文章的摘要十分关键，因为很多研究人员只读摘要而不读全文。因此，摘要提供准确 而详尽的研究总结十分重要：它可以帮助研究人员了解你所开展的工作、你的研究目的和研究发现以及研究结果的益处和重要性。摘要必须能够独立成文，具备研究 概要的功能，使人不看全文就能读懂。在阅读摘要后对文章细节感兴趣的读者自然会继续阅读全文。因此摘要不必太面面俱到，例如，可不必列举方法细节。 尽 管摘要是论文的第一部分，但事实上应最后撰写。在完成其他部分后应尽快写摘要，因为这些内容依然清晰地印在你的脑海中，使你能够对自己的工作进行简明而全 面的总结，而不至于忽略任何重要的内容。不同期刊对摘要的撰写要求有所不同，因此应参照目标杂志的《稿约》了解具体要求。尽管杂志要求不同，但依然存在一 些普遍应遵守的惯例： • 应注意对字数的限制。通常来讲摘要的字数限制平均为250个词，但许多杂志要求更短些(如《Nature》和《BBRC》对摘要的篇幅限制为150个 字)，而许多杂志(如《BioMed Central》)允许摘要篇幅稍长些。这充分说明了为什么应在写文章之前确定目标杂志。 • 应避免使用技术行话，从而使摘要更易懂，更具可读性。不同目标期刊的“技术行话”取决于杂志的读者情况(可以通过期刊网站查询)。例如：“焦虑测试”一词 通常比“高架十字迷宫实验”更容易理解，除非该杂志专门针对行为研究人员。通常摘要因受篇幅所限不能对技术术语进行定义和解释。如果术语使用不可避免，应 在首次提到时用简单的措辞加以定义。 • 如同技术术语一样，应尽量不使用缩略语，其可用性也取决于不同的目标期刊。例如，大多数杂志接受HIV的使用。相比之下，RT-PCR对于分子生物学技术 的杂志是可以接受的，但绝大多数杂志要求在首次使用时给出完整拼写(reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction)。许多杂志在网页上列出可使用的缩略语。反复使用三次或以上的必要的缩略语应在首次使用时给出完整拼写。只使用一次或两次的缩略语应使 用全称，除非这样做超出了字数要求。摘要中已给出全称的缩略语在正文中首次使用时也应给出全称。 • 尽管一些杂志允许在摘要中引用文献，但绝大多数杂志不允许引用文献。因此，除非你要投稿的杂志允许这样做，否则不应在摘要中引用文献。 以下是BBRC杂志作者须知给出的指导性意见： • 摘要应放在第2页，即标题页之后 • 摘要应采用一段式，总结文章的主要发现，篇幅不超过150字 • 摘要后应列出10个用于收录和检索的关键词 一些杂志要求采用结构式摘要，分为背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。临床期刊可能要求额外或不同段落，如“patients”。因此，再次强调，在动笔之前应查阅目标杂志的《稿约》，确定杂志的具体版式或格式要求。 摘 要后经常需要列出由作者选择的关键词。《稿约》会指出要求列出多少个关键词，甚至提供可供参考的关键词清单。选择合适的关键词很重要，因为他们可作检索之 用。选择合适的关键词可以使你的文章更容易被发现和引用。因此，关键词越切合你的文章内容越好，应避免选择多数研究所适用的一般性术语。 实例：让为这个题目选择合适的关键词： “Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration” 好的关键词：okadoic acid、hippocampus、neuronal degeneration、MAP kinase signaling以及mouse (或是rat或其他实验动物)。 差的关键词：neuron、brain、OA (简写)、regional-specific neuronal degeneration以及signaling。这些词过于笼统。 英文原文 The snapshot: abstract and keywords Your paper’s abstract is critical because many researchers will read that part only, rather than reading the entire paper. Therefore, it is critical that it provides an accurate and sufficiently detailed summary of your work so that those researchers can understand what you did, why you did it, what your findings are, and why your findings are useful and important. Your abstract must be able to stand alone, that is, to function as an overview of your study that can be understood without reading the entire text. Readers who become interested in learning more details than can be included in the abstract will inevitably proceed to the full text. Therefore, the abstract does not need to be overly detailed; for example, it does not need to include a detailed methods section. Even though the abstract is one of the first parts of your paper, it should actually be written last. You should write it soon after finishing the other sections, while the rest of the manuscript is fresh in your mind, enabling you to write a concise but comprehensive summary of your study without overlooking anything important. Requirements for abstracts differ among journals, so the target journal’s instructions for authors should be consulted for specific details. Despite differences among journals, there are a few general rules that should be obeyed when writing an abstract: • The word limit should be observed; 250 words is probably about average and commonly adopted as a word limit for the abstract, but many journals request shorter abstracts (for example, Nature Articles and BBRC both have a 150-word limit) while many others (for example, BioMed Central journals) allow longer ones. This is one good reason why the target journal should be identified before you write your paper. • Technical jargon should be avoided so that the abstract is understandable for a broad readership, although what is considered “technical” may vary depending on the target journal’s audience (check the journal’s website for details of their readership). For example, “a test of anxiety” would generally be clearer than “elevated plus-maze test” in an abstract unless the journal was specifically targeted to behavioral researchers. Usually, there simply isn’t enough space in the abstract to define and explain technical terminology. If such terminology is unavoidable, it should be defined in simple terms where it is first used. • Like technical jargon, abbreviations should be limited as much as possible, although their acceptability may again depend on the target journal. For example, HIV is likely to be acceptable in abbreviated form by most journals. By contrast, RT-PCR might be considered acceptable by a journal reporting molecular biology techniques, but would it need to be spelt in full (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in most journals at first use. Many journals provide a list of acceptable abbreviations on their websites. Necessary abbreviations used three or more times should be defined at first use; however, abbreviations used only once or twice should be spelled out in full unless doing so causes the word limit to be exceeded. Abbreviations that are defined in the abstract will need to be defined again at first use in the main text. • Although some journals do allow references to be cited in the abstract, the vast majority do not. Therefore, unless you plan to submit to a journal that allows it, you should not cite references in your abstract. If we look at the instructions to authors for BBRC, we can see the following guidelines: • The Abstract should be on page 2, i.e., after the title page • The Abstract must be a single paragraph that summarizes the main findings of the paper in fewer than 150 words. • A list of up to 10 keywords useful for indexing or searching should be included after the Abstract. Some journals request structured abstracts divided into sections such as background, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Clinical journals may require additional or alternative sections, such as ‘patients’. Therefore, it is again necessary to check the target journal’s instructions for authors to determine the particular formatting/outline requirements prior to writing. Abstracts are frequently followed by a list of keywords selected by the authors. The instructions for authors will state how many keywords are required and may even provide a list of recommended keywords. Choosing appropriate keywords is important, because these are used for indexing purposes. Well chosen keywords enable your manuscript to be more easily identified and cited. Thus, the keywords should be as specific to your manuscript as possible, and general terms, which could apply to an enormous number of studies, should be avoided. Examples: Let’s consider some appropriate keywords for the following title: “Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration”. Good keywords would be: okadaic acid, hippocampus, neuronal degeneration, MAP kinase signaling, and possibly mouse (or rat or whatever experimental animal was used). Poor keywords would be: neuron, brain, OA (as an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, and signaling. These terms are simply too general. Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
技术外溢、知识外溢的影响因素、研究方法文献综述 李剑 说明：对于过去一段时间的研究进行概览式文献回顾，综述并梳理一下思路。 关键词：技术外溢、技术溢出、知识溢出、知识外溢、度量、测度、研究模式、影响因素、产出回归、技术回归、收益率回归、外商直接投资、FDI，Foreign Direct Investment, technology spillovers, externalities, Knowledge spillovers 技术外溢，或者知识外溢，就是不需要付费，也能获得他人的技术或知识。有不可避免的外溢，例如新的设计方案。别人一看就学会了。也有故意的外溢，例如微软纵容中国的盗版破解。不管怎样，从他人那里免费获得技术，可以在一定程度上提高自身的技术水平，进而提高生产能力。 这个领域的关键问题是：技术外溢是不是存在？有哪些因素影响技术外溢？如何度量外溢程度？下面是一些关键文献。 一、技术外溢的影响因素 外资参股、行业特征、吸收能力、制度转型、地理因素。 代表性文献有：Aitken and Harrison(1999)、Cohen and Levinthal(1989）、Keller(2002）等。 二、技术外溢的研究模式 1.产出回归模式 Y=f(E，X)+u Y是本国的产出，E为外溢相关类指标(如FDI被怀疑具有外溢效应，则采用FDI的研发指标)，X为控制变量。如果回归方程中E对Y具有显著正相关，则有技术外溢。（考虑内生性问题后） 优点：直接获得E外溢引起的增长效应。 缺点：增长效应是一个综合效应，无法甄别纯粹技术溢出的效应。 代表性文献：Aitken and Harrison(1999)。 该模式的拓展：以独特方法定义并计算出E。例如E定义为间接RD。采用投入产出表计算行业相似度，进而生成间接RD的数据。代表性文献：潘文卿等(2011)。 2.技术回归模式 TECH= (E，X)+u TECH为本国技术(可用TFP，专利数据等代理)，如果回归方程中E对TECH有显著正相关，则有技术外溢。（考虑内生性问题后） 优点：甄别技术溢出效应 缺点：TECH的度量问题不完善，没有考虑到知识外部性对经济的本质影响——外部性引起收益率差异 代表性文献：Caves(1974), Coe and Helpman(1995), Keller(2002) 3.收益率度量模式 通过度量收益率差异来度量知识外部性。没有外部性，则收益率没有差异；外部性越强，收益率差异越大。但是在2009年以前，学术界只度量技术的社会收益率，没有度量过外部性引起的收益率差异——技术开发者的私人收益率和该项技术的社会收益率之间的差异。一项技术，即使社会收益率再高，如果保密得好，照样没有技术外溢。因此社会收益率虽然重要，但是用来度量技术外溢并不恰当。必须要用收益率差异来研究技术外溢。 3.1.社会收益率度量的代表性文献 ：Jones and Williams(1998)。 3.2.收益率差异度量的代表性文献 ：沈坤荣、李剑(2009)，Li,et.al.(2011)。 前者在研发和外部性驱动的经济中利用C-D生产函数得到了度量收益率差异的方法；后者将沈坤荣、李剑(2009)的方法推广到一般化的知识外溢模型，并且不需要了解企业具体的生产函数形式。实际数据采集中，生产函数、生产成本等信息往往被认为商业机密，即使可用问卷调查获取，也不太可信。这就是私有信息采集难题。该方法巧妙克服了私有信息采集难题。 文献综述 关于技术外溢的影响因素和研究模式的文献综述见 李剑等(2009)； 关于知识外溢对空间集聚、创新、区域增长等因素的影响的文献综述见 赵勇、白永秀（2009）。 相关技术扩散英文综述见 Keller(2004) 参考文献 Aitken, Brian J., and Ann E. Harrison. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela . The American Economic Review, 1999, 89(3): 605-618. Caves, Richard E. Multinational Firms, Competition, and Productivity in Host-Country Markets Economica, 1974, 41(162): 176-193. Coe, David T., and Elhanan Helpman. International RD Spillovers . European Economic Review 1995, 39(5): 859-887. Cohen, Wesley M., and Daniel A. Levinthal. Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of RD The Economic Journal, 1989, 99(397): 569-596. Jones, Charles I., and John C. Williams. Measuring the Social Return to RD . The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1998, 113(4): 1119-1135. Keller, Wolfgang. Geographic Localization of International Technology Diffusion . The American Economic Review, 2002, 92(1): 120-142. Keller, Wolfgang. International Technology Diffusion. Journal of Economic Literature, 2004, 42(3): 752-782. Li, Jian, Kunrong Shen and Ru Zhang, Measuring Knowledge Spillovers: A Non-appropriable Returns Perspective , Annals of Economics and Finance, 2011, 12(2): 265-293. 潘文卿,李子奈,刘强. 中国产业间的技术溢出效应:基于35个工业部门的经验研究 . 经济研究 . 2011,(07) . 赵勇,白永秀, 知识溢出:一个文献综述. 经济研究,2009,(1). 李剑等.技术外溢的影响因素及其研究模式 ，现代经济探讨.2009,(6)。 沈坤荣 , 李剑 . 企业间技术外溢的测度 . 经济研究 . 2009, (04) 。
文章的摘要十分关键，因为很多研究人员只读摘要而不读全文。因此，摘要提供准确而详尽的研究总结十分重要：它可以帮助研究人员了解你所开展的工作、你的研究目的和研究发现以及研究结果的益处和重要性。摘要必须能够独立成文，具备研究概要的功能，使人不看全文就能读懂。在阅读摘要后对文章细节感兴趣的读者自然会继续阅读全文。因此摘要不必太面面俱到，例如，可不必列举方法细节。 尽管摘要是论文的第一部分，但事实上应最后撰写。在完成其他部分后应尽快写摘要，因为这些内容依然清晰地印在你的脑海中，使你能够对自己的工作进行简明而全面的总结，而不至于忽略任何重要的内容。不同期刊对摘要的撰写要求有所不同，因此应参照目标杂志的《稿约》了解具体要求。尽管杂志要求不同，但依然存在一些普遍应遵守的惯例： • 应注意对字数的限制。通常来讲摘要的字数限制平均为250个词，但许多杂志要求更短些(如《Nature》和《BBRC》对摘要的篇幅限制为150个字)，而许多杂志(如《BioMed Central》)允许摘要篇幅稍长些。这充分说明了为什么应在写文章之前确定目标杂志。 • 应避免使用技术行话，从而使摘要更易懂，更具可读性。不同目标期刊的“技术行话”取决于杂志的读者情况(可以通过期刊网站查询)。例如：“焦虑测试”一词通常比“高架十字迷宫实验”更容易理解，除非该杂志专门针对行为研究人员。通常摘要因受篇幅所限不能对技术术语进行定义和解释。如果术语使用不可避免，应在首次提到时用简单的措辞加以定义。 • 如同技术术语一样，应尽量不使用缩略语，其可用性也取决于不同的目标期刊。例如，大多数杂志接受HIV的使用。相比之下，RT-PCR对于分子生物学技术的杂志是可以接受的，但绝大多数杂志要求在首次使用时给出完整拼写(reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction)。许多杂志在网页上列出可使用的缩略语。反复使用三次或以上的必要的缩略语应在首次使用时给出完整拼写。只使用一次或两次的缩略语应使用全称，除非这样做超出了字数要求。摘要中已给出全称的缩略语在正文中首次使用时也应给出全称。 • 尽管一些杂志允许在摘要中引用文献，但绝大多数杂志不允许引用文献。因此，除非你要投稿的杂志允许这样做，否则不应在摘要中引用文献。 以下是BBRC杂志作者须知给出的指导性意见： • 摘要应放在第2页，即标题页之后 • 摘要应采用一段式，总结文章的主要发现，篇幅不超过150字 • 摘要后应列出10个用于收录和检索的关键词 一些杂志要求采用结构式摘要，分为背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。临床期刊可能要求额外或不同段落，如“patients”。因此，再次强调，在动笔之前应查阅目标杂志的《稿约》，确定杂志的具体版式或格式要求。 摘要后经常需要列出由作者选择的关键词。《稿约》会指出要求列出多少个关键词，甚至提供可供参考的关键词清单。选择合适的关键词很重要，因为他们可作检索之用。选择合适的关键词可以使你的文章更容易被发现和引用。因此，关键词越切合你的文章内容越好，应避免选择多数研究所适用的一般性术语。 实例：让为这个题目选择合适的关键词： “Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration” 好的关键词：okadoic acid、hippocampus、neuronal degeneration、MAP kinase signaling以及mouse (或是rat或其他实验动物)。 差的关键词：neuron、brain、OA (简写)、regional-specific neuronal degeneration以及signaling。这些词过于笼统。 练习： 丁香园网友应邀贴出自己的摘要，Dr. McGowan对结构和效果给出反馈意见。大家积极跟贴响应，其中不乏一些好的摘要，此处以“Skye2749”贴出的摘要为例： Abstract AIM: To study the physiological activities of ** on gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: The property of ** on the smooth muscle contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum was investigated. RESULTS: Lower doses of ** (≤ 400 μg/mL) potentiated the tension of spontaneous muscle contractions. At a concentration of 80 μg/mL, ** increase the contractile tension by 23.10 ± 2.16% (P 0.01) relative to baseline values. On the other hand, higher doses ( 400 μg/mL) of ** induced relaxation, which may be due to the attenuated tension and frequency. Furthermore, atropine (10 μM) but not NE (1 μM) partially inhibited ** -induced smooth muscle contractions suggesting that cholinergic nerves were involved. Moreover, the M3 receptor 4-DAMP (10 μM), but not the nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium (10 μM) or M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine (10 μM) reduced the stimulant effect of CO. In addition, pretreatment of the tissues with verapamil (0.1 μM), significantly (P 0.01) decreased ** -induced contractility. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that M3 muscarinic receptor and Ca2+ influx mediate ** -induced muscle contractions. These provide evidence for the use of ** in GI disorders. Key words: **; Intestinal smooth muscle; Rabbit jejunum; Calcium; Muscarinic receptor; M3 receptor 尽管有几处语言问题，这个摘要还是以不足200字的叙述传达出了所有的必要信息。其中十分清晰地表明了该研究的目的、都进行了哪些操作、有何发现以及这些发现的意义。我建议“Skye2749”进行如下修改以改善摘要的清晰性和可读性： The snapshot: abstract and keywords Your paper’s abstract is critical because many researchers will read that part only, rather than reading the entire paper. Therefore, it is critical that it provides an accurate and sufficiently detailed summary of your work so that those researchers can understand what you did, why you did it, what your findings are, and why your findings are useful and important. Your abstract must be able to stand alone, that is, to function as an overview of your study that can be understood without reading the entire text. Readers who become interested in learning more details than can be included in the abstract will inevitably proceed to the full text. Therefore, the abstract does not need to be overly detailed; for example, it does not need to include a detailed methods section. Even though the abstract is one of the first parts of your paper, it should actually be written last. You should write it soon after finishing the other sections, while the rest of the manuscript is fresh in your mind, enabling you to write a concise but comprehensive summary of your study without overlooking anything important. Requirements for abstracts differ among journals, so the target journal’s instructions for authors should be consulted for specific details. Despite differences among journals, there are a few general rules that should be obeyed when writing an abstract: • The word limit should be observed; 250 words is probably about average and commonly adopted as a word limit for the abstract, but many journals request shorter abstracts (for example, Nature Articles and BBRC both have a 150-word limit) while many others (for example, BioMed Central journals) allow longer ones. This is one good reason why the target journal should be identified before you write your paper. • Technical jargon should be avoided so that the abstract is understandable for a broad readership, although what is considered “technical” may vary depending on the target journal’s audience (check the journal’s website for details of their readership). For example, “a test of anxiety” would generally be clearer than “elevated plus-maze test” in an abstract unless the journal was specifically targeted to behavioral researchers. Usually, there simply isn’t enough space in the abstract to define and explain technical terminology. If such terminology is unavoidable, it should be defined in simple terms where it is first used. • Like technical jargon, abbreviations should be limited as much as possible, although their acceptability may again depend on the target journal. For example, HIV is likely to be acceptable in abbreviated form by most journals. By contrast, RT-PCR might be considered acceptable by a journal reporting molecular biology techniques, but would it need to be spelt in full (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in most journals at first use. Many journals provide a list of acceptable abbreviations on their websites. Necessary abbreviations used three or more times should be defined at first use; however, abbreviations used only once or twice should be spelled out in full unless doing so causes the word limit to be exceeded. Abbreviations that are defined in the abstract will need to be defined again at first use in the main text. • Although some journals do allow references to be cited in the abstract, the vast majority do not. Therefore, unless you plan to submit to a journal that allows it, you should not cite references in your abstract. If we look at the instructions to authors for BBRC, we can see the following guidelines: • The Abstract should be on page 2, i.e., after the title page • The Abstract must be a single paragraph that summarizes the main findings of the paper in fewer than 150 words. • A list of up to 10 keywords useful for indexing or searching should be included after the Abstract. Some journals request structured abstracts divided into sections such as background, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Clinical journals may require additional or alternative sections, such as ‘patients’. Therefore, it is again necessary to check the target journal’s instructions for authors to determine the particular formatting/outline requirements prior to writing. Abstracts are frequently followed by a list of keywords selected by the authors. The instructions for authors will state how many keywords are required and may even provide a list of recommended keywords. Choosing appropriate keywords is important, because these are used for indexing purposes. Well chosen keywords enable your manuscript to be more easily identified and cited. Thus, the keywords should be as specific to your manuscript as possible, and general terms, which could apply to an enormous number of studies, should be avoided. Examples: Let’s consider some appropriate keywords for the following title: “Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration”. Good keywords would be: okadaic acid, hippocampus, neuronal degeneration, MAP kinase signaling, and possibly mouse (or rat or whatever experimental animal was used). Poor keywords would be: neuron, brain, OA (as an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, and signaling. These terms are simply too general. Networking scientists were invited to post their own abstracts to receive feedback on their construction and impact. Many abstracts were posted, including some excellent ones. Among them was the following abstract from Skye2749: Abstract AIM: To study the physiological activities of ** on gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: The property of ** on the smooth muscle contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum was investigated. RESULTS: Lower doses of ** (≤ 400 μg/mL) potentiated the tension of spontaneous muscle contractions. At a concentration of 80 μg/mL, ** increase the contractile tension by 23.10 ± 2.16% (P 0.01) relative to baseline values. On the other hand, higher doses ( 400 μg/mL) of ** induced relaxation, which may be due to the attenuated tension and frequency. Furthermore, atropine (10 μM) but not NE (1 μM) partially inhibited ** -induced smooth muscle contractions suggesting that cholinergic nerves were involved. Moreover, the M3 receptor 4-DAMP (10 μM), but not the nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium (10 μM) or M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine (10 μM) reduced the stimulant effect of CO. In addition, pretreatment of the tissues with verapamil (0.1 μM), significantly (P 0.01) decreased ** -induced contractility. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that M3 muscarinic receptor and Ca2+ influx mediate ** -induced muscle contractions. These provide evidence for the use of ** in GI disorders. Key words: **; Intestinal smooth muscle; Rabbit jejunum; Calcium; Muscarinic receptor; M3 receptor Although there were a couple of minor problems with the English, this abstract conveys all the necessary pieces of information in under 200 words. It is very clear why the study was performed, what was done, what was found and what these findings mean. I suggested Skye2749 make the following changes to the abstract to improve its clarity and readability: Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
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