【备注】这里录下的是本人刊发在美国Translation Journal 2009年第3期的英语文章。 出处： http://translationjournal.net/journal/49corpus.htm The Applications of Keywords and Collocations to Translation-Studies and Teaching A Tentative Research on the Parallel Corpus of the 17 th NCCPC Report by Dai Guangrong Abstract: With the help of parallel corpora and some famous native language corpora such as BNC, BROWN etc, we can learn some useful strategies to deal with the collocation of keywords and their translations. Keywords: corpus-based translation, concordance, collocation, translation teaching and research. This paper investigates the corpora applications to translation studies and teaching. Using the parallel corpus of 17 th NCCPC (17 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China) as the investigation corpus, this paper disagrees with the opinion of the keywords and collocations which based on an abrupt conclusion without scientific statistic strategy. It is very important for the translator(s) to identify the keywords and key collocations in translation studies and teaching. Keywords provide a useful way to characterize a text or a genre which can offer a clear and comprehensive understanding of the original texts. Collocation is a mode of meaning which can help the translator(s) to decide the field and style of word-usage in translation. 1. Introduction: Corpora Applications to Translation Studies and Teaching n recent years Translation Studies became a scholarly discipline in China, and translation teaching has become the focus of many translation researchers and teachers. This paper attempts to apply translation corpora to translation studies and teaching, showing the tentative research methods in daily translation studies and teaching. Different approaches have been taken to Translation Studies, from the earlier workshop approach, the philosophical and linguistic approach, the functionalist approaches, to Descriptive Translation Studies, the post-structuralist and post-modernist approaches, and the cultural studies approach (Munday 2001; Richard Xiao 2008). Translation theories develop quickly, but practice, especially the translation teaching, is lagging far behind theories. With the help of parallel corpora and some native language corpora, we can learn some useful strategies to deal with the collocation of keywords and their translations. With the rapid development of corpus linguistics in the mid-1980s, corpus linguistics started to be of interest to translators. Firth is convinced that linguistic description can be used as a basis for translation: linguistic analysis at the grammatical, lexical, collocational and situational levels can be used as a basis for total translation (Firth 1968: 76-78). The Firthian approach, and its latter-day incarnation in corpus linguistics, might bear fruit in studies of translation (Kenny 2001: 21). Corpora are useful for revealing "relations between frequency and typicality, instance and norm" (Stubbs 2001:151). According to Baker (1993:243), "the most important task that awaits the application of corpus techniques in translation studies is the elucidation of the nature of translated text as a mediated communicative event". Some hypotheses such as "translated texts tend to be more explicit, unambiguous, and grammatically conventional than their source texts" have already been investigated using translation corpora (Baker Malmkjaer 1998: 52). Furthermore, some scholars point out the usefulness of corpora and corpus linguistic techniques in translation, such as providing a powerful tool to identify the characteristic features of translational language, and helping translators understand what translation is and how it works (Baker 1993:243). One of the advantages of the corpus-based approach to translation studies and teaching is that it can reveal the "regularities of actual behavior" (Toury 1995:265). Toury stresses the need to observe regularities—and provide explanatory hypotheses for those regularities—on the basis of ever-expanding corpora of texts, claiming that explanations of features observed even in a single translation must rely on the study of bigger corpora (Kenny 2001: 57). Tymoczko (1998:652) predicates that "Corpus Translation Studies is central to the way that Translation Studies as a discipline will remain vital and move forward." This statement has been confirmed by an ever-growing number of corpus-based translation studies (cf. vers 1998; Baker 1999; Baker 2000; Granger et al 2003; Wang Kefei 2004; McEnery et al 2006, 2007; Richard Xiao 2008, etc). In this paper, we will present a tentative study that seeks to uncover some features of collocation and keywords in translation with the parallel corpora including 17th NCCPC—National Congress of the Communist Party of China report. 2. Keywords used in Translation Studies and Teaching In translation studies and practices, we may encounter all kinds of texts, the contents and plots of some of which are complex and difficult to analyze, especially for the literary texts. It's a great challenge for the beginners to translate the texts word by word, sentence by sentence without a holistic analysis and understanding of the source texts. In this paper, we examine corpus-based translation studies and teaching. With the help of corpus software, we can retrieve some useful information such as word frequency, collocations, patterns, clusters, dispersion of the search words and other statistical data. In this section, we apply "Keywords" to our research. "Keywords" is program within the corpus software (i.e. Wordsmith) for identifying the key words in one or more texts. Keywords are those whose frequency is unusually high in comparison with some norm. Key words provide a useful way to characterize a text or a genre. "Keywords" offers an important measure for the content and language characteristics of the texts (Wang 2007: 27). It also can be used for analyzing the style and retrieving texts. The program compares two pre-existing word-lists, which must have been created using the program of WordList in Wordsmith. One of these is assumed to be a large word list which will act as a reference file. The other is the word list based on one text which is to be studied. The aim is to find out which words characterize the text we are most interested in, which is automatically assumed to be the smaller of the two texts chosen. The larger one will provide background data for reference comparison. Using keywords, we can understand the translation materials (Scott 2004: 95). We can analyze the texts which should be translated and obtain important hints such as the theme, main characters and plot. The translator can then form a schema for the content of the source texts and find the proper words for the equivalents. We once asked students to do some translation practices including the materials of government documents (in this research, we deal with the text of the 17th NCCPC report). Before the discussion of 17th NCCPC, some students found a research paper about the keywords in it. The paper shows the keywords of the Chinese version of the report. Figure 1 is the result of the research: Figure 1 Keywords of the 17th NCCPC It reports that the number of sentences with keyword of "party" is 125; "people" 102; "economics" 77; "democracy" 48; "science" 46; "education" 31; "cadre" 27; "army" 19; "income" 13; "supervision" 13; "law" 9; and "herbalist doctor" zero, etc. Judging from the results, we can say that the research is based on the author's imagination or his own purpose. It wants to prove the researcher's point by offering the data but it breaks the rule of objectivity in the research. Students were puzzled by the result for its subjectivism. In order to help the students to understand the long passage clearly, we use some corpus software to retrieve data. The text of the 17th NCCPC is a kind of government documents and has its specific language characteristics. We make a "Keywords" (17th NCCPC English text as the observed corpus, and "Selected works of Mao Zedong" as the reference corpus) using Wordsmith (Version 4.0). Figure 2 shows part of the result of the Keywords. Figure 2: Keywords of the 17th NCCPC and Selected works of Mao Zedong From Figure 2, we can see the frequency of the key words in the observed corpus and the reference corpus. We can therefore draw the conclusion that: "development" is the most important key word in the 17th NCCPC and this can shed light on theme and help the students to understand the translation material. We make parallel word lists of the bilingual versions of the 17th NCCPC, retrieving only the content words (not the grammatical or functional words), and some data from the lists. This can shed some light on the contrastive study of the language and translations. Figures 3 and 4 represent the first twenty content words of the English and Chinese versions, respectively. Figure 3: Key words of the English version Figure 4: Key words of the Chinese version From figure 3 and figure 4, the two word lists show some difference in the first 20 keywords. In the English version, "development" appears 226 times, and other keywords not included in Figure 3 such as "economy" (36), "government" (36), "education" (35), "force" (34), "management" (34), "progress" (34), "support" (34), "market" (33), "cadre" (31), "need" (31). In Chinese version, "发展（fazhan）" appears 281 times. So, we can see the figures show some difference in the two lists. The results provide some information: the translation has produced changes in the word order, frequency etc. As translation teachers, we should ask the questions: why, where, when and how to change the translation strategies? Judging from the analysis of the passage, we know that the most important keywords is "发展(development)" in the report. With the data, we can direct the translation practice in many ways. The students once translated the sentence in Chinese "推动科学发展，促进社会和谐" (tuidong kexue fazhan, cujin shehui hexie) into "Promote the development of science, accelerate social harmony". In the Chinese sentence, "科学 (kexue)" used as an adverbial, modifying "发展 (fazhan)", because "发展(development)" is the theme of the report. This sentence is very important in the whole passage. With the help of this information, we can translate it into "pursue development in a scientific way and promote social harmony". 3. Collocations used in Translation Studies and Teaching Peter Newmark once pointed out: "He (one who writes or speaks in a foreign language) will be 'caught' every time, not by grammar, which is probably suspiciously 'better' than that of educated natives, not by his vocabulary, which may well be richer, but by his unacceptable or improbable collocations"(1981:180). In the translating process, when translators transfer the native language into the foreign language, they have to choose the proper collocations which is difficult to decide in many situations, such as the idiomatic usage, restricted collocations etc. Collocation is not only connected to lexis, but also relates with the cohesion of the whole text. The cohesive effect of collocations is a key factor to avoid "translationese." Halliday and Hasan (1976:286) said, "The cohesive effect of such pairs depends not so much on any systematic relationship as on their tendency to share the same lexical environment, to occur in COLLOCATION with one another. In general, any two lexical items having similar patterns of collocation—that is, tending to appear in similar contexts—will generate a cohesive force if they occur in adjacent sentences." These remarks remind translators of paying attention to the collocations in the translating process; otherwise, they will stumble into the problem of "translationese." Sinclair once said, "There are virtually no impossible collocations, but some are more likely than others" (1966:411). In this research, we follow Wei Naixing's definition of collocation: A collocation is a conventional syntagmatic association of a string of lexical items which co-occur in a grammatical construct with mutual expectancy greater than chance as realization of non-idiomatic meaning in texts (Wei 2002: 100). Firth (1957:12) put forward that "You shall know a word by the company it keeps." So, collocation is a mode of expressing meaning: Meaning by collocation is an abstraction at the syntagmatic level and is not directly concerned with the conceptual approach to the meaning of words. One of the meanings of night is its collocability with dark, and of dark, of course, collocates with night (ibid: 196). Bowker (1998: 631) observes that "corpus-assisted translations are of a higher quality with respect to subject field understanding, correct term choice, and idiomatic expressions." Here we can retrospect the research which puzzled our students. It says, "This kind of statistic cannot count the collocability, especially the collocation of adjectives and adverbs with the keywords which can explain the importance of the problem." There are many factors which affect collocability, such as semantic, grammatical, and conventional ones. All these factors should be considered in our daily translation practices. Using parallel corpora, we can decide the proper collocations in the target language. For example, when we encounter the word "结果(jieguo)," the dictionary shows only some limited results and collocations. But a large corpus will avoid these kinds of limitations. A parallel corpus will show us several collocations and it will give the translators several choices to decide on the proper collocation. There are different translations of "结果", such as "result/ outcome/ aftermath/ consequence/ effect/ conclusion/ sequel/ finding/ end" etc. With the parallel corpus, we can find the proper collocation of this keyword. In translating "前任 （qianren）" into English, students face difficulties in deciding on the collocation even with the help of dictionaries. With the parallel corpus, we can solve this kind of problem. "前任 （qianren）"as the search item, we can draw some examples like the following: "Especially with the growth of the amateur program, it's here to stay," says former heavy-weight champion Evander Holyfield. "You'll recognize the ornaments," said my former daughter-in-law. Her arrogance has disenchanted many of her former admirers. He is working hard to excel his predecessors. John Smith is a past president of our club. Mr. Heath is the former Prime Minister of Britain. The saddest were the eight ex-cadres who lost their executive jobs. The late Prime Minister attended the ceremony. From these examples, we can say, "前任 （qianren）" is not simply equal to "former", the collocations show that "predecessor/past/ex-/late" etc can used the equivalences (Dai, 2008: forthcoming). Just as the same issue, when the students encounter the phrases, such as "台湾问题 (Taiwan wenti)", maybe we cannot find the translation from the dictionary, and it is difficult for the beginners to choose the collocations, "Taiwan problem/Taiwan issue/Taiwan question" etc. We can consult the parallel corpora and can obtain abundant examples. Figure 5 shows us the result of input collocation "台湾问题 (Taiwan wenti)" from the parallel corpus of 17th NCCPC. Figure 5 In the practice of translating the Chinese version OF THE 17th NCCPC into English, students encounter anumber of collocation problems. We can find a lot of translationese in their translation practice. How to improve this kind of situation? We can use the parallel corpus. First, we suggest to the students to make some KWICs practices from the corpus and learn to find the restricted collocations, such as the Cluster showed in Figure 6: Figure 6 Maybe, it's difficult for the beginners to decide the collocation whether it's a strong collocation or has a high mutual information of the collocation. With the help of corpus software, such as Wordsmith, A Corpus Worker's Toolkit (Hongyin Tao) etc, we can obtain the MI value of the collocation. If the students are not sure whether the collocation "scientific development" is proper, we can get the confirmation from the result of Figure 7: Figure 7 From the figure, we can have a strong confidence about the collocation of "scientific development" for its mutual information value is 5.81. 4. Conclusions Corpus-based translation studies and teaching encounter a number of challenges and opportunities in the information era. The present paper has explored a case study of keywords and collocations in corpus-based translation studies and teaching. The keywords can provide some useful information about the materials for translation and help the translators to decide on the translation strategies. The collocation strategy can help the translators to decide on the proper collocations in target language and check the naturalness in the translation with the help of translation corpora. The two aspects give us some confidence in translation and teaching. All these can stimulate the improvement and innovations of translation studies and teaching. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the China National Education Pattern of the Practical Talents Research for supporting our project A Research and Innovation on the English Teaching Pattern Based on Corpus and Campus-Net (Grant Reference FIB070335-A15-11). We also thank the Scientific Research Division of Fujian University of Technology for supporting our project: A Corpus-based Investigation for Chinese Learners' English Writing Competence (Grant Reference GY-S0827). Note: http://sns.chinavalue.net/Blog/BlogThread.aspx?EntryId=25430 Accessed on 7-16-2008. References Baker, M. 1993, 'Corpus linguistics and Translation Studies: Implications and applications', in M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli (eds.) Text and Technology. In Honour of John Sinclair . 233-250. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Baker, M. and Kirsten Malmkjaer. 1998, Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge. 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摘要 ：技术进步会带来繁荣昌盛的社会，在享受技术进步带来的便利的同时，我们也需要注意技术的阴暗面，提防技术对人的异化作用。本文从技术高度发达的《星球大战》场景出发，讨论了技术对人的异化作用，并从人本身的需要出发，提出了防止技术对人的异化作用的方法。 关键词 ：技术，异化，星球大战 From “Star Wars” to See the Alienation of Technology on Human Abstract : Technological advances will bring prosperity. While enjoying the convenience taken by technical progress, we need to pay attention to the dark side of technology, beware of the role of technology on human alienation. The technology is highly developed in the , this paper discusses the role of technological alienation on human, especially from the Star Wars. The technology in Star Wars is highly developed. From one's own needs, this paper proposes a method to prevent the alienation. Key words : technology, alienation, star wars 技术带来的繁荣 在《星球大战》里，城市里的交通工具全是飞行器，餐馆里有机器人服务生给你端上可口的饮料，星际间可以实时传输三维影像，通过超光速技术，往来于星际也是弹指一挥间 ...... 技术的发展可谓登峰造极，在技术发展的帮助下，各个星球的智能生物可以自如沟通，组成了共和国，维护整个星系的和平与繁荣。正是技术的发展应用，才造就了《星球大战》中的繁荣景象。 技术的发展可以给生活带来巨大的便利，已经有无数的歌颂文章，这里就不再敷述了。肯定技术的正面作用是本文的一个大背景，在这个前提下，希望我们能注意技术的阴暗面，特别是对人本身的异化作用，从而更好地让技术为人服务，而不至于受困于技术的框框。 技术的阴暗面 《星球大战》里的技术发展已经登峰造极了，但是我们看看，生活于此的“人”快乐吗？这里的“人”是广义的概念，泛指各个星球的智能生物，当然也包括人类。为了简化问题，有接近人类智能的机器人不属于“人”的范畴。 在《星球大战》的场景中，我们看到繁荣的背后，平和欢快的场景却很少 ，有的也是灯红酒绿的狂欢。整部电影中，安纳金 和帕德美 在纳布星球，平和安宁地生活，应该是最温馨美好的场景了 。 但好景却不长，安纳金又有 新的任务了。 生活于其中的“人”，忙忙碌碌，似乎并不 比低技术时代 的平常 人 家 快乐 。 这也给我们启示，纯粹的技术发展，对人的生活是有负面作用的，技术是存在阴暗面的。 技术对人的分化作用 在技术化的社会里，人要生存，几乎每个人都需要有职业。技术越发达，社会分工越精细，人本身就隔离开了。 安纳金 · 天行者（ Anakin Skywalker ）和 帕德美 · 阿米达拉 （ Padmé Amidala ） 是《星球大战》的两个主角 。 安纳金经过艰苦 的训练，终于成长为 一个杰出的绝地武士，经常出使危险的任务，维护星系的和平 。 帕德美 通 过自己 的奋斗，得到了 纳布星球民众 的信任，十四岁就被选为星球 的国王，卸任 后， 接替帕尔帕庭称为共和国的 参议员，忙于政务。 安纳金保护帕德美回到纳布星球的时候 ， 他们深深地相爱了，却不能公开关系。作为一个绝地武士，是不能有爱情的，因为爱情会影响理性的判断力， 甚至会将绝地武士引入歧途。这种职责高于人性的约束，就把人异化为物体了。这样的人和机器人有什么分别？ 帕德美也因为怕影响安纳金的光明前途，放不下自己的职业，不敢公开和安纳金的关系，即使怀上了安纳金的孩子，也只能躲在老家纳布星球，还要为安纳金的安全担惊受怕。最后，因为得知安纳金走向了原力的黑暗面，伤心欲绝，生育孩子的时候，出现难产，痛苦地死去了。 安纳金和帕德美的悲剧，除了自身无法看开之外，与职业需求压过人性需求也有密切的关系。 技术约束人的自由 技术 在给人以选择自由的同时，也约束了人的自由。 人不知不觉中，就会陷入技术的陷阱。在科技化的社会， 人的接触（ Human Contact ）少了，与机器的接触（ Machine Contact ）多了。比如我们 的电脑和网络的发明，给整个社会带来了深刻的变革 。博客、社交网站、即时通讯工具等，改变了人与人之间的沟通方式 。 但很多人陷入了网络中，沉迷于技术构建的虚拟世界，大部分时间都面对着电脑，与人的接触反而少于与电脑的接触时间！每个人都成了网络的一个终端，网络联通着人，又减少了直接沟通的时间。网络把人放进了一些框框，人之间面对面的直接接触少了。人际关系的疏远导致人产生孤独、寂寞的情绪 。 安纳金学会了绝地武士控制原力的技巧，也可以近似地理解为掌握了一门技术。他拥有了更多的能力，似乎可以做更多的事情，有更大的自由。但实际上，他必须要到处奔波，完成绝地武士委员会派给的危险任务。因为其他人也掌握了技术，可以对共和国做破坏活动，只能用自己的技术去克服技术带来的威胁。这就需要不断发展自己的技术，就陷入了一个循环，不断地需要新的，更强大的技术。在这个循环里，人总是忙碌的，就陷入了技术的陷阱。 技术“力量”的诱惑 技术代表了力量（ power ），可以改造自然，甚至改造人本身，正是依靠智能，发展出了各种技术，人类才能战胜其他物种，主宰地球。技术代表了能力，掌握了技术，就可以做其他人无法做到的事情，所以技术是有很大的诱惑力的。为了掌握技术，人需要不断的学习、研究、探索，总是处在忙碌的状态。如果一味的陷入技术的追求，忘了技术是为人服务的，可能会陷入单纯追求技术的忙碌中，变成人为技术发展服务了，这时候，人本身就被异化了。 为了掌握技术，追求技术的强大，人还可能在技术的诱惑下，做出非人道的抉择。当然，这首先不是技术的错，而是人受不了诱惑。在星球大战里，安纳金通过自己对原力的掌握，预见到了帕德美的死，为自己无力挽救，感到非常痛苦。这时候，代表原力黑暗面的西斯出现了，欺骗安纳金说，原力的黑暗面有强大的力量，可以让人死而复活，在力量的诱惑下，安纳金走向了原力的黑暗面，帮助西斯实现了帝国的独裁统治，奴役整个星系的“人”，使整个星系陷入了黑暗。 如何看待技术 科学把世界当作客体，人是世界的一部分，衍生出的技术也继承了这一基本观点。这种把人本身客体化的观念，可能是导致人物化的根源。现代生命科学的发展，基于一个基本的观念，人与自然的物体没有什么区别，只不过是高级的分子机器。把人当成机器去剖析，发现了大量基本的生命科学规律 ，比如基因组学的遗传和表达规律。人如何感知世界，如何从分子的运动中突现出精神，仍然是一个圣杯 ，现在成了人的特殊性最后一块净土。 哲学从人本身出发，认为世界只是人的一部分，生命的体验才是世界认识的来源 。这种观念把人本身作为主体，是人在认识世界，这种观念才可以避免人的物化，客体化，避免陷入技术力量的无限追求，让技术服务于人，带来生活品质的真正提高。 有一则小故事 ，讲的是一个富人，看到一个穷人在海边悠闲地钓鱼，问他怎么不想多钓点鱼，这样可以买船出海，钓更多的鱼。穷人反问富人，为什么要这样做？富人回答说，这样有钱了，就可以在无忧无虑地钓鱼了。穷人回答道：“我现在不是已经无忧无虑地钓鱼了吗？”。这则寓言提醒我们，我们在追求技术力量的时候，应该认清楚追求的目的，而不是一味地追求手段的层次提高。 总之，人是目的，技术只是手段。我们应该小心技术的阴暗面，提防技术对人的异化，技术是为人服务的，技术应该促进人的生活品质提高。 参考资料： 星球大战—— STAR WARS ：安纳金 · 天行者（ Anakin Skywalker ） . . . 星球大战—— STAR WARS ：帕德美 · 阿米达拉（ Padmé Amidala ） . . . 殷正坤 . 科学技术前沿哲学问题（现代科技革命与马克思主义讲义） . 华中科技大学研究生院 , 2010. Williams P L, Bannister L H, Berry M M, et al. 格氏解剖学 . 杨琳 , 高英茂 , 译 . 第 38 版 . 辽宁教育出版社 , 1999. Bear M F, Connors B W, Paradiso M A. Neuroscience: Exploring the brain . Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007. 尼古拉 . 别尔嘉耶夫 , 张百春（译） . 论人的使命 神与人的生存辩证法 . 上海人民出版社 , 2007. 故事二则 - 福建省福鼎市莲峰山资国寺官方网 福鼎资国寺 福建省资国寺 普门观音塔 , 华藏多宝塔 .
关键词是指对表达主题内容有实质意义的词。关键词是学术刊物发表文章所必需滴。其作用为便于直观了解内容和检索。 2008年2月揭晓的汉语盘点2007年度关键词，130万投票选出涨、民生、油、全球变暖分别列年度国内字、国内词、国际字、国际词第一。 汪丁丁《经济学的关键词》： 美国国家经济教育委员会在上世纪90年代确定了22个高中毕业生必须掌握的经济学基本概念（关键词）包括： 6个基本经济学概念：scarcity, opportunity, cost and trade-offs, productivity, system, economic institutions and incentives, exchange, money and interdependence 6个微观经济学概念：markets and prices, suppky and demand, competition and market structure, income distribution, market failures, the role of government 7个宏观经济学概念：gross national product, aggregate supply, aggregate demand, unemployment, inflation and deflation, monetary policy, fiscal policy 3个国际经济学基本概念：absolute and comparative advantage and barriers to trade, balance of payments and exchange ratos, international aspects of growth and stability 赖德胜《经济学家的关键词》： 舒尔茨： 人力资本 科斯：交易成本 刘易斯: 二元经济 斯宾塞：信号理论 库茨涅兹：国民收入核算 倒U型假设 科尔内：短缺经济学 林毅夫：比较优势 自生能力
谨以此文庆祝祖国母亲中华人民共和国第一个甲子华诞 ！ 让我们都来用顿号 ------ 关键词之间应用顿号而非分号 蒋晓晖 中国 科学院上海有机化学研究所联合编辑室 《 Chinese J Chem 》编辑部 , 上海市零陵路 345 号 , 200032 摘要 根据有关国家标准等文献对标点符号的使用规则分析后认为，关键词栏目属于一个简单句结构，该简单句内并列的关键词之间应当使用简单句内最短停顿、分隔并列词语的顿号，而不是使用复合句内最长停顿、分隔并列分句的分号进行分隔。顿号又是我中华文明之独 创，汉字文化之独用，中文优势之标志，应在我国学术期刊关键词，特别是英文关键词之间广泛使用，以弘扬光大我中华文化的博大精深。 关键词 关键词、标点符号、顿号、分号、国家标准、 中文优势、文化输出 关键词之间使用什么标点符号进行分隔？涉及关键词的三个国家标准（ GB/T 3179-92 《科学技术期刊编排格式》 ， GB 7713-87 《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》 ， GB/T 3860-1995 《文献叙词标引规则》 ）对此均没有明确具体的规定，因此绝大部分学术期刊参照西文（主要是英文）文献，均使用国际通用的逗号（ comma ）来分隔中英两版之内的多个关键词（例如我所三刊： 《中国化学》、《化学学报》、《有机化学》）。但到了 1999 初，我国新闻出版总署新出音 17 号文件颁发《〈中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 〉检索与评价数据规范 ( 试行 ) 》 ，其中明确规定了关键词之间必须使用分号，理由是便于计算机自动切分 。自那时起，我国绝大部分学术期刊陆陆续续地将关键词之间使用的逗号修改为现在的分号（ semicolon ）。然而笔者认为，关键词之间使用分号并不妥当，妥当的是使用顿号（ slight-pause mark ）。理由如下： 1. 根据国标 GB/T 15834-1995 《标点符号用法》 及《科技书刊标准化 18 讲》（以下简称《 18 讲》）第 16 讲科技书刊标点符号用法 ，虽然顿号和分号都可以用来表示并列成分之间的停顿，但该并列成分的类型及停顿的长短相对于顿号和分号而言是不同的。在所有句内点号中，顿号表示的停顿最短，因此适用于简单句内简单并列成分（例如词组及简单短语）的停顿；分号表示的停顿最长，因此适用于复合句内各分句之间的停顿，即分号不能用于简单句内较短词语之间短暂的停顿 。显然，学术论文关键词栏目属于一个简单句的架构（例如一文中的中英两版关键词栏目， 关键词 ： 学术期刊 国际化 网络化 绿色出版 在线 互动交流； Keyword ： academic periodical, internationalization, webification, green publication, online, intercommunication ），该架构内的并列成分都是一些简单的主题词（文献叙词），因此这些主题词即关键词之间应该使用句内最短停顿的顿号而不是最长停顿的分号进行停顿和分隔。如果在一个只具有简单句结构的关键词栏目内使用分号来分隔各个关键词，也就等于在一个简单句内使用了分号，从而明显地违反国标 GB/T 15834-1995 及《 18 讲》 有关顿号和分号的使用规则。《 18 讲》第 245 页在谈及分号误用时作为首条明确地指出：国标规定，分号只用在复句中，不用在单句中。有的书刊不注意这一点，有时在并列的词语之间也用了分号。关键词栏目内并列的所有关键词当然都是词语而非句子，其间理应不能使用分号！ 2. 最近有业内人士认为， 关键词之间使用分号是基于分号分行或分项列举的功能 ，其实非也！正如前面所提到的那样，我国学术期刊关键词之间现在改用分号的真正原因是为了便于计算机索引检索时自动切分 ，而不是什么分号的分行或分项列举作用。根据国标 GB/T 15834-1995 及《 18 讲》，分号确有分行 或分项 列举的功能，但笔者的解读是，此处被列的各项并不是简短的词语，而是较长较繁的短语或句子（至少有一项是这样），且往往同时使用序次语 1.2.3.4. 等等协助罗列 。因此这种分行或分项列举已超出一个简单句的框架，而具有一个复合句的结构，该复合句各项之间当然应使用分号分隔。然而，如前所述，关键词都是一些简短的主题词语，并列在一起并不构成复合句结构，整个关键词栏目也就不能使用分号的分行分项列举功能，而只能使用顿号的词语并列功能。否则，就犯了使用分号分隔简单词语的原则性错误 ！ 3. 至于分号便于计算机索引检索时自动切分 的理由也是值得商榷的。既然分号可以方便自动切分，顿号也应该同样可以，而且样本期刊采用顿号后，诸如中国学术期刊（光盘版） 等大型索引检索系统对应地改用顿号也是简便地可操作的，即只要请软件专家将有关程序内的分号；修改为顿号、便可。 4. 如此一来，即学术论文纸媒电媒、中英两版的关键词全面使用顿号分隔后，岂不在英文单词字符、阿拉伯数字之后出现顿号？是的，这正是笔者小文的最大目的所在！尽管我国早期古籍里没有任何标点符号，现在使用的标点符号绝大部分是清末民初时期的舶来品，但顿号却是我中华文明之独创，汉字文化之独用，西方文明之缺陷。早在距今约两千年的汉代，我国便开始使用顿号校勘古籍 。除了逗号与分号，现代汉语里使用顿号来专门停顿分隔并列的词语，在书面语厘清句子结构的不同层次方面显然要比西文更加精细与科学合理，是西文书面语所望尘莫及的。也就是说，西文书面语里只使用逗号既分隔停顿简单句内的并列词语之间的较短停顿，又分隔停顿并列句（或复合句）中分句（或主从句）之间较长的停顿，势必混淆停顿的长短和分隔的上下层次，模糊整个句子的精细层次结构，最终影响句子的表达效果和阅读理解。例如， All the new compounds isolated must be alphabetically numbered consecutively in arabic numerals, IUPAC systematically named and characterized by spectral data including IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and MS, and elemental analysis data, the deviation of which should be within 0.4% for any of C, H, N and other elements. ( 所有分离得到的新化合物必须按阿拉伯数字依次连续编号 , 根据 IUPAC 系统命名规则进行命名并通过红外、质子核磁共振、碳 13 核磁共振及质谱等光谱数据和元素分析数据进行表征 ; 对碳、氢、氮等任何元素的分析结果误差不得超过 0.4%) 在这一英文复合句中，第 2-4 这三个及第 7 、 8 这两个逗号分别表示该句最内一级的并列层次和最短的停顿，对应于中文里的顿号；第 5 个逗号表示其外一级的并列层次；第 1 个逗号表示更外一级的并列层次；第 6 个逗号则表示最外一级的结构层次，即主从复合句之间的停顿和分隔，对应于中文里的分号。也就是说，此处英文用一种逗号混淆地表示了三种不同的并列层次，显然不如中文分别使用顿号和逗号区别地表达来得清楚明了（比较上例中英两版）。因此，顿号文化是我中华文明的优秀文化，应该输出进入西方文化，以弘扬光大我中华文化的博大精深。至于英文里使用顿号看起来不太顺眼的担心 ，则大可不必 。因为习惯成自然，看多了自然也就顺眼了。随着世界中心自美国逐渐移向我国，中文逐渐进入西方社会并取代英语成为世界科技语言，顿号也必将被西文特别是英文主动地引进和使用。对此笔者深信不疑；所有关键词，首先是我国主办的中外文种学术期刊上的关键词之间，使用汉字文化的顿号进行分隔只是一个时间上的早晚问题而已。 5. 顺便一提，曾有业内人士建议关键词之间使用空格分隔 。这种措施似乎仅适用于中文版，而不适用于英文版关键词，从而并不适用于包含英文关键词的科技期刊。 综上所述，根据国标 GB/T 15834-1995 《标点符号用法》等有关规定 ，关键词之间应当使用顿号而非分号进行分隔。建议涉及关键词的有关国家标准 、《〈中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 〉检索与评价数据规范》 及《 18 讲》 等规范性文献在再版时明确补充或修改为关键词之间使用顿号分隔的规定。作为倡导，笔者所发论文的博客版均已使用顿号分隔中英两版关键词 。 参考文献 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB/T 3179-92 科学技术期刊编排格式 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB 7713-87 科学技术报 告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB/T 3860-1995 文献叙词标引规则 中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 编辑委员会 . 中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 检索与评价数据规范 , CAJ-CD B/T 1-2006 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB/T 15834-1995 标点符号用法 陈浩元主编 . 科技书刊标准化 18 讲 , 北京 : 北京师范大学出版社 , 1998, p 241-264 马奋华 , 倪东鸿 , 冯怀莹 . 科技论文中 5 种常见点号的应用 . 中国科技期刊研究 , 2008, 19(4): 676-679 北京大学 国 情研究所 主持编纂 . 世界文明百科全书 . 山西教育出版社 , 1992, p 53-54 陈浩元主编 . 科技书刊标准化 18 讲 , 北京 : 北京师范大学出版社 , 1998, p 242 田美娥 ; 贺元旦 . 中文科技论文中顿号的使用问题 . 出版科学 , 2008, 16(4):38-39 禤胜修 . 关键词标点符号使用之我见 . 编辑学报 , 1995, 7(1): 20-21 周逸辛 , 陆艾五 . 关键词间加标点又何妨 ── 对 关键词标点符号使用之我见 一文的商榷 . 编辑学报 , 1997, 9(2): 123-123 蒋晓晖在科学网的博客 . http://www.sciencenet.cn/u/jiangxh/ 2009-8-17 ---------------------- A slight-pause mark should be used between keywords instead of a semicolon JIANG XiaoHui ( CJC Editorial Office, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032, China ) Abstract On the basis of analysis of the usage policies on punctuation marks declared by The National Standards etc ., the column of Keywords in academic theses belongs structurally to a simplified sentence, in which paratactic keywords should be separated by a slight-pause mark that is used to separate the paratactic academic terms in a simple sentence with the shortest pause, but not by a semicolon that is used to separate the paratactic clauses in a complex sentence with the longest pause. What is more important, the slight-pause mark was created uniquely by our Chinese civilization, is used uniquely by the cultures of Chinese characters, and symbolizes the superiority of our Chinese language to the western one, which should be extensively adopted for the separation of keywords, especially the English keywords in our academic periodicals, in order to popularize the broadness and profoundity of our Chinese culture world-widely. Keywords keyword 、 punctuation 、 slight-pause mark 、 semicolon 、 National Standard 、 Chinese culture superiority 、 culture export
谨以此文庆祝中华人民共和国第一个甲子华诞！ 让我们都来用顿号------关键词之间应用顿号而非分号 蒋晓晖 中国 科学院上海有机化学研究所联合编辑室 《 Chinese J Chem 》编辑部 , 上海市零陵路 345 号 , 200032 摘要 根据有关国家标准等文献对标点符号的使用规则分析后认为，关键词栏目属于一个简单句结构，该简单句内并列的关键词之间应当使用简单句内最短停顿、分隔并列词语的顿号，而不是使用复合句内最长停顿、分隔并列分句的分号进行分隔。顿号又是我中华文明之独 创，汉字文化之独用，中文优势之标志，应在我国学术期刊关键词，特别是英文关键词之间广泛使用，以弘扬光大我中华文化的博大精深。 关键词 关键词、标点符号、顿号、分号、国家标准、 中文优势、文化输出 关键词之间使用什么标点符号进行分隔？涉及关键词的三个国家标准（ GB/T 3179-92 《科学技术期刊编排格式》 ， GB 7713-87 《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》 ， GB/T 3860-1995 《文献叙词标引规则》 ）对此均没有明确具体的规定，因此绝大部分学术期刊参照西文（主要是英文）文献，均使用国际通用的逗号（ comma ）来分隔中英两版之内的多个关键词（例如我所三刊： 《中国化学》、《化学学报》、《有机化学》）。但到了 1999 初，我国新闻出版总署新出音 17 号文件颁发《〈中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 〉检索与评价数据规范 ( 试行 ) 》 ，其中明确规定了关键词之间必须使用分号，理由是便于计算机自动切分 。自那时起，我国绝大部分学术期刊陆陆续续地将关键词之间使用的逗号修改为现在的分号（ semicolon ）。然而笔者认为，关键词之间使用分号并不妥当，妥当的是使用顿号（ slight-pause mark ）。理由如下： 1. 根据国标 GB/T 15834-1995 《标点符号用法》 及《科技书刊标准化 18 讲》（以下简称《 18 讲》）第 16 讲科技书刊标点符号用法 ，虽然顿号和分号都可以用来表示并列成分之间的停顿，但该并列成分的类型及停顿的长短相对于顿号和分号而言是不同的。在所有句内点号中，顿号表示的停顿最短，因此适用于简单句内简单并列成分（例如词组及简单短语）的停顿；分号表示的停顿最长，因此适用于复合句内各分句之间的停顿，即分号不能用于简单句内较短词语之间短暂的停顿 。显然，学术论文关键词栏目属于一个简单句的架构（例如一文中的中英两版关键词栏目， 关键词 ： 学术期刊 国际化 网络化 绿色出版 在线 互动交流； Keyword ： academic periodical, internationalization, webification, green publication, online, intercommunication ），该架构内的并列成分都是一些简单的主题词（文献叙词），因此这些主题词即关键词之间应该使用句内最短停顿的顿号而不是最长停顿的分号进行停顿和分隔。如果在一个只具有简单句结构的关键词栏目内使用分号来分隔各个关键词，也就等于在一个简单句内使用了分号，从而明显地违反国标 GB/T 15834-1995 及《 18 讲》 有关顿号和分号的使用规则。《 18 讲》第 245 页在谈及分号误用时作为首条明确地指出：国标规定，分号只用在复句中，不用在单句中。有的书刊不注意这一点，有时在并列的词语之间也用了分号。关键词栏目内并列的所有关键词当然都是词语而非句子，其间理应不能使用分号！ 2. 最近有业内人士认为， 关键词之间使用分号是基于分号分行或分项列举的功能 ，其实非也！正如前面所提到的那样，我国学术期刊关键词之间现在改用分号的真正原因是为了便于计算机索引检索时自动切分 ，而不是什么分号的分行或分项列举作用。根据国标 GB/T 15834-1995 及《 18 讲》，分号确有分行 或分项 列举的功能，但笔者的解读是，此处被列的各项并不是简短的词语，而是较长较繁的短语或句子（至少有一项是这样），且往往同时使用序次语 1.2.3.4. 等等协助罗列 。因此这种分行或分项列举已超出一个简单句的框架，而具有一个复合句的结构，该复合句各项之间当然应使用分号分隔。然而，如前所述，关键词都是一些简短的主题词语，并列在一起并不构成复合句结构，整个关键词栏目也就不能使用分号的分行分项列举功能，而只能使用顿号的词语并列功能。否则，就犯了使用分号分隔简单词语的原则性错误 ！ 3. 至于分号便于计算机索引检索时自动切分 的理由也是值得商榷的。既然分号可以方便自动切分，顿号也应该同样可以，而且样本期刊采用顿号后，诸如中国学术期刊（光盘版） 等大型索引检索系统对应地改用顿号也是简便地可操作的，即只要请软件专家将有关程序内的分号；修改为顿号、便可。 4. 如此一来，即学术论文纸媒电媒、中英两版的关键词全面使用顿号分隔后，岂不在英文单词字符、阿拉伯数字之后出现顿号？是的，这正是笔者小文的最大目的所在！尽管我国早期古籍里没有任何标点符号，现在使用的标点符号绝大部分是清末民初时期的舶来品，但顿号却是我中华文明之独创，汉字文化之独用，西方文明之缺陷。早在距今约两千年的汉代，我国便开始使用顿号校勘古籍 。除了逗号与分号，现代汉语里使用顿号来专门停顿分隔并列的词语，在书面语厘清句子结构的不同层次方面显然要比西文更加精细与科学合理，是西文书面语所望尘莫及的。也就是说，西文书面语里只使用逗号既分隔停顿简单句内的并列词语之间的较短停顿，又分隔停顿并列句（或复合句）中分句（或主从句）之间较长的停顿，势必混淆停顿的长短和分隔的上下层次，模糊整个句子的精细层次结构，最终影响句子的表达效果和阅读理解。例如， All the new compounds isolated must be alphabetically numbered consecutively in arabic numerals, IUPAC systematically named and characterized by spectral data including IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and MS, and elemental analysis data, the deviation of which should be within 0.4% for any of C, H, N and other elements. ( 所有分离得到的新化合物必须按阿拉伯数字依次连续编号，根据 IUPAC 系统命名规则进行命名并通过红外、质子核磁共振、碳 13 核磁共振及质谱等光谱数据和元素分析数据进行表征；对碳、氢、氮等任何元素的分析结果误差不得超过 0.4%) 在这一英文复合句中，第 2-4 这三个及第 7 、 8 这两个逗号分别表示该句最内一级的并列层次和最短的停顿，对应于中文里的顿号；第 5 个逗号表示其外一级的并列层次；第 1 个逗号表示更外一级的并列层次；第 6 个逗号则表示最外一级的结构层次，即主从复合句之间的停顿和分隔，对应于中文里的分号。也就是说，此处英文用一种逗号混淆地表示了三种不同的并列层次，显然不如中文分别使用顿号和逗号区别地表达来得清楚明了（比较上例中英两版）。因此，顿号文化是我中华文明的优秀文化，应该输出进入西方文化，以弘扬光大我中华文化的博大精深。至于英文里使用顿号看起来不太顺眼的担心 ，则大可不必 。因为习惯成自然，看多了自然也就顺眼了。随着世界中心自美国逐渐移向我国，中文逐渐进入西方社会并取代英语成为世界科技语言，顿号也必将被西文特别是英文主动地引进和使用。对此笔者深信不疑；所有关键词，首先是我国主办的中外文种学术期刊上的关键词之间，使用汉字文化的顿号进行分隔只是一个时间上的早晚问题而已。 5. 顺便一提，曾有业内人士建议关键词之间使用空格分隔 。这种措施似乎仅适用于中文版，而不适用于英文版关键词，从而并不适用于包含英文关键词的科技期刊。 综上所述，根据国标 GB/T 15834-1995 《标点符号用法》等有关规定 ，关键词之间应当使用顿号而非分号进行分隔。建议涉及关键词的有关国家标准 、《〈中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 〉检索与评价数据规范》 及《 18 讲》 等规范性文献在再版时明确补充或修改为关键词之间使用顿号分隔的规定。作为倡导，笔者所发论文的博客版均已使用顿号分隔中英两版关键词 。 参考文献 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB/T 3179-92 科学技术期刊编排格式 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB 7713-87 科学技术报 告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB/T 3860-1995 文献叙词标引规则 中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 编辑委员会 . 中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 检索与评价数据规 范 , CAJ-CD B/T 1-2006 中华人民共和国国家标准 : GB/T 15834-1995 标点符号用法 陈浩元主编 . 科技书刊标准化 18 讲 , 北京 : 北京师范大学出版社 , 1998, p 241-264 马奋华 , 倪东鸿 , 冯怀莹 . 科技论文中 5 种常见点号的应用 . 中国科技期刊研究 , 2008, 19(4): 676-679 北京大学 国 情研究所 主持编纂 . 世界文明百科全书 . 山西教育出版社 , 1992, p 53-54 陈浩元主编 . 科技书刊标准化 18 讲 , 北京 : 北京师范大学出版社 , 1998, p 242 田美娥 ; 贺元旦 . 中文科技论文中顿号的使用问题 . 出版科学 , 2008, 16(4):38-39 禤胜修 . 关键词标点符号使用之我见 . 编辑学报 , 1995, 7(1): 20-21 周逸辛 , 陆艾五 . 关键词间加标点又何妨 ── 对 关键词标点符号使用之我见 一文的商榷 . 编辑学报 , 1997, 9(2): 123-123 蒋晓晖在科学网的博客 . http://www.sciencenet.cn/u/jiangxh/ 2009-7-17 ---------------------- A slight-pause mark should be used between keywords instead of a semicolon JIANG XiaoHui ( CJC Editorial Office, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032, China ) Abstract On the basis of analysis of the usage policies on punctuation marks declared by The National Standards etc ., the column of Keywords in academic theses belongs structurally to a simplified sentence, in which paratactic keywords should be separated by a slight-pause mark that is used to separate the paratactic academic terms in a simple sentence with the shortest pause, but not by a semicolon that is used to separate the paratactic clauses in a complex sentence with the longest pause. What is more important, the slight-pause mark was created uniquely by our Chinese civilization, is used uniquely by the cultures of Chinese characters, and symbolizes the superiority of our Chinese language to the western one, which should be extensively adopted for the separation of keywords, especially the English keywords in our academic periodicals, in order to popularize the broadness and profoundity of our Chinese culture world-widely. Keywords keyword 、 punctuation 、 slight-pause mark 、 semicolon 、 National Standard 、 Chinese culture superiority 、 culture export
The snapshot: abstract and keywords 在本帖中， 理文编辑 学术总监Dr. Daniel McGowan将向大家展示如何写出吸引读者的摘要和关键词。 Your papers abstract is critical because many researchers will read that part only, rather than reading the entire paper. Therefore, it is critical that it provides an accurate and sufficiently detailed summary of your work so that those researchers can understand what you did, why you did it, what your findings are, and why your findings are useful and important. Your abstract must be able to stand alone, that is, to function as an overview of your study that can be understood without reading the entire text. Readers interested in learning details than could not be included in the abstract will inevitably proceed to the full text. Therefore, the abstract does not need to be overly detailed; for example, it does not need to include a detailed methods section. Even though the abstract is one of the first parts of your paper, it should actually be written last. You should write it soon after finishing the other sections, while the rest of the manuscript is fresh in your head, enabling you to write a concise but comprehensive summary of your study without overlooking anything important. Requirements for abstracts differ among journals, so the target journals instructions for authors should be consulted for specific details. Despite differences among journals, there are a few general rules that should be obeyed when writing an abstract: The word limit should be observed; 250 words is probably about average and commonly adopted as a word limit for abstracts, but many journals request shorter abstracts (for example, Nature Articles and BBRC both have a 150-word limit) while many others (for example, BioMed Central journals) allow longer ones. This is one very good reason why the target journal should be identified before you write your paper. Technical jargon should be avoided so that the abstract is understandable for a broad readership, although what is considered technical may vary depending on the target journals audience. For example, a test of anxiety would generally be clearer than elevated plus-maze test in an abstract, unless the journal was specifically targeted to behavioural researchers. Usually, there simply isnt enough space in the abstract to define and explain technical terminology. If such terminology is unavoidable, it should be defined in simple terms where it is first used. Like technical jargon, abbreviations should be limited as much as possible, although their acceptability may again depend on the target journal. For example, HIV is likely to be acceptable in abbreviated form by most journals. By contrast, RT-PCR might be considered acceptable by a journal reporting molecular biology techniques, but it would need to be spelt in full (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in most journals at first use. Many journals provide a list of acceptable abbreviations on their websites. Necessary abbreviations used three or more times should be defined at first use; however, abbreviations used only once or twice should be spelled out in full unless doing so causes the word limit to be exceeded. Abbreviations that are defined in the abstract will need to be defined again at first use in the main text. Although some journals do allow references to be cited in the abstract, the vast majority do not. Therefore, unless you plan to submit to a journal that allows it, you should not cite references in your abstract. If we look at the instructions to authors for BBRC, we can see the following guidelines: The Abstract should be on page 2, i.e., after the title page The Abstract must be a single paragraph that summarizes the main findings of the paper in fewer than 150 words. A list of up to 10 keywords useful for indexing or searching should be included after the Abstract. Some journals request structured abstracts divided into sections such as background, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Clinical journals may require additional or alternative sections. Therefore, it is again necessary to check the target journals instructions for authors to determine the particular formatting/outline requirements prior to writing. Abstracts are frequently followed by a list of keywords selected by the authors. The instructions for authors will state how many keywords are required and may even provide a list of recommended keywords. Choosing appropriate keywords is important, because these are used for indexing purposes. Well chosen keywords enable your manuscript to be more easily identified and cited. Thus, the keywords should be as specific to your manuscript as possible, and general terms, which could apply to an enormous number of studies, should be avoided. Example: Lets consider some appropriate keywords for the example title from the previous post: Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration (note that this title is and one of two suggested alternatives for the poor title in the example in the previous post). Good keywords would be: okadoic acid, hippocampus, neuronal degeneration, MAP kinase signaling, and possibly mouse (or rat or whatever experimental animal was used). Poor keywords would be: neuron, brain, OA (as an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, and signaling 练习： Suggest 35 suitable keywords to accompany the title in the exercise in the previous post: Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in LV function and dose-related reductions in mortality and hospitalization rate in subjects with chronic heart failure from systolic dysfunction. They dont all have to relate to information contained in the title, so let your imagination run wild: it is the type of keyword rather than the content (the word itself) that is important to consider. 对于上述练习，希望各位可以例举3至5个合适的关键词；同时也欢迎发来您自己的英文摘要以获得 Dr. McGowan 的改进建议。 在这里还需提请各位注意，Dr. McGowan 的母语是英语，无法阅读中文，因此请大家尽量使用英文回帖，如有任何需要与他沟通的学术和语言问题也请使用英语，Dr. McGowan 会及时回复大家的。 Dr. Daniel McGowan 曾任 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 副编辑，负责约稿，管理和撰写期刊内容。于2006年加入理文编辑（Edanz Group） 并从2008年起担任学术总监。Dr. Daniel McGowan 有超过十年的博士后和研究生阶段实验室研究经验，主要致力于神经退化疾病、分子及细胞生物学、蛋白质生物化学、蛋白质组学和基因组学。
标签: 关键词
