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详细论文内容请连接： http://f1000medicine.com/member/9035553195391076 Zhu Chen Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foundation Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, China Any competing interests declared are displayed with individual evaluations. Faculty Member : Hematology Leukemia Proliferative Disorders of Hematic Cells (since 18 February 2008) All recent recommendations 3.0 An integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-c-Src oncogenic unit promotes anchorage-independence and tumor progression. Recommended by Zhu Chen with Jiang Zhu, Xian-Yang Li 4.9 Bone-marrow adipocytes as negative regulators of the haematopoietic microenvironment. Recommended by Nelson Chao , Zhu Chen with Xiang-Zhen Liu and Jiang Zhu, Laura Haneline 3.0 Tumours with PI3K activation are resistant to dietary restriction. Recommended by Zhu Chen with Jiang Zhu 3.0 Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from adult rat cells. Recommended by Zhu Chen with Jiang Zhu 8.0 5'-Triphosphate-siRNA: turning gene silencing and Rig-I activation against melanoma. Recommended by Zhu Chen with Jiang Zhu, Ralf Paus with Jennifer Klatte, Yuval Ramot, Burkhard Poeggeler, Natlia Maier 6.0 Anti-CD38 antibody-mediated clearance of human repopulating cells masks the heterogeneity of leukemia-initiating cells. Recommended by Zhu Chen 6.0 Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1. Recommended by Zhu Chen with Jiang Zhu 9.0 Initiating and cancer-propagating cells in TEL-AML1-associated childhood leukemia. Recommended by Zhu Chen with Jiang Zhu
医学论文结构式摘要的特点与写作和翻译的提高 var $tag='杂谈'; var $tag_code='1320333dff90480a56090ea43e36ad7e'; 作者：李艳蕊 摘要 ：文章从医学论文结构式摘要的特点，说明了结构式摘要各个部分常用句型、语态和时态，专业术语的选择运用等；分析了医学论文摘要翻译和写作中存在的一些主要问题，并从翻译和写作的完整性、准确性、简洁性、规范性、传意性等角度探讨了提高结构式摘要的翻译和写作质量的途径。 关键词 ：结构式摘要；翻译和写作；医学术语；准确性；简洁性 Style of structured abstract for medical paper and its improvement of English translation or Writing LI Yan-rui （Faculty of Foreign Language college, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou 313000 , zhejiang Province, China） Abstract : This paper, from the style of structured abstract for medical paper, makes an analysis on main issues concerning the translation or writing of structured abstract for medical papers, such as sets of useful sentence patterns, tenses and voices for each parts of structured abstract, choice of medical terms and collocations which help to improve translation or writing quality in accordance with their accuracy and concision. Key words : structured abstract; English translation or writing; medical terms; accuracy; conciseness 0. 引言 英文医学论文摘要是医学学术期刊的重要组成部分。规范且合乎表达习惯的英文标题和摘要是影响二次文献主题索引及数据库检索的关键，如果英译质量不高，重要的信息及其作者就有可能被冷落。英文摘要是以精练的词句集中表达出文章的精髓，要力求体现论文的学术价值。根据国际标准（ISO） 214-1976 （E）规定，英文摘要分为报道性摘要（Informative abstract）、指示性摘要（Indicative abstract）、报道-指示性摘要（Informative-Indicative abstract）和结构式摘要（Structured abstract）。结构式摘要（Structured abstract）又称更多信息的摘要（More informative abstract），具有内容完整、重点突出、信息量大、观点明确、层次清楚、条理分明等优点，远比报道性或指示性摘要优越。它的出现，为信息的传播与加工提供了更为有效、便利的条件。自1985年Hayner和Huth倡议在生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要，1987年在Huth主持下，美国《内科学记事》（Annals of Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med）杂志率先在国际上应用结构式摘要。1991年以来，我国中华医学会系列杂志和许多其它医学杂志要求论著类论文要附4段式结构英文摘要。 1. 结构式英文摘要的特点 1.1 结构要完整 指英文摘要内容应与中文相符，应包括文题、作者署名、作者单位、摘要正文和关键词，按层次列出项目名称，逐项编写，重要信息不能漏掉。摘要正文一般包括Objective（目的）、Design（设计）、Setting（地点）、Patients（Participants or Subjects、对象）、Interventions（处理方法）、Main outcome measure（主要测定项目）、Results（结果）和Conclusions（结论）等八项内容，有时可根据需要进行增减或合并。中华医学会杂志及国内多数医学期刊要求结构式摘要至少包括这四项内容，即Objective（目的）、Methods（方法）、Results（结果）和Conclusions（结论）。 1.2 内容要明确 摘要是科技语言密集与精练的集中表现。英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，但从中文译成英文时往往造成所占篇幅较长，因此，要精心筛选已收集掌握的资料，不属于上述四部分的内容不必写入摘要。注意不要在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容；结构要尽量格式化，翻译应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合专业英语规范和表达习惯。 1.3 篇幅要简短 简短是指要以精炼的词句集中表达出文章的精髓。一般论著类文章均要求附上250-350个单词左右（约1000-1500个印刷字符）的英文摘要。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意文字的简洁、明了，在不影响摘要内容完整性的前提下注意用词力求简化和句子的简明扼要，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。写英文摘要时，要尽可能使用最常见的单词和最简短的句式，直接、清晰、准确地把论文的重要内容表达出来。英文摘要正文中一般不用图、表、化学物质结构式，不引用脚注和参考文献，不宜用缩写、简称和符号。必须使用时，要使用国际、国内公认和通用的，并以标准的书写方法书写。正文中一律要按规定使用法定计量单位。请看下面一组结构式摘要示例。 笑气吸入分娩镇痛的临床观察与护理 （南京军区福州总医院妇产科） 目的 观察分娩时笑气吸入后镇痛效果及其应用的护理。 方法 将2000年10月至2001年10月拟阴道分娩的初产妇120例随机分为两组，即观察组（笑气组）和对照组，比较两组分娩的镇痛效果和产程进展。 结果 观察组产妇组分娩时疼痛明显减轻，个别产妇有轻度副反应，但停止吸入笑气后立即消失。 结论 笑气吸入用于分娩镇痛的效果好，且产程相对缩短，对母婴无明显不良影响。 关健词 ：笑气；镇痛；分娩；护理 Nursing observation on analgesia of using laughing gas inhalation in labor Abstract ： Objective To observe the analgesic outcome of using laughing gas inhalation in labor and discuss the related nursing strategy. Methods 120primigravid pregnant women undergoing vaginal delivery between Oct.2000 and Oct.2001 were divided into two groups: the laughing gas group, and the control group used as analgesia according to the patients choice. The analgesic outcomes of the two groups were compared. Results Delivery pain was markedly relieved in the laughing gas group;l mild adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness were reported in individual patients, but they subsided with the discontinuation of laughing gas inhalation. Conclusions The analgesic outcome of laughing gas inhalation was good; it shortened the course of labor, and no serious adverse reactions were observed in the mother and the child Key words : laughing gas; release pain; labor; nursing （解放军报网联络版） 2. 结构式摘要写作和翻译途径 原则上说，医学论文摘要应该使用英文直接编写，但是这对许多医务人员来说尚有一定难度。他们大都是先借助中文，集中力量先解决摘要的结构和内容等概念性方面的问题，先写出中文稿，然后，再将其译成英文。但在这样的译文中往往存在许多问题，大多数需要重新组织和翻译。主要问题表现在两个方面：一是不少作者对英语医学论文摘要格式和文体缺乏基本的了解，二是作者对英语医学论文摘要的句子结构和用词特点缺乏基本知识，相当一部分作者是依赖汉英字典在作字面翻译，比如把对照组（control group）译成contrast group，把疾病的发生与发展（the development and progression of a disease）译成the appearance and development of a disease，至于病人（a patient）与病例（a case）不分，结果（results）与结局（outcomes）不分，分不清effect，effectiveness，efficacy，efficiency和affect之间的区别，则是一个普遍的现象。相当一部分外投稿子因结构和文字上的问题被外刊拒收。这是我国有些有一定影响的医学杂志不能上国际检索系统的重要原因之一。因此，根据医学结构式英文摘要的特点，提出相应的译英对策具有重要的现实指导意义。 2.1 采用常用句型，增强准确性、简明性和规范性 2.1.1 目的 目的部分陈述关于研究的目的，提出问题的缘由、研究范围和重要性，最常见的译英句型是不定式结构，如：To estimate the therapeutic effects of NO on bronchial asthma...（为了解一氧化氮（NO）吸入对支气管哮喘患者的治疗作用，......） 填充to符号后面的常用动词有：assess，characterize，clarify，compare，construct determine，estimate，elucidate，examine，explore，investigate，study，test，understand，validate等。To和in order to在含意上是完全相等的，根据从简的原则，一般多用to而不用in order to. 2.1.2 方法 对方法的翻译，就是把中文摘要中研究对象、使用的材料与方法、如何分组和对照、数据如何取得等译成英语加在Methods之后，常用的句型为： A using/by using分句+主、被动态主句 B 被动态+using/by using/by/with引出的状语 by/with和现在分词using常用来组成表示实验方法的句型。翻译中值得注意的是：with后跟有形物质的名词，by后面接表示概念一类的抽象名词，该名词代表的事物看不见、摸不着.介词with和by在很多情况下，可跟using互换。 C 叙述方法最常涉及的几个动词有conduct，develop，do，make，perform，operate，receive，undergo，had等 D 表达分组的句型 randomly divided/categorized in to/be randomized into. be separated intogroups, based on/The groups were as follow 2.1.3 结果 结果部分包括主要结果与数据，有什么新发现及其价值或局限。常用下列句型来完成。 We found that, It was found (observed) that, The results indicated that （宾语从句）. The details (results) ofare presented. 2.1.4 结论 这部分阐述经验或论证取得的结论，说明其理论或实用价值，是否可推广、推荐等。常用下列句型来完成。 We suggest that (conclude that, recommend that, proposeto) These (This, The, Our) results (findings, studies, observations, data, investigations,) suggest (indicate, show, demonstrate that, support, confirm, provide, etc) It is concluded (recommended, suggested, proposed) On the basis of (From these result s); It is concluded that 2.2 正确使用语态和时态，达到完整性和规范性 在翻译英文摘要时，采用被动语态可以避免提及有关的执行者，使行文显得客观。同时，被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地，有利于采用恰当的修辞手段，扩展名词短语，扩大句子的信息量，有利于突出相关的概念、问题、实事、结论等内容。因此在医学英文文摘中经常使用。正如本文4段结构式摘要示例所示（见上文）。但是在相当一部分作者的文摘中会存在像这样的具有通性的语病This paper reviews the progress and development This paper不具有施动者的功能，不能作行为主体。句中作主语后，造成逻辑混乱。应采用简洁的被动语态或动词原形，改为The progress and development are reviewed或To review。在叙述结果和提出结论或建议时，常用主动语态（见上文示例）。如使用了主动语态，主语常用第三人称或第一人称复数。 文摘所采用的时态主要有一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时。一般现在时主要用于翻译目的、建议和结论。在方法与结果这两项中一般均采用一般过去时。下面分别就各部分具体详细地加以说明： A 目的部分： 背景介绍：一般现在时或现在完成时 目的说明：一般现在时/现在完成时，或一般过去时 B 材料、方法和结果部分：除指示性说明外，一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况。 C 结论部分： 凡陈述研究的材料、方法和结果时，一律用过去时； 分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意见时，如果作者认为具有普遍意义，可用现在时；如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性，则用一般过去时为好。 2.3 使用专业术语和搭配，保证明确性、简洁性 医学英语词汇除本族语外，大量借用希腊语、拉丁语等词辍，利用英语构词法，构成了许多由词根添加前辍、后辍的医学术语。在翻译和写作中使用技术性强的或来源于希腊语、拉丁语的专业术语，保证意义的准确性和表达的简洁。如用cardiopathy（心脏病）代替heart disease, pulmonectomy（肺切除术）代替lungs operation, leucocyte （白细胞）来代替white blood cells等。在结构式摘要中的各个部分中经常会提到许多医学术语，它们都有固定的英语表达，如：住院病人hospitalized patients，疑似病例suspected and possible cases/patients，术后随访postoperative follow-up，围术期护理perioperative care，术中（大）出血intraoperative（massive）bleeding/hemorrhage，出院医嘱discharge orders/discharge suggestions，在谈到患某病症的病人，多这样用：In patients with/by a symptom （eg. septicaemi, high blood pressure...）。另外像表示动作和结果关系的短语the release of corticotropin, analysis of cortisol levels, treatment of long-term smokers也很常用。但是因没有掌握这些术语搭配，相当一部分作者把不良反应adverse reactions译成bad reaction，治疗结果（效果）therapeutic outcome译成results of treatment。在一篇专讲SARS病原的文摘中，有这样一句话这种证据说明，冠状病毒是导致该病的直接病因被译成了This is proof that the coronavirus is the direct cause of the disease若在其他文稿中，direct cause of the disease被译成导致该病的直接病因，也许顺理成章，但是，根据上下文，本文是一篇专讲SARS病原的文章，因此，译文的遣词应该统一在医学术语的旗帜之下。直接病因作为医学术语，它有专门的表达：primary cause of the disease。在翻译和写作中，医学专业术语应采用人民卫生出版社的《英汉医学词汇》和《英汉医学词典》最新版本中的专业术语。 2.4 尽量使用单词代替短语，力求简洁 在文摘中用词冗余也是一个突出表现。它影响摘要简洁性。这类冗余可见于在表达对......做出比较（做实验，做调查，有影响等），常常用冗长的短语，而不会用简洁的动词，如：A comparison was made between the quality and quanity of arthrochondrogenesis of experimental group and control group.可改成：The quality and quanity of arthrochondrogenesis of experimental group and control group were compared.类似的还有：have an effect of可用affect代替，take into consideration可用consider代替，conduct investigation into可用investigate代替。在摘要中尽量用单词代替短语的使用，同样有助于达到简洁性。例如：in spite of the fact that （although）, /with the exception of (except for), /cannot be made smaller (irreducible), /be capable of (for)。 2.5 注重词的内涵意义，提高选词的准确传意性 日常通用英语词汇用在不同的学科中虽然基本含义不变，但其确切含义则存在较大差别。因此，在翻译和写作过程中，其意义的选择必须与其专业相符合。在确定某一词所属词类的基础上，应根据上下文，即根据专业特点和具体语境来确定其确切选词。例如Respectively与separately在文稿中常常见到这两个词混用的情况，但实际上它们的含义差别是很大的.如：The average recoveries for phenol (A) and resorcino l (B) were 100.280.03% （A） and 99.520.22% (B), respectively.用respectively时，句中谓语前后A、B两部分存在着一一对应的关系：一是项目数对应，前面是几项，后面也是几项；二是A对A，B对B，不能交叉，不能互换而The two kinds of drug were packed separately则不存在这种关系，separately一句只强调单独和分开。The 3 patients from the doxapram group who were excluded received 800，640 and 200 mg of doxapram.（用respectively意为这3个病人中的1个用了8000、1个用了640、1个用200mg的doxapram；若用separately就成了这3个病人每人分别接收了这3个剂量的doxapram.）。再如：case指的是某种疾病的例子，不作病人讲，而patient则是指患有某种疾病的人，且接受某种治疗，如：Case1was treated for6weeks with.应改为：Patient1was treated for...或In case1, the patient was treated for. 2.6 了解缩略语和特殊符号的书写，力求准确、规范 医学专业英语中有许多缩写词。应用缩略语和特殊符号有利于写作和排版，可减轻读者的视觉负担，在英文文摘中使用要用括号注明，如：The effect of targated muscle injecting nerve growth factor （NGF） was examined in the neural repairment of adult rat sciatic nerves. 英文中，表示数字范围的符号误用代字符（-）。The sulphurization fraction of calcium oxide in char is about 40%-60%.-符号在汉语中表示数字范围，在英文中-则为代字符，要表示数字范围时用连字符，即-意为fromto.例中的-应改为-或将40%-60%改为from 40% to 60%总之，译好英文文摘，还要具备良好的英文表达能力以及熟悉和掌握大量的专业用语。了解英语结构式摘要中常用的术语搭配、句型和文摘的结构特点，在完整性的的基础上注意增强结构式摘要的准确性、简洁性和规格性。反复练习，才能写译出较高水平的医学英文文摘。
标签: 医学论文
