The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is at all comprehensible. -Albert Einstein 七律 • 二零一九年诺贝尔物理奖 陈晨星 遂古之初谁传道， 亘天何处觅生灵？ 微波辐射究堂奥， 大尺构形释渺溟。 移谱寻行飞马现， 度光掩日火蛾经。 质能冷暗盈九五， 探索无疆问未停！
——为了让中国科研工作者及广大师生更便捷地获取 诺贝尔物理奖百年成果的原始介绍，我们从诺贝尔奖官网的公开资料里整理此讲义集， 不足之处请多批评指正，真诚期望大家提出意见和建议 颜语 廖俊豪 易玉玲 后兴瑞 四川大学锦城学院 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 伦琴 No Lecture was delivered by Professor W. Röntgen. 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz 洛伦兹 The Theory of Electrons and the Propagation of Light 电子理论及光的传播 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/lorentz/lecture/ Pieter Zeeman 塞曼 Light Radiation in a Magnetic Field 磁场中的光辐射 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ 1903 Henri Becquerel 贝克勒耳 On Radioactivity, a New Property of Matter 物质的一种新特性：放射性 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/becquerel-lecture.pdf Pierre Curie 皮埃尔.居里 Radioactive Substances, Especially Radium 放射性物质，特别是镭 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/pierre-curie-lecture.pdf Marie Curie 玛丽.居里（居里夫人） No Lecture was delivered by Marie Curie. 1904 Lord Rayleigh 瑞利 The Density of Gases in the Air and the Discovery of Argon 空气中气体密度与氩的发现 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/strutt-lecture.pdf 1905 Philipp Lenard 勒纳 On Cathode Rays 阴极射线 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/lenard-lecture.pdf 1906 J.J. Thomson 汤姆逊 Carriers of Negative Electricity 负电荷载流子 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/thomson-lecture.pdf 1907 Albert A. Michelson 迈克耳逊 Recent Advances in Spectroscopy 光谱学的新进展 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/michelson-lecture.pdf 1908 Gabriel Lippmann 李普曼 Colour Photography 彩色照相术 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1908/lippmann/lecture/ 1909 Guglielmo Marconi 马可尼 Wireless Telegraphic Communication 无线电报通信 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/marconi-lecture.pdf Ferdinand Braun 布劳恩 Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy 电振荡与无线电报 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/braun-lecture.pdf 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals 范德瓦尔斯 The Equation of State for Gases and Liquids 气体和液体的状态方程 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/waals-lecture.pdf 1911 Wilhelm Wien 维恩 On the Laws of Thermal Radiation 热辐射定律 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1911/wien/lecture/ 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén 达伦 No Lecture was delivered by Mr. N.G. Dalén. 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 卡末林-昂纳斯 Investigations into the Properties of Substances at Low Temperatures, which Have Led, amongst Other Things, to the Preparation of Liquid Helium 低温物质性质的研究及液氦 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/onnes-lecture.pdf 1914 Max von Laue 劳厄 Concerning the Detection of X-ray Interferences 关于X射线干涉的检测 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/laue-lecture.pdf 1915 Sir William Henry Bragg 亨利.布拉格 William Lawrence Bragg 劳伦斯.布拉格（布拉格父子） The Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals 晶体对X射线的衍射 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/wl-bragg-lecture.pdf 1916 该年度未颁发该奖项 1917 Charles Glover Barkla 巴克拉 Characteristic Röntgen Radiation 伦琴辐射的特征 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/barkla-lecture.pdf 1918 Max Planck 普朗克 The Genesis and Present State of Development of the Quantum Theory 量子理论发展现状 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1918/planck/lecture/ 1919 Johannes Stark 斯塔克 Structural and Spectral Changes of Chemical Atoms 化学原子的结构和光谱变化 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1919/stark/lecture/ 1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume 纪尧姆 Invar and Elinvar 因瓦合金及弹性不变钢 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/guillaume-lecture.pdf 1921 Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦 Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity 相对论的基本观点和问题 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/einstein-lecture.pdf 1922 Niels Bohr 玻尔 The Structure of the Atom 原子的结构 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/bohr-lecture.pdf 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan 密立根 The Electron and the Light-Quant from the Experimental Point of View 从实验的观点看电子和光量子 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/millikan-lecture.pdf 1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn 曼尼.西格班 The X-ray spectra and the structure of the atoms X射线光谱与原子结构 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/siegbahn-lecture.pdf 1925 James Franck 夫兰克 Transformations of kinetic energy of free electrons into excitation energy of atoms by impacts 通过碰撞将自由电子动能转化为原子的激发能 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/franck-lecture.pdf Gustav Ludwig Hertz 赫兹 The results of the electron-impact tests in the light of Bohr’s theory of atoms 以玻尔原子理论看电子碰撞的实验结果 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/hertz-lecture.pdf 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin 佩兰 Discontinuous Structure of Matter 物质结构的不连续性 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1926/perrin/lecture/ 1927 Arthur Holly Compton 康普顿 X-rays as a branch of optics X射线作为光学的一个分支 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/compton-lecture.pdf Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 威尔逊 On the Cloud Method of Making Visible Ions and the Tracks of Ionizing Particles 关于用云室方法产生可见离子和电离粒子径迹 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/wilson-lecture.pdf 1928 Owen Willans Richardson 里查森 Thermionic phenomena and the laws which govern them 热离子现象及支配它们的规律 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/richardson-lecture.pdf 1929 Louis de Broglie 德布罗意 The wave nature of the electron 电子的波动性 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/broglie-lecture.pdf 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 拉曼 The molecular scattering of light 分子对光的散射 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/raman-lecture.pdf 1931 该年度未颁发此奖项 1932 Werner Karl Heisenberg 海森堡 The development of quantum mechanics 量子力学的发展 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/heisenberg-lecture.pdf 1933 Erwin Schrödinger 薛定谔 The fundamental idea of wave mechanics 波动力学的基本观点 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/schrodinger-lecture.pdf Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac 狄拉克 Theory of electrons and positrons 电子与正电子的理论 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/dirac-lecture.pdf 1934 该年度未颁发此奖项 1935 James Chadwick 查德威克 The neutron and its properties 中子及其性质 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/chadwick-lecture.pdf 1936 Victor Franz Hess 赫斯 Unsolved Problems in Physics: Tasks for the Immediate Future in Cosmic Ray Studies 物理中未解决的问题：宇宙射线研究的近期任务 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1936/hess/lecture/ Carl David Anderson 安德森 The Production and Properties of Positrons 正电子的产生和性质 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/anderson-lecture.pdf 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson 戴维森 The discovery of electron waves 电子波的发现（电子衍射） https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/davisson-lecture.pdf George Paget Thomson G.P.汤姆生 Electronic Waves 电子波 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1937/thomson/lecture/ 1938 Enrico Fermi 费米 Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment 由中子轰击产生的人工放射性 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fermi-lecture.pdf 1939 Ernest Lawrence 劳伦斯 The evolution of the cyclotron 回旋加速器的演化 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/lawrence-lecture.pdf 1940 该年度未颁发此奖项 1941 该年度未颁发此奖项 1942 该年度未颁发此奖项 1943 Otto Stern 斯特恩 The method of molecular rays 分子束方法 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/stern-lecture.pdf 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi 拉比 No Lecture was delivered by Professor I.I. Rabi. 1945 Wolfgang Pauli 泡利 Exclusion principle and quantum mechanics 不相容原理和量子力学 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/pauli-lecture.pdf 1946 Percy W. Bridgman 布里奇曼 General survey of certain results in the field of high-pressure physics 高压物理领域某些结果综述 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/bridgman-lecture.pdf 1947 Edward V. Appleton 阿普顿 The ionosphere 电离层 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/appleton-lecture.pdf 1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett 布莱克特 Cloud chamber researches in nuclear physics and cosmic radiation 核物理和宇宙辐射中的云室研究 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/blackett-lecture.pdf 1949 Hideki Yukawa 汤川秀树 Meson theory in its developments 介子理论在其发展中 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/yukawa-lecture.pdf 1950 Cecil Powell 鲍威尔 The cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/powell-lecture.pdf 1951 John Cockcroft 考克饶夫 Experiments on the interaction of high-speed nucleons with atomic nuclei 高速核子与原子核相互作用的实验研究 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/cockcroft-lecture.pdf Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton 瓦尔顿 The Artificial Production of Fast Particles 人工加速粒子 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/walton-lecture.pdf 1952 Felix Bloch 布洛赫 The principle of nuclear induction 核感应原理 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/bloch-lecture-1.pdf E. M. Purcell 珀塞尔 Research in nuclear magnetism 核磁性研究 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/purcell-lecture.pdf 1953 Frits Zernike 泽尔尼克 How I discovered phase contrast 我是怎样发现了相衬法 https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/zernike-lecture.pdf
据 诺贝尔奖官方网站 报道，当地时间9日11点45分(北京时间17点45分)，瑞典皇家科学院诺贝尔奖评审委员会宣布，将2012年诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给法国巴黎高等师范学院（cole Normale Supérieure, Paris）教授塞尔日·阿罗什(Serge Haroche，1944-)与美国标准技术研究所（National Institute of Standards and Technology）教授戴维·瓦因兰(David Wineland， 1944-)，以表彰他们在量子力学领域所做出的突破性研究——“提出了突破性的实验方法，使测量和操控单个量子体系成为可能。”（ "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"）二人将平均分享800万瑞典克朗奖金。 塞尔日•阿罗什，1944年9月11日出生于摩洛哥卡萨布兰卡（Casablanca, Morocco），1996年在巴黎高等师范学院与同事合作进行了实验观察，发现了量子相干性，获得1992年洪堡奖。2001年以来担任法兰西公学院（Collège de France）教授，量子物理学会主席。 戴维•瓦因兰，1944年2月24日出生于美国密尔沃基（Milwaukee, WI, USA），美国标准技术研究所教授。1965年在加州大学伯克利分校获得学士学位。1970年在哈佛大学获得博士学位。在华盛顿大学读完博士后后，1975年进入美国国家标准局，现在在美国标准技术研究所任教。 这两位2012年度诺贝尔物理奖奖得主均是1944年出生，今年68岁，两人的工作是独立进行的——阿罗什教授在法兰西公学院(Collège de France)和巴黎高等师范学院(Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris)从事研究，瓦因兰教授在美国国家标准技术研究所(NIST)和科罗拉多大学博尔德分校(University of Colorado, Boulder)从事研究。两位教授研究的都是如何在维持个别粒子量子特性的同时对其进行操控。 阿罗什和瓦因兰的研究对象是量子理论中一些最深奥的问题，比如纠缠与相干等。但他们的研究为超准时钟和超高速计算机的开发铺平了道路。利用传统电子学手段无法做到这一点。直到十几年甚至20年前，这些研究结果中的一部分还只不过是科幻小说中的设想，或者充其量也就是量子物理学家的疯狂想象罢了。”英国萨里大学(University of Surrey)物理学教授吉姆•哈利利(Jim Al-Khalili)说，“瓦因兰、阿罗什及他们各自的研究团队刚刚向大家展示了量子世界到底有多么奇妙，并为不久前人们还无法想象的一些新技术创造了实现的可能。”瑞典皇家科学院(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)对于获奖成果的评价：“或许量子计算机将在本世纪大大改变我们的日常生活，就像传统计算机在上世纪产生的影响一样。”基于这两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主的研究成果，世界各地的物理实验室已开始进行超高速量子计算机的开发研究。 更多信息请浏览诺贝尔奖官方网站： http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/
Two-Dimensional Crystal Claims Physics Nobel by Adrian Cho, Daniel Clery Low-tech methods. Geim (left) and Novoselov used cellophane tape to peel their prize-winning one-atom-thick layers of carbon off a chunk of graphite. Credit: Russell Hart/Univesity of Manchester This year's recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics earned that honor with the most wafer-thin of discoveries and with the help of some Scotch tape. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov of the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom share the prize for their discovery in 2004 of graphene, a one-atom-thick material made of carbon. Only a few years later, the material promises revolutionary advances in electronics and other technologies. My hope is that graphene ... will change our everyday lives the way plastics did, Geim says. Graphene had humble beginnings. Geim and Novoselov first produced flakes of it by peeling them off a chunk of graphite using cellophane tape. It just started as a Friday evening experiment, Novoselov recalls. We were enjoying doing it. Others had been trying more complicated methods of liberating a single sheet of atoms, says Philip Kim, a physicist at Columbia University. I was shocked that they were able to get a single layer with such a simple method, Kim says. We were completely scooped. Early on, graphene fascinated primarily theoretical physicists. Because of the material's two-dimensional nature, the electrons in it conspire to move as though they have no mass, much like particles of light. So just like photons, the electrons must always move, cruising along at their own specific speed of light. All of this was predicted decades ago, but graphene provided the first example of such odd behavior. Quickly, physicists, engineers, and chemists began to see the potential for applications. Graphene has many bizarre and often contradictory properties. For example, it is flexible like plastic but stronger than diamond, and it conducts electricity like a metal but is transparent like glass. Researchers have figured out how to make sheets measuring tens of centimeters across. They have developed methods to cut the sheets into nanometer-scale patterns and to change graphene's electrical properties by, for example, affixing hydrogen to its surface. That's opened the way to scads of possible applications. The South Korean electronics company Samsung has developed a touch screen from graphene, whereas researchers with IBM have fashioned ultrafast transistors from the stuff. A sieve of graphene might also serve to sequence DNA. Even Novoselov says it's too early to say exactly what uses graphene will find. Whatever I say now will be wrong because there has been so much progress in its properties and mass production, he says. In that regard, this year's prize could be considered an anomaly. In the past, a few prizes have quickly spotlighted discoveries that upended the prevailing theory; others have recognized advances that over decades had led to ubiquitous applications. This year's prize, by contrast, honors physics that by all accounts is beautiful but not revolutionary. You don't need a new theory to understand graphene, says Jeroen van den Brink, a theorist at the Institute for Materials Sciences at the Dresden University of Technology in Germany. At the same time, it celebrates the potential for applications yet to come. Will this really come into the market? Kim says. I think it's really difficult to say. Still, everyone interviewed by Science says Geim and Novoselov thoroughly deserve the prize. The prize is also unusual because one recipient has another claim to fame. In 2000, Geim won a share of an Ig Nobel Prize , a satirical award given out by the publishers of the Annals of Improbable Research, for magnetically levitating a live frog. Geim is the first person to win both prizes. During a press conference announcing the Nobel Prize, Geim reacted with unusual candor to his latest award: When I got the telephone call, I thought, 'Shit!' because it is a life-changing event. This article from： http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/10/two-dimensional-crystal-claims-p.html
Graphene speeds pair to Stockholm win Research on carbon sheets scores Nobel Prize in Physics. Geoff Brumfiel Konstantin Novoselov (left) and Andre Geim: from sticky tape to Nobel prize in just six years.Univ. Manchester (K. N.); J. King-Holmes/SPL (A. G.) Sheets of carbon with the potential to revolutionize electronics and materials science have bagged this year's Nobel Prize in Physics. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester, UK, have been awarded the prize for their work on graphene, a one-atom-thick hexagonal mesh of carbon atoms that has become physicists' material du jour. Geim and Novoselov reported the first free-standing graphene samples in 2004, having used little more than adhesive tape to create the material. Their team stuck the tape to a piece of graphite, peeled off flakes of carbon and then separated graphene from the rest of the flakes. Placing the graphene onto a silicon substrate, the researchers showed that it is a good electrical conductor 1 . Graphene's relatively recent rise to prominence makes it an unusual candidate for a Nobel, and marks the shortest lag-time between experiment and award since Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Mller won the physics prize for their discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in 1987, 18months after their findings were published. I think very few doubted that there would be a Nobel prize, says Andrea Ferrari, an electrical engineer at the University of Cambridge, UK, who researches graphene applications. But, he adds, I was surprised that it came so early. The award caught even Geim off guard. When I got the telephone call, I thought, 'oh shit!', he told reporters at a press conference shortly after the announcement. The second thought that came to my mind was, 'Oh dear, I will not win many more prizes'. Graphene's win may be down to the astonishing speed at which the field has developed. Almost immediately after its discovery, researchers realized that graphene was no ordinary material. Electrons travelling through the sheets display unusual quantum behaviours that can be easily studied 2 , 3 . Graphene's two-dimensional nature, and its atomic structure, also causes electrons to move through it much faster than they do through materials such as silicon. These properties make graphene a hot prospect for constructing computer chips. Although the sheets themselves do not behave as semiconductors, thin ribbons of graphene do. The ribbons' properties are not ideal for electronics, but advocates believe that graphene's speedy electrons and potential affordability could allow it to one day supplant silicon. A nearer-term use may be as a transparent, conducting layer in touch screens 4 , or as flexible displays. Graphene has also been teamed with DNA to create a chemical sensor, and can even act as a sponge to clean polluted water. Geim thinks that the material has the potential to be as revolutionary as plastics. My hope is that graphene and other two-dimensional crystals will change our everyday lives, he says. References 1.Novoselov, K. S. et al. Science 306, 666-669 (2004). 2.Zhang, Y. et al. Nature 438, 201-204 (2005). 3.Novoselov, K. S. et al. Nature 438, 197-200 (2005). 4.Kim, K. S. et al. Nature 457, 706-710 (2009). This article from: http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101005/full/467642a.html
标签: 诺贝尔物理奖
