的作者也都是相关领域的领军人物，因而可以相对代表各个方面的研究现状。第三，编者本人也是在这个领域中极其活跃的人物。由于信息与计算目前无论是在国际还是在国内都属于“显学”，所以关注这些活跃人物的工作也无疑是重要的。 具体来说，信息是世界的基础结构，而计算就是动态地处理信息变化的过程。那么本书所提供的就是这个领域中，世界前沿的的成果。它为我们勾勒出一幅对信息和计算的未来发展大致轮廓，还有就是信息与计算和认知、信息学、生物学人工智能和信息技术的相互作用。 本书的目录： 1 Cybersemiotics and the Question of Knowledge (S Brier) 2 Information Dynamics in a Categorical Setting (M Burgin) 3 Mathematics as Biological Process (G Chaitin) 4 Information, Computation, Measurement and Irreversibility (J Collier) 5 From Descartes to Turing: The Computational Content of Supervenience (B Cooper) 6 On the Algorithmic Nature of the World (J-P Delahaye H Zenil) 7 A Dialogue Concerning Two Possible World Systems (G Dodig-Crnkovic V Mueller) 8 Does Computing Embrace Self-Organization? (W Hofkirchner) 9 Analysis of Information and Computation in Physics Explains Cognitive Paradigms: From Full Cognition to Laplace Determinism to Statistical Determinism to Modern Approach (V Kreinovich R Araiza) 10 Bodies ? Both Informed and Transformed (B J MacLennan) 11 Computation on Information, Meaning and Representations, an Evolutionary Approach (C Menant) 12 Interior Grounding, Reflection, and Self-Consciousness (M Minsky) 13 Insights into the Biological Computing (W Riofrio) 14 Super-Recursive Features of Natural Evolvability Processes and the Models for Computational Evolution (D Roglic) 15 A Sketch of a Modeling View of Computing (O Shagrir) 16 What's Information, for an Organism or Intelligent Machine? How Can a Machine or Organism Mean? (A Sloman) 17 Inconsistent Information as a Natural Phenomenon (C N J de Vey Mestdagh J H Hoepman)
1999 年创刊的Spatial Cognition and Computation《空间认知和计算》，ISSN: 1387-5868，季刊，美国（TAYLOR FRANCIS INC, 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, USA, PA, 19106）出版， 2009年入选 Web of Science的Social Sciences Citation Index，目前在SSCI数据库可以检索到该期刊2008年的第8卷第1-4期到2009年的第9卷第1-3期共27篇论文。 27 篇文章包括学术论文23篇、社论3篇、评论1篇。 27 篇文章的主要国家分布：德国12篇、美国7篇、澳大利亚6篇、英国2篇等。 该刊是一多学科期刊，主要刊载空间探测与认知、计算、模拟等领域的相互关系的研究论文，涉及认知心理学、地理学、神经心理学、人工智能等。 1999 年第1卷至2000年第2卷该刊是在Springer出版，2001年第3卷开始改为Taylor Francis出版。如果需要阅读Spatial Cognition and Computation《空间认知和计算》1999年第1卷至2000年第2卷的文章请到Springer出版社的Springerlink数据库，网址： http://www.springerlink.com/content/103795/ 2001 年第3卷以后的文章请到Taylor Francis出版社的informaworld数据库，Spatial Cognition and Computation《空间认知和计算》网址： http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=t775653698 Spatial Cognition and Computation作者指南： http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=t775653698~tab=submit~mode=paper_submission_instructions Spatial Cognition and Computation在线投稿： http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/hspcc Spatial Cognition and Computation 所有最后手稿应符合APA美国心理学协会出版手册（第5版）（American Psychological Association 5th ed.），APA是一种英文论文文体指南，准备APA格式的手稿帮助，请访问： http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html Editorial Board Editors Anthony G. Cohn University of Leeds, United Kingdom Daniel R. Montello University of California at Santa Barbara, United States Advisory Board Christian Freksa - Universit t Bremen Ben Kuipers- University of Michigan Lynn Nadel- University of Arizona Barbara Tversky - Stanford University Editorial Board Thomas Barkowsky- Universit t Bremen Kenny Coventry - Northumbria University Michel Denis- Universite de Paris-Sud Max Egenhofer- University of Maine Andrew Frank- Technical University of Vienna Alinda Friedman- University of Alberta Mark Gahegan- University of Auckland Antony Galton- University of Exeter Christopher Habel- University of Hamburg Mary Hegarty -University of California at Santa Barbara Stephen Hirtle - University of Pittsburgh Roberta Klatzky- Carnegie Mellon University Markus Knauff- University of Giessen Werner Kuhn- University of Mnster Barbara Landau- Johns Hopkins University Stephen Levinson- Max Plank Institute Lynn Liben- Pennsylvania State University Hanspeter Mallot- Eberhard-Karls-University Tbingen David Mark- University of Buffalo Tim McNamara -Vanderbilt University Nora Newcombe- Temple University Patrick Pruch - Universit de la Mditerrane Herb Pick- University of Minnesota Juval Portugali- Tel Aviv University Jochen Renz- Australian National University Barry Smith- University of Buffalo Elizabeth S. Spelke- Harvard University David Uttal- Northwestern University Stephan Winter- University of Melbourne Michael Worboys- University of Maine Wai Yeap- AUT University
ScienceDaily (Aug. 1, 2009) Researchers at Georgia State University have found that diets high in fructose a type of sugar found in most processed foods and beverages impaired the spatial memory of adult rats. Amy Ross, a graduate student in the lab of Marise Parent, associate professor at Georgia State's Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, fed a group of Sprague-Dawley rats a diet where fructose represented 60 percent of calories ingested during the day. She placed the rats in a pool of water to test their ability to learn to find a submerged platform, which allowed them to get out of the water. She then returned them to the pool two days later with no platform present to see if the rats could remember to swim to the platform's location. What we discovered is that the fructose diet doesn't affect their ability to learn, Parent said. But they can't seem to remember as well where the platform was when you take it away. They swam more randomly than rats fed a control diet. Fructose, unlike another sugar, glucose, is processed almost solely by the liver, and produces an excessive amount of triglycerides fat which get into the bloodstream. Triglycerides can interfere with insulin signaling in the brain, which plays a major role in brain cell survival and plasticity, or the ability for the brain to change based on new experiences. Results were similar in adolescent rats, but it is unclear whether the effects of high fructose consumption are permanent, she said. Parent's lab works with Timothy Bartness, Regents' Professor of Biology, and John Mielke of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada to examine how diet influences brain function. Although humans do not eat fructose in levels as high as rats in the experiments, the consumption of foods sweetened with fructose which includes both common table sugar, fruit juice concentrates, as well as the much-maligned high fructose corn syrup has been increasing steadily. High intake of fructose is associated with numerous health problems, including insulin insensitivity, type II diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. The bottom line is that we were meant to have an apple a day as our source of fructose, Parent said. And now, we have fructose in almost everything. Moderation is key, as well as exercise, she said. Exercise is a next step in ongoing research, and Parent's team will investigate whether exercise might mitigate the memory effects of high fructose intake. Her lab is also researching whether the intake of fish oil can prevent the increase of triglycerides and memory deficits. Results from that research will be presented by her graduate student Emily Bruggeman at the 2009 Society for Neuroscience meeting in Chicago this fall. 科学日报（20090716）乔治亚州大学的研究者们发现，饮食中果糖（存在于大多数加工食品或饮料中的一种糖）含量过高有损于成年大鼠的空间记忆能力。 Georgia 州神经研究所和心理学系的助理教授兼Marise Parent实验室的学者――Amy Ross，选用SD大鼠做实验，大鼠每天摄入能量的60%来自果糖。 她把实验大鼠放入特制的水池中，来检测大鼠空间识别能力。首先，在此水池中预先放入一被水淹没的平台，当大鼠爬上此平台后，大鼠就露出水平。二天后，她把实验大鼠再次放入平台已撤离的上述水池中，看看这些大鼠能否游到以前放置平台的位置。 我们发现，果糖饮食不会影响大鼠的学习能力。Parent实验室（发言人）说，但当我们撤离平台后，这些大鼠好象忘了平台放置的位置。与对照组大鼠相比，它们在水池中游地更无目的性 果糖与蔗糖（另一种糖）不一样，它只在肝脏降解，并大量产生一种能进入血流的脂类物质――甘油三酯。该脂类物质能干扰脑胰岛素的信号传导。脑胰岛素信号传导通路在脑细胞的存活与可塑性方面发挥着重要作用。或在脑接受新事物方面发挥重要作用。 她说，在成年大鼠的实验中，结果是相似的。但是，果糖的上述效应是否持久目前还不清楚。 研究饮食对脑功能影响的实验室除了Parent实验外，还有与之合作的生物学教授Regent的Timothy Bartness实验室、加拿大安大略省Waterloo大学的John Mielke实验室。 尽管人不会饮用象实验中大鼠摄入的（那么高水平的）果糖。但在人们摄入的食物当中，用果糖加甜食物（如both common table sugar,果汁浓缩液及对人有害的高果糖玉米糖浆）所占比例正逐渐增多。高摄入果糖可引起许多疾病，如胰岛素抵抗，II型糖尿病，肥胖及心血管疾病。 Parent说，我们推荐每天补充果糖的量以一个苹果为限。然而现在几乎每种食物都含有果糖。减少果糖的摄入与加强（自身体育）锻炼是最有效的办法。 体育锻炼（对降低果糖对机体的影响）是进一步研究的课题。Parent研究小组将研究体育锻炼是否能减轻高摄入果糖对记忆的影响。该实验室也着手研究，鱼油的摄入能否阻止（血中）甘油三酯水平的升高及对记忆力的损害。该实验结果将于2009年秋季的神经科学年会上由其学生Emily Bruggeman来陈述。
标签: 认知
