中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十五 湿地修复工程 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 2.3.3 湿地修复工程 2.3.3 Wetland restoration program 2011 年 4 月 30 日，随着白洋淀十二孔闸闸门缓慢降下，河北省第 4 次“引黄济淀”工程圆满结束。白洋淀水域面积因此扩大了 60% ，白洋淀的“干渴”危机得到缓解，白洋淀湿地生态得到基本恢复。在白洋淀修复之前，这里面临着水质污染、湿地沼泽化甚至湿地干涸等严重的湿地生态退化问题。白洋淀生态修复是全国湿地生态恢复工程的一个缩影。 On April 30, 2011, with the twelfth floodgate of the Baiyang Lake descending slowly, the 4 th phrase of diversion of water from the Yellow River to the Baiyang Lake in Hebei came to an end. The water area in the Baiyang Lake has been expanded by 60%. Its “thirst” has been eased, and its wetland ecosystem recovered. Before restoration, the Baiyang Lake was facing a serious problem of ecological degradation: water pollution and swampiness of wetland or even drying-up. The ecological restoration of the Baiyang Lake is an epitome of China’s national wetland restoration project. 按照国际定义，湿地是地球上所有露头的淡水，以及涨潮深度小于 6 米的近海海域。就是说，江、河、湖泊、沼泽与近海，都属于湿地。中国人非常关心湿地恢复工作，究其原因，是因为该类生态系统受到的损害最大。过去 50 年来，河北省的湿地竟消失了 90% ！即便侥幸留下来的湿地，八成以上也变成了污水排泄场所，无法很好地发挥湿地生态功能。陕西关中一带 30 多个县，几十年来消失上万个池塘！在南方，中国最大的淡水湖鄱阳湖，水域面积从最高记录 4000 平方公里，减少到了不足 50 平方公里，竟减少了 98.8% ！内蒙古阿拉善盟，由于上游地区过量使用黑河水资源，使得进入绿洲的水量由 9 亿立方米减少到现在的不足 2 亿立方米，致使东西居延海干枯，几百处湖泊消失！ According to the international definition, a wetland is a land area saturated with water, or offshore area whose depth of tidal water is less than 6 meters. That is to say, rivers, lakes, swamps and coastal waters are all wetlands. The fundamental reason for China’s concern about the wetland restoration work is that this ecosystem has suffered the most serious damage. Over the past 50 years, wetlands in Hebei actually have been reduced by 90%! More than 80% of the wetlands retained have become sewage areas, instead of playing the ecological functions of wetlands. In more than 30 counties of central Shaanxi, as many as over 10,000 ponds have vanished in the last decades! In the south, the water area of China’s largest freshwater lake, the Poyang Lake, has shrunk from a record-high 4,000 square kilometers to less than 50 square kilometers, a decrease of 98.8%! In Alxa League of Inner Mongolia, due to excessive use of water resources of the Heihe River in the upstream areas, water flowing into the oasis was reduced from 900 million to less than 200 million cubic meters, resulting in the drying up of the East and West Juyanhai Lake and the disappearance of hundreds of other stretches of water! 掠夺性开发和不合理利用，淤积、污染、过度排水等，导致湿地面积和资源日益减少，功能和效益下降，生物多样性丧失。湿地被称为“地球之肾”，湿地的减少和功能退化，不仅对区域生态造成破坏，而且由于湿地生态对区域气候有重要调节作用，湿地的破坏会进一步影响周边其他生态系统的稳定。近年来，洪涝、干旱、赤潮、沙尘暴、荒漠化等自然灾害的频繁发生，许多都与湿地的消失和退化密切相关。不仅如此，湿地面积减少和水质恶化，导致可利用淡水资源严重减少，直接威胁到水资源供给安全，进而影响到整个经济和社会的稳定，影响到中国的可持续发展。因湿地消失，干旱几度由北方转移到鱼米之乡的江南。 2007 年，鄱阳湖大旱，湖畔城市上千万人遭受饮水危机。 Over exploitation and unreasonable utilization, silting up, pollution, and excessive drainage have led to gradual reduction of wetlands and resources, declining functions and efficiency, and loss of biodiversity. The wetland is called “kidney of the earth”. The decrease of wetlands and their degradation of functions, not only inflict damage to the regional ecology, but also further affect the stability of their neighboring ecosystems, because the wetland ecosystem plays an important role in regional climate regulation. In recent years, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, red tides, sand storms, and desertification is closely related to the loss and degradation of wetlands. Moreover, area reduction and deterioration of water quality in the wetlands result in serious reduction of available freshwater resources and pose a direct threat to the security of water supply, which will eventually affect overall economic and social stability and retard China’s sustainable development. The loss of wetlands sometimes causes the aridity to spread from the north to the south, the land of milk and honey. In 2007, the great drought in the Poyang Lake triggered a water crisis for tens of millions of people. 湿地具有涵养水源的作用，湿地萎缩不仅造成供水危机，同时也影响了生态防洪能力。 1998 年，长江流域发生特大洪水，共溃决堤垸 2000 多个，淹没耕地 283 万亩，受灾人口达 253 万。这次洪水与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖等湖泊湿地面积的锐减有很大关系。 Wetlands have the function of water conservation, so that their shrinkage does not only cause a water crisis, but also affects the ecological capacity of flood control. In 1998, a catastrophic flood occurred in the Yangtze River, causing more than 2,000 dikes to collapse, 2.83 million mu of farmland to be flooded and affecting 2.53 million people. The flood was closely linked with the sharp receding of wetlands in the Dongting Lake and the Poyang Lake, etc. 大自然已经敲响了警钟，湿地保护已经刻不容缓！ Nature has set off alarm bells, and wetland protection task is pressing! 开始于 2005 年、结束于 2010 年的湿地保护一期工程，使中国 70% 的重要湿地得到了有效保护，基本形成自然湿地保护网络体系。“十二五”以来，中国湿地保护明显提速。按照新的规划，在国家级湿地自然保护区、国家重要湿地区域范围及其周边敏感区域内，要强化保护区建设。中国已从现有的 473 个湿地类型的自然保护区中，选择近一半（ 222 个）投资强化保护区建设，另外新建野生稻保护区 13 个，并对 4 处严重退化的国家级湿地自然保护区的核心区实施移民。 The first-stage project of wetland protection beginning in 2005 and ending in 2010 has effectively protected 70% of China’s important wetlands, and a basic natural wetland protection network system has been in shape. Since the launching of the 12 th Five-Year Plan, wetland protection has been significantly accelerated. Under the new plan, it is necessary to intensify the construction of protected areas in National Wetland Nature Reserves, within wetlands of national significance and their sensitive surrounding zones. China has selected nearly half (222) of the existing 473 wetland nature reserves for the construction of protected areas. In addition, it has built 13 new in situ conservations of wild rice resources areas and implemented migration from the core areas of 4 severely degraded national wetland nature reserves. 对于退化湿地，重点进行生态恢复工程，主要包括：生态补水工程，包括吉林向海、黑龙江扎龙、黑龙江洪河、山东黄河河口、黄河禹门口潼关段河滩、河北白洋淀和衡水湖、新疆塔里木河下游、内蒙古黑河下游居延海、太湖、滇池、山东南四湖等；湿地污染控制工程，包括江苏阳澄湖和溱湖、新疆环博斯腾湖、内蒙古乌梁素海，开展富营养化湖泊湿地生物控制示范；湿地生态恢复和综合整治工程，包括大庆、辽河和大港油田，开展湿地保护示范工程…… With regard to degraded wetlands, the focus is on ecological restoration projects, including ecological water compensation projects covering Xianghai Nature Reserve in Jilin, Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang, Honghe River Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang, the estuary of the Yellow River in Shandong, river shoals of Tongguan section, Yumenkou on the Yellow River, the Baiyang Lake and the Hengshui Lake in Hebei, the downstream section of the Tarim River in Xinjiang, the Juyanhai Lake in the downstream section of the Heihe River in Inner Mongolia, the Taihu Lake, the Dianchi Lake, and the Nansi Lake in Shandong, etc. The wetland pollution control projects involve the Yangcheng Lake and the Qin Lake in Jiangsu, the Bostan Lake Ring area in Xinjiang and Ulansuhai Nur in Inner Mongolia, in conjunction with the implementation of lake and wetland eutrophication demonstration programs. The wetland ecological restoration and comprehensive treatment project covers the Daqing, Liaohe and Dagang oilfields. 通过有效的湿地治理措施，不少干涸的湿地重现生机。让我们回过头来看看刚才讲的白洋淀。通过生态补水工程，白洋淀水域面积由 82 平方公里扩大到 134 平方公里，占白洋淀总面积的 36% ，水位由补水前的 6.7 米上升到 7.4 米。充足的水量使白洋淀再现烟波浩渺的景象，芦苇、菖蒲、荷花等湿地植物再显白洋淀风光，数百只天鹅或在空中翱翔，或悠然戏水。这样久违的湿地美景，在治理区许多地方重新出现。 Through effective wetland management measures, many dried wetlands have revitalized. For instance in the Baiyangdian Lake, through ecological water compensation projects, the water area has expanded from 82 to 134 square kilometers, accounting for 36% of the total lake area, and the water level has risen from 6.7 to 7.4 meters. Sufficient water means that the lake can reproduce the former scene of a vast expanse of mist-shrouded waters; wetland plants like reeds, calamus, and lotus have helped the former wetland scenery reappear, with hundreds of swans flying in the air or leisurely swimming in the water. Such long-lost views are now reoccurring in many areas through treatment. \0 \0
中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十四 荒漠化治理 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 2.3.2 荒漠化治理 2.3.2 Desertification control 上面讲的浑善达克沙地生态恢复的案例，是全国荒漠化治理的一个缩影。如果稀树疏林草地生态进一步恶化，会演化为荒漠生态，形成荒漠化。荒漠化，是大风吹蚀、流水侵蚀、土壤盐渍化等原因，使得土壤生产力下降乃至丧失，进而导致比荒漠生产力高的生态系统（ 1.1.1 ～ 1.1.8 所述）演化为荒漠生态系统。中国是世界上荒漠化最严重的国家之一，荒漠化和沙化土地面积达 438 万平方公里，已经大大超过了全国耕地面积的总和，占国土面积的比例高达 45% ！ The aforementioned natural restoration of the Hunshandake Sandland is one example of China’s treatment of desertification. If the sparse forest ecology further deteriorates, it will become desert ecology, namely, the process of desertification. This process is the result of wind erosion, soil erosion, and soil salinization, etc. The soil productivity declines or even gets totally lost, which, in turn, will expedite the transformation of ecosystems (as mentioned in 1.1.1–1.1.8) with higher productivity than that of desert ecosystems into desert ecosystems. China is one of the countries undergoing the most serious desertification. Degraded and desertified areas reach 4.38 million square kilometers, far exceeding the total cultivated area, and accounting for 45% of the total land area! 中国人对荒漠化并不陌生。半个多世纪以来，中国政府和民间通过各种努力，与荒漠化进行了长期的斗争。在科学研究方面，中国科学家编制了 1:50 万的各主要沙漠化地区的沙漠化详细地图，并做出典型区沙漠化发展趋势预测图，提出了若干专题研究报告。同时，在不同类型沙漠化地区，建立沙漠化治理的示范试验基地，开展沙漠化治理研究，如宁夏沙坡头沙漠化研究站等。 Chinese people are well aware of desertification. Over half a century, the government and people have been engaged in a struggle to overcome this natural adversity. Scientific study has enabled Chinese scientists to develop a detailed map of the major areas of desertification with the map scale of 1:500,000, to make forecasts of desertification in typical areas, and to come up with a number of research reports. They have also established demonstration test bases in regions with different types of desertification, such as the Ningxia Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station. 在科学研究的基础上，中国政府实施了多项荒漠化治理措施。在半干旱区，优化土地利用结构，合理安排农业、林业、牧业的比重；对弃耕地和退化草场，实施封育，促使植被借助自然力恢复；在牧区，采取分区轮牧，限制载畜量；在工程措施上，采用生物固沙为主、工程措施固沙为辅的固沙方法。在干旱区，以内陆河流流域作为生态单元进行全面规划，合理分配上中下游用水比例；以绿洲为中心，在绿洲外建设封沙育草带，在绿洲边缘建设乔木灌木结合的防沙林带，在绿洲内部建立窄林带与小网格护田林网相结合的防护林体系；针对绿洲边缘流动沙丘，采取在沙丘表面设置沙障与障内栽植固沙植物相结合的防护体系…… On the basis of scientific research, the government has implemented a number of measures for combating desertification. In semi-arid region, it has optimized the land use structure and reasonably arranged the proportion for agricultural, forestry, and animal husbandry use; it has adopted the fencing method for abandoned farmland and depredated grassland to prompt natural restoration of vegetation. In pastoral areas, rotational grazing has been implemented to reduce the stocking rate; technically speaking, the biological sand consolidation method has been used, supplemented by engineering method of sand consolidation. In arid areas, a comprehensive plan has been carried out by taking the inland river basin as an ecological unit, and rationally distributing the ratio of water utilization for different reaches of rivers; centering on oases, sand fencing has been installed around oases for forage growth, in addition to building sand-prevention forests with a mix of trees and shrubs along the edge of the oasis, and building shelterbelt networks combining a narrow forest belt and small-grid protective forest belt; as to migratory dunes along the edge of the oasis, the shelterbelt network technique has been adopted, by combining sand barriers on the surface of the sand dunes and planting sand binders inside the barrier… 经过几十年的努力，中国荒漠化治理已取得明显成绩。 2005 年第三次全国荒漠化和沙化监测结果显示，中国荒漠化和沙化土地面积同时缩小，整体扩展趋势得到初步遏制。在这一大好形势下，国家林业局又申请启动了全国性防沙治沙计划，争取到 2030 年，在巩固前期治理成果的基础上，沙化土地总面积逐年减少；到 2050 年，能够治理的沙化土地基本得到治理，最终在沙区建成较为完备的生态体系。 By dint of decades of efforts, China has made significant achievements in combating desertification. Results from the Third National Degradation and Desertification Monitoring in 2005 showed that desert areas had been reduced and the trend of overall desert expansion had been initially curbed. Under these favorable circumstances, the State Forestry Administration applied to launch the national anti-desertification program. According to this program, by 2030 the total desertified land area will steadily fall on the basis of the former achievement. By 2050, all the desertified lands that can be treated will be basically treated until a relatively complete ecosystem will be established in the end. 荒漠化治理的成果鼓舞人心，如果全国性防沙治沙计划全面成功，中国干旱区也许再也不受风沙危害，中国北方很多地方的景观和生活环境，将有可能焕然一新。 The fruits of desertification control are inspiring. If the national anti-desertification program achieves an overall success, then China’s arid region may never suffer from hazards of sand storms and the landscape and living environment in many parts of northern China may take on an entirely new look. （图片来自网络）
中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十二 海洋环境保护 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 2.2.4 海洋环境保护 2.2.4 Marine environmental protection 2009 年 10 月 27 日，中广网珠海频道报道了下面一则消息：珠海香炉湾一带海面，出现了大量泡沫，海水呈现褐色，外观像酱油，水中还可见白色条状物。这已是当地一天之内第二次出现海水变“酱油”了。“酱油海水”出现的原因，是严重的海洋污染造成的大规模赤潮。那么，赤潮是怎么产生的呢？ On October 27, 2009, Zhuhai Channel of CNR reported that a lot of foam had appeared on the surface of Xianglu Bay Zhuhai. The water became as brown as soy sauce, carrying some white stripes of substances. This was the second occurrence of “soy sauce” seawater in one day. The reason was large-scale red tides resulting from serious marine pollution. Then, how is red tide generated? 陆地上的各种污染物，尤其是含氮、磷成分的污染物质，随着水流、风力和重力作用，最终在海洋里集中。海洋中那些喜欢高氮、高磷的褐甲藻、裸甲藻等浮游植物，超常地大量繁殖，以至于覆盖了海水水面。因为这类浮游植物颜色以红褐色为主，所以称为赤潮。海洋赤潮的成因在陆地，是陆地上工厂、农田、城市排污过量造成的。 Various pollutants on the land, in particular those containing nitrogen or phosphorus, flow into the sea and are concentrated there by the tide, wind and gravity. Phytoplankton seeking a high nitrogen and high-phosphorus environment, such as brown dinoflagellates and Gymnodinium catenatum , will multiply at an extraordinary rate to the extent that the surface of the sea is covered with them. Because this type of phytoplankton is reddish brown, so it is called red tide. The red tide originates on the land, specifically through excessive discharge of pollutants from factories, farmland, and cities. 赤潮多发期为 5~8 月，高发期在 5 月和 6 月。 2012 年，中国沿海共发现赤潮 73 次， 12 次造成灾害。其中 5 月发现赤潮 31 次，累计面积达 3746 平方千米； 6 月发现赤潮 11 次，累计面积达 3909 平方千米。 2012 年，赤潮造成的直接经济损失达 20.15 亿元。海洋的出现已有几十亿年历史，但人类利用海洋的历史仅几千年。历史上海洋并未发生严重的污染问题，这是因为海洋对有害物质具有巨大的代谢能力。污染物质进入海洋后，经过扩散、稀释等物理过程，氧化、还原等化学过程，以及生物降解等过程，部分或全部被海水吸收、沉降或转化，使海洋环境恢复到健康的状态。然而，海水的巨大代谢能力也不是无限的。现在，海水遭受的污染已经超过了限度，使得海洋出现了史无前例的环境污染和生态破坏。 The red tide often occurs from May to August, the high-incidence months being May and June. In 2012, there were 73 red tides in China’s coastal areas, and 12 of them caused disasters. In May, there occurred 31 red tides, with the total affected area of 3,746 square kilometers; and in June, there emerged 11 red tides, with the total inflicted area of 3,909 square kilometers. In 2012, the direct economic losses caused by these phenomena reached 2.015 billion Yuan. The ocean has existed for billions of years, but human use of the oceans could be traced to only a few thousand years ago. In history, serious marine pollution did not occur, and that’s because the ocean has tremendous metabolic capacity of dealing with hazardous substances. Pollutants in the sea underwent a physical process of diffusion and dilution, chemical processes of oxidation and reduction, and other processes such as biodegradation. Thus, these pollutants would be partially or completely absorbed, settled or transformed by the seawater and in this way the marine environment would return to a healthy state. However, the metabolic capacity of the sea is not unlimited. Now, water pollution exceeds the limit, thus giving rise to unprecedented marine environmental pollution and ecological destruction has occurred. 为了保护海洋生态，控制赤潮之类的环境事件发生，中国于 1982 年颁布了《海洋环境保护法》，并经 1999 年修订后，从 2000 年 4 月开始实施。《海洋环境保护法》颁布之前，许多长期在海上作业的人员，海洋环保意识淡薄，经常违规向海中排放油污水、洗舱水、生活污水，抛弃船舶垃圾等。海洋保护法律实施后，上述违法情况明显减少。 In order to protect the marine ecosystem and to control environmental events like red tides, China promulgated the Marine Environment Protection Law in 1982, which eventually came into effect in April 2000 after amendment in 1999. Before the execution of the law, many long-time maritime practitioners often discharged oil, soiled water, sewage, garbage, etc. into the sea as they were scarcely conscious of their duty to protect marine environment. Now, such undesirable acts have seldom occurred. “渤海碧海行动计划”是近年来清洁海洋的举措之一，该计划对海上油（气）田、船舶的废弃物排放入海和废弃物海洋倾倒等海洋排污行为，作了限制性规定。 “The Clean Bohai Sea Program” (CBSP) is one of such protective and recovery measures. The Program enumerates restrictive provisions for oil (gas) fields and ships in terms of waste discharge and waste dumping into the sea. 建立海洋保护区也是有效控制海洋污染的重要途径之一。目前，全国已建成各类海洋自然保护区 80 余个，其中国家级海洋自然保护区 24 个。在海洋保护区的核心区，严格禁止 工业开发、旅游、捕鱼、养殖等一切经济活动；在缓冲区，允许少量的科研活动；在过渡区，允许符合环境保护要求的经济活动。 海洋自然保护区的目的，是保护具有较高科研、教学、自然历史价值的海岸、河口、岛屿等海洋生态环境，保护类似中华白海豚等珍稀濒危海洋动物及其栖息地，保护红树林、珊瑚礁、滨海湿地等典型海洋生态系统。 The establishment of marine protected areas is also an effective measure. Currently, the country has built more than 80 marine nature reserves of various types, including 24 state-level marine nature reserves. In the core area, all economic activities such as industrial development, tourism, fishing, aquaculture, etc. are strictly prohibited; in the buffer zone, a small-scale research activity is allowed; and, in the transition region, economic activities complying with environmental requirements are allowed. The purpose of marine nature reserves is to protect marine ecological environments like coast, estuaries, islands, etc., with higher scientific, educational and natural historical value, to protect endangered animals like the Chinese white dolphin and their habitats, and to protect typical marine ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, coastal wetlands, etc. 全球生态是一个整体，海洋是全球生态的重要组成部分。治理污染是被动的、抢救性的举措，是不得已而为之。治理污染的最终目的，是恢复原有的健康生态，使当地生态重现活力，进而重新发挥生态系统在生物多样性保护、调节气候等方面的巨大作用。下一章，让我们看看中国在恢复陆地生态方面取得的成效。 The ecology of the world is a monolithic whole, in which the ocean is an important part. Pollution control is a passive and a rescue practice of necessity. The ultimate goal of pollution treatment is to restore a healthy ecology, to restore the vitality of the local ecology, and then to revive the ecosystems’ function of biodiversity conservation, climate regulation and other aspects. The next chapter will introduce the achievements of China’s restoration of the terrestrial ecology.
中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十一 水污染治理 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 2.2.3 水污染治理 2.2.3 Water pollution control 2013 年 7 月 10 日，中国新闻网报道了一则消息：云南省昆明市东川区的小河中，出现大量乳白色积淀物，绵延数公里，人们戏称它为“牛奶河”。“牛奶河”流淌着的可不是什么“牛奶”，而是实实在在的各种污染物的混合物。河水中含有铜、锌、镉、锰等重金属污染物，散发着扑鼻的臭气。严重污染致使河流生态遭受灭顶之灾，河里几乎没有鱼虾等生物，连水草都难以生长。 On July 10, 2013, China News reported that in Dongchuan District of Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province, a large amount of milky white substances stretching for several kilometers was found floating in a river. It was called “Milk River” jokingly. This was not milk; rather it was a mix of pollutants like copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese and other heavy metals which gave off disgusting stench. The serious pollution made havoc of the river ecology. All the fish and shrimps perished and even weeds could hardly grow there. 牛奶河所在的东川区，被称为“天南铜都”，有大量铜矿场。其中，部分铜矿场在环保配套设施不完善、未办理环保竣工验收手续的情况下，私设暗渠，将含有有害成分的尾矿水直接排入河中，每天的排放量竟然达数千吨！ Dongchuan district, where the “Milk River” lies, is called the “Tiannan (South China) Copper Capital” because of many local copper mines. Some have insufficient environmental protection facilities and have not undergone examination and acceptance formalities for environment conditions. They set up closed conduits without permission and discharged the tailings water containing harmful substances directly into the river, with daily emissions up to several thousand tons! 类似于牛奶河这样的 各类水污染引发了大量环境公共事件，为中国生态环境敲响了警钟，中国对水污染说“不”的时候到了。 A large number of environmental disasters caused by water pollution like the “Milk River” have sounded the alarm. It’s high time for China to say “No” to water pollution. 2001 年至 2010 年的 10 年间，中国投入约 400 亿元巨资，防治三峡库区及其上游的水污染，库区及其上游主要控制断面水质，基本达到了国家地表水环境质量二类标准。 During the first decade of this century, China invested about 40 billion Yuan to prevent water pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area and its upstream, and as a result their fracture section water quality has basically reached the secondary environmental quality standards for surface water. 2007 年，中国投入数十亿元资金，启动了 “ 水体污染控制与治理 ” 项目，重点治理流域性水环境和城市污水，让老百姓喝上安全的饮用水 。经过数年来的有效治理，污染严重的太湖流域水环境已明显改善；黄河连续 6 年告别了断流的命运，生态得到改善。 In 2007, China invested billions of dollars in the Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment, focusing on environment problems in river basins and urban sewage, to supply people with safe drinking water. After several years of effective treatment, the water quality in the originally seriously-polluted Taihu Basin has been significantly improved. The Yellow River started to flow again after being blocked for 6 straight years, and the ecological environment has turned for the better. 但是，中国水污染的现状依然非常严峻，“局部好转，整体恶化”的趋势还十分普遍。为此，国家开展了重点区域水污染治理的科技攻关项目，简称“水专项”，即：在包括“三河”、“三湖”、“一江”、“一库” 在内的水污染重点控制区域，以及珠三角、长三角和环渤海等城镇发展密集地区，开展重大专项科研，为“十一五”期间主要污染物排放总量、化学需氧量减少 10% 的约束性指标的实现，提供技术支持。 However, the current situation nationally is still very grim, and the trend of “local improvement but overall deterioration” is still prevalent. Therefore, China launched a scientific and technological project for water pollution treatment, namely the Major Science and Technology . Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment, in key areas like the “Three Rivers”, “Three Lakes”, “One Jiang”, and “One Reservoir”, and in heavily urbanized regions such as the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and the Circum-Bohai-Sea. Some major scientific researches have been carried out to provide technical support for a 10% reduction of the total discharge of major pollutants and chemical oxygen demand during the “11 th Five-Year Plan” period. “水专项”分三个阶段进行组织实施，第一阶段突破“控源减排”关键技术，即从源头减少污染物排放；第二阶段突破“减负修复”关键技术，即让水生生态系统恢复生机；第三阶段突破流域水环境“综合调控”成套技术，即让生态恢复效果保持下去。水专项是建国以来，投资最大的水污染治理科技项目，总经费 300 亿元。我们期待这个重大项目的实施，能够让日益恶化的水环境，重新焕发生命的清澈。 The Program was divided into three stages. The first stage was to achieve a breakthrough in key technologies of “source control and emission reduction”, i.e. , to reduce emissions at the source; the second stage was to make a breakthrough in key technologies of “environmental burden alleviation and ecological restoration”, i.e. , to restore the vitality of aquatic ecosystems; the third stage was to make a breakthrough in a set of technologies of “comprehensive regulation”, i.e. , to maintain ecological recovery. This is the most heavily-invested water pollution science and technology treatment program since the founding of the PRC, with a total fund of 30 billion Yuan. It is hoped that the implementation of this critical program will rejuvenate the deteriorating water condition. “三河”指淮河、海河、辽河，“三湖”为太湖、巢湖、滇池，“一江”指松花江，“一库”为三峡水库。 Three Rivers refer to Huaihe River, Haihe River, and Liaohe River; Three Lakes refer to Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, and Dianchi Lake; One “Jiang”(long river) refers to the Songhua River; and One Reservoir refers to the Three Gorges reservoir.
中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之九 生态环境退化导致发展受阻 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 2.1.4 生态环境问题导致发展受阻 2.1.4 Environmental problems hinder development 很多人说，中国当前的紧要问题是发展问题；环境污染，生态破坏，是发展不可避免的代价，发达国家也曾走过这条道路。但是，当前中国面临的生态环境问题，已经严重阻碍了中国的发展，甚至社会的稳定。主要表现在以下几个方面： Many people claim that, China’s critical issue at present is development; environmental pollution and ecological destruction are the inevitable price of development; and some developed countries have had similar experiences. However, ecological and environmental problems have seriously hampered China’s development and even social stability, mainly in the following ways. （ 1 ）直接导致健康问题 （ 1 ） Immediate harm to people’s health 归根结底，发展要靠人的努力。然而，当前发展模式下，城乡严重的环境污染，已经导致人群健康状况严重下降。除了通过水、空气直接进入人体的污染物外，在受污染的环境下生产的食物，不但残留有污染物，还使本来健康的食物，增加了很多危害健康的成分。这些污染物和不健康成分，通过食物链的生物放大作用 ， 会在人体内高浓度集中，导致人群健康受损，严重者甚至直接引起死亡。当前，中国每 6 分钟就有一人被确诊为癌症，每天有 8550 人成为癌症患者，每 7 ～ 8 人中就有 1 人死于癌症 。中国每年新增先天残疾儿童 80 ～ 120 万人，其中山西新生儿出生缺陷发生率最高，神经管畸形发生率是全国平均水平的 4 倍 ，这与山西这个能源大省的严重环境污染不无关系 。 Development, ultimately, depends on human efforts. However, under the impact of the current model of development, serious environmental pollution in urban and rural areas has led to a serious decline of people’s health. In addition to the pollutants ingested by the body through water and the air, foods produced in the contaminated environment contain not only residuals of pollutants but also components with great potential hazards to health. These pollutants and harmful components achieve high concentrations in the body through a process known as biomagnification of the food chain, causing damage to human health, and even directly leading to death. Currently, in China, one person is diagnosed as a cancer patient every 6 minutes, 8,550 persons become victims of cancer daily, and 1 out of every 7–8 persons die of cancer. The annual number of congenitally disabled children has increased from 800,000 to 1.2 million. Shanxi province has the highest rate of birth defects and its rate of neural tube defects is 4 times the national average. This phenomenon is related to the serious environmental pollution of Shanxi as a large energy producer. 生态环境问题最终破坏了人类的健康，甚至人类的下一代，这种后果恐怕是任何人都不愿意看到的。 Ecological and environmental problems will ultimately impair people’s health, and even the health of the next generation of humans. Such consequences are dreadful indeed! （ 2 ）城市代谢受阻 （ 2 ） Hampered urban metabolism 过度重视大城市甚至超大城市的发展，造成城市饱和，交通拥堵，工商业等人类活动过于集中，导致城市污染严重；过度重视工商业高速发展，引导了奢侈消费；过度包装，造成大量垃圾将城市包围；固体废弃物污染严重，城市代谢受阻。目前，严重的空气污染、城市雾霾，在中国的城市大面积发生，严重威胁着城市居民的正常生产生活。城市这个“发展”的中心，由于生态环境污染和“垃圾围城”，丧失了活力，显得疲惫不堪。 In China, excessive emphasis has been put on the development of large cities and even mega-cities, causing urban saturation, traffic congestion, excessive human industrial and commercial and other human activities, as well as serious city pollution. Overstress on the rapid development of industry and commerce, in turn, has brought about luxury consumption. Excessive packaging has made cities surrounded by rubbish dumps, and severe pollution of solid waste has hampered urban metabolism. Currently, serious air pollution and hazy weather occur in many cities, threatening normal production activities and lives of urban residents. The city, as the center of development, has lost its vitality and become lifeless, because environmental pollution and the emergence of the “garbage heaps” can not be avoided. （ 3 ）安全食物供应成为难题 （ 3 ） Tough job to make food supply safe 城市过度繁荣，导致农村过度衰败。由于城市集中了太多的资源，大量农民进城打工，“空心村”大量出现，全国几十万个自然村消失，农业生产靠老人、妇女支撑，食物供应危机四伏。由于农村劳动力严重不足，老人、妇女只好依靠大量使用化肥、农药、农膜、添加剂、除草剂甚至充满风险的转基因技术等所谓“科技力量”来完成农业生产。这种农业产出的食物，不但持续的高产量难以保证，安全性更是不能保障。食物安全供应问题，屡次引发社会风波，成为中国社会安定和可持续发展的“头疼大事”。近年来，儿童性早熟、肥胖症、糖尿病、高血压、不孕不育患者不断增多，与长期不健康饮食关系密切。这种发展模式污染了耕地，牺牲了健康，是不可持续的。 The over-exuberance of cities quickens the decline of the countryside. High concentration of resources in cities has driven a large number of farmers to work in urban areas. As a result ， “hollow villages” have emerged in large numbers. Numerous villages have simply disappeared, and the elderly folks and women have been left to take up the agricultural production, thus putting the food supply chain in jeopardy. Due to the serious shortage of labor, the elderly people and women have to rely heavily on the so called “strength of science and technology”, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural film, additives, herbicides and even high-risk genetic modification technique, etc., for agricultural production. In these circumstances, not only the continued high output but also the safety of food cannot be guaranteed. Food security has triggered social turmoil repeatedly, and become a big hazard for China’s social stability and sustainable development. In recent years, the sexual precocity of children, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and infertility have become issues of grave concern. All these abnormal physical conditions are undoubtedly associated with long-term unhealthy diets. This development mode that pollutes farmland and threatens human health cannot be sustainable. 生物放大作用（ Biomagnification ），指生物体从周围环境中吸收的某些元素或不易分解的化合物，通过食物链向上传递，随物种的营养级的升高，物质在生物体内的浓度升高并远远超过环境中的浓度。又叫生物富集作用，生物浓缩。 19 Biomagnification often refers to the process whereby certain substances such as elements or persistent compound move up the food chain. The substances become more concentrated in doing so until their concentration is higher in living organisms than in the environment of substances in vivo. It is also known as bioaccumulation or bioconcentration. 见李颖、杨洋、贺涵甫. 2013. 2012中国肿瘤登记年报：广东多肝癌，西北多胃癌. 广州日报, 1月11日。 20 See Li Ying, Yang Yang, He Hanfu. 2013. Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report 2012: Liver Cancer Concentrated in Guangdong, and Stomach Cancer Concentrated in Northwest China . Guangzhou Daily, Jan, 11. 山西省出生缺陷率和神经管畸形发生率分别高达万分之 189.9 和万分之 102.2 ，远远高于出全国万分之 99.6 和万分之 23.9 的平均水平。 21 The occurrence rates of birth defects and neural tube defects in Shanxi Province are as high as 1.899% and 1.022% respectively, which are much higher than the national average of 0.996% and 0.239%. 见周人杰、王亚丹、徐胜. 2009. 山西吕梁晋中等疑环境污染，致新生儿缺陷率高发. 中央电视台（经济半小时）.7月12日播出。 See Zhou Renjie, Wang Yadan, Xu Sheng. 2009. Birth defect rate is high in Lvliang and Jinzhong of Shanxi Province, environmental pollution is suspected cause. CCTV (Half-Hour Economy). July 12.
中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十 大气污染治理 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 2.2 环境治理，防止污染 2.2 Environmental management and pollution prevention 2.2.1 从口罩热销说起 2.2.1 Brisk Mask Business 2013 年 1 月，在中国最大的网络销售平台淘宝网上，口罩销量猛增。仅 1 月 10 日和 11 日两天， 就有 2.3 万笔口罩订单发生，合计销售近 50 万只口罩！其中，光北京地区就产生了 6920 笔订单，北京人竟然在这两天买了近 14 万只口罩！ In January 2013, on Taobao, China’s largest online sales platform, masks sales soared. On only two days of January 10 and 11, there were 23,000 orders totaling 500,000 masks! Among them, orders from Beijing reached 6,920 (140,000 masks)! 口罩为什么突然如此热销？ Why do the face masks suddenly sell like hot cakes? 自 2012 年冬以来，中国城市雾霾天气明显增多。这是环境污染物长期积累、集中爆发的结果。北京、山东、河北南部、河南、山西东部、安徽、江苏、上海、浙江、福建、湖北、湖南、江西大部、广东西部、广西东部及四川和云南局部等地区，出现了 10 ～ 20 天雾霾；华北南部及江苏中部、四川东部、重庆西南部、贵州西部等地，有 8 ～ 15 天能见度不足 1000 米；河北南部、山东西北部、四川东部等地部分地区，有 5 ～ 12 天能见度不足 500 米！中国 74 个城市的 PM2.5 值，有 33 个城市指标超过 300 微克 / 立方米，其中京津冀最为严重。有媒体称，北京成为伦敦烟雾事件之后的新 “ 雾都 ” 。 Since the winter of 2012, China’s hazy days have increased significantly, as a result of long-term accumulation and concentrated outbreak of environmental pollutants. Hazy weather lasted for 10 to 20 days in Beijing, Shandong, southern Hebei, Henan, eastern Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, most parts of Jiangxi, western Guangdong, eastern Guangxi, some cities in Sichuan and Yunnan; for 8 to 15 days the visibility was limited to less than 1,000 meters in the southern part of North China, central Jiangsu, eastern Sichuan, southwestern Chongqing, and western Guizhou, and so on; for 5 to 12 days the visibility was restricted to no more than 500 meters in southern Hebei, northwestern Shandong, eastern Sichuan province, and so on! Among 74 cities, the PM2.5 value of 33 of them exceeded 300 micrograms/cubic meter, and the most heavily polluted was the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. It was stated in a mass media report that London may be replaced by Beijing as “the smog capital”. 雾霾的产生，是多雾少风等气候条件，过量的污染物排放，过量浮尘和丰富水汽共同作用的结果。其中，过量的污染物排放是雾霾天气的主要原因。大气污染物遇到浮尘矿物质后，会迅速结合，形成混合颗粒；空气湿度较大时，这种混合颗粒会很快吸收湿气，使得颗粒的粒径增长 2 倍至 3 倍，吸收光线的能力增加 8 倍至 9 倍。空气中漂浮着大量这种颗粒，使得能见度下降为原来的近 1/10 。 Haze results from several factors, such as foggy but windless weather condition, excessive discharge of pollutants, too much dust and abundant moisture. Of these, excessive pollutant discharge is the major cause. When atmospheric pollutants meet dust and minerals in the air, they will quickly mix up to form mixed particles. In humid air, these hybrid particles will quickly absorb moisture, and increase their size by 2 to 3 times and their absorption capacity of light multiplies by 8 to 9 times. A large quantity of such particles floating in the air will reduce the visibility by 90%. 这些颗粒是从哪里来的呢？其中，氧化型有机颗粒物，主要来自北京周边排放；油烟型有机物，主要来自局部地区烹饪源排放；氮富集有机物，是一种化学过程的产物；烃类有机颗粒物，主要来自汽车尾气和燃煤 。 Where do these particles come from? Oxidized organic particulate matter mainly comes from emissions around Beijing; lampblack organic matter is emitted from cooking in certain places; nitrogen concentration organic matter originates from certain chemical processes; and hydrocarbon organic particulate matter is exuded mainly from vehicle exhausts and coal. 伦敦烟雾事件造成 12000 多人丧生；洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件，造成 800 余人死亡。京津冀雾霾虽然没有具体数据，但雾霾出现时，医院呼吸科病人明显增多是不争的事实。 The London smog disaster in 1952 caused more than 12,000 deaths; and photochemical smog in Los Angeles killed more than 800 people. The number of victims of the haze in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region is not available, but there is no denying the fact that the patients in the pneumology department of hospitals increased significantly. 2.2.2 大气监测与治理 2.2.2 Atmospheric monitoring and controlling 在两三年前，人们听到 PM2.5 还会感到陌生。随着中国大气质量监测和发布工作的精细化， PM10 、 PM2.5 、 SO 2 、 NO 2 、 CO 、 O 3 含量这些专业术语也都进入了公众的知识库。 Two or three years ago, people were not familiar with PM2.5. With the refinement of China’s air quality monitoring and dissemination, technical terms such as PM10, PM2.5, SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, O 3 have now become part of the general vocabulary of the public. 近年来，中国政府建立建成了各类空气质量监测网，分布在 338 个地级市，由 1436 个监测站组成。监测项目包括 SO 2 、 NO x 、 CO 、碳氢化合物、浮尘等，最近，部分城市进一步增加了 PM2.5 的监测。 In recent years, the Chinese government has built an air quality monitoring network comprising 1,436 monitoring stations, distributed in 338 prefecture-level cities. Pollutants under scrutiny include SO 2, NO x, CO, hydrocarbons, dust, etc. Recently, some cities have added PM2.5 to the list. 在大气环境监测的基础上，中国针对重点污染区域，加大了大气污染治理的力度。钢铁、电解铝、焦炭等行业大气污染严重，很多地区提高了这些行业的准入标准，从而抑制高污染企业的增长势头；同时对污染企业的产能加以控制，通过降低总产量抑制排放总量的过快增长。与此同时，提高重污染行业的废气处理能力，使已有产能逐渐走向绿色生产。对于严重污染地区的严重污染企业，实施关闭或迁出，比如奥运会前，首钢就迁出了备受污染之苦的北京市。 On the basis of the monitoring of the atmospheric environment, focusing on key polluted areas, China has intensified control of air pollution. Industries like iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, and coke cause heavy air pollution, so many regions have raised the standards for these industries in order to hinder the growth of high-polluting enterprises. At the same time the total amount of emissions can be decreased by reducing industrial output. Moreover, the exhaust gas treatment capacity of these industries has been improved to bring about eventual green production. High-polluting enterprises in severely contaminated areas are closed or shifted elsewhere. For example, before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the steel-making Shougang Group was removed out of highly polluted Beijing. 针对城市雾霾中的烃类有机颗粒物，一方面努力降低城市煤炭消费总量，另一方面加快治理机动车污染。对于车用燃油，加快低硫化步伐，提升燃油品质；对于机动车，提高机动车排放标准，逐步从国 I 级标准提高到国 IV 级标准。排放标准每提高一个级别，单车污染可减少 30% 至 50% 。在某些严重污染地区，近年来一直实行机动车保有量控制。比如北京市，近两年每年只允许新增小客车 24 万辆，而且个人用车占 88% ，单位、团体等公务用车只能占 10% 。也就是说，在城市雾霾污染严重的北京，可不是有钱就能买到汽车的。 With regard to hydrocarbon organic particulate matter in haze, efforts have been made to reduce total consumption of coal in the cities on the one hand, and to tighten controls over motor vehicle emissions on the other. Steps have been taken to accelerate the low sulfidation of fuel to improve its quality and to raise standards on vehicle emissions from National Stage I to National Stage IV. With increase of each stage level, pollution per vehicle will fall by 30%–50%. In some heavily polluted areas, the total number of motor vehicles has been controlled in recent years. In Beijing, in the past two years, an increase of only 240,000 new passenger cars was allowed for each year. Civilian vehicles account for 88% and official vehicles owned by work units and organizations account for only 10%. In other words, in heavily polluted Beijing, you cannot buy a car just because you have money. 通过长期不懈的努力，中国部分城市空气质量有所改善。如北京市，部分主要大气污染物，治理 14 年后成效明显，二氧化硫 2012 年下降 70% ， PM10 下降 40% ，二氧化氮下降 30% 左右。尽管如此，由于城市化的快速发展，大气污染形势非常严峻，治理还要长期坚持下去。蓝天白云不是等来的。 Through unremitting efforts, air quality in some cities has been improved. In Beijing, remarkable achievements have been made in controlling major air pollutants after 14 years of painstaking efforts. Sulfur dioxide was reduced in 2012 by 70%, PM10 by 40%, nitrogen dioxide by about 30%. Nevertheless, due to the rapid development of urbanization, the air pollution situation remains very serious, and so persistent work is still desirable to make our sky blue. 【1】其中氧化型有机颗粒物在整个污染过程中所占比例最大，为44%，其余三个组分别占21%、17%和18%。 Oxidized organic particulate matter occupies the largest proportion: 44%, while the other three groups of matter account for 21%, 17% and 18% respectively.
中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之八 生态系统退化 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 \0 2.1.3 生态系统相继退化 2.1.3 Gradual ecosystem degradation 不合理的发展方式，除了对环境造成严重的污染，还对各类自然生态系统造成了结构性的破坏，最终导致生态系统功能退化。目前， 中国十大陆地生态系统都处在不同程度的退化过程中。除了众所周知的森林锐减、荒漠化扩大外，连高寒草甸、温带草原和红树林等生态系统，也受到了严重威胁。 An irrational growth mode does not only cause serious pollution to the environment, but also results in structural damages to various types of natural ecosystems, eventually leading to the degradation of their functions. At present, China’s top 10 terrestrial ecosystems are at different levels of degradation. In addition to the acknowledged sharp decline of forests and expansion of desertification, other ecosystems like the alpine meadows, temperate grasslands and mangrove ecosystems are all facing grave threats. 青藏高原分布的高寒草甸生态系统，因海拔最高、面积最大而闻名世界。因为人烟稀少，过去很少发生生态退化。而如今，这里生态退化非常严重，总体生产力极度下降。20世纪60年代，这里平均每亩干草产量是300公斤，如今降到100公斤以下，50年内减少了2/3以上。高寒草甸的初级生产力 本来就很低，产草量严重下降，意味着生态过程的基础被削弱，生态结构受损，这样下去连下面的冻土都难以保持。 The alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is well known for its highest elevation and largest coverage. In the past, ecological degradation rarely occurred due to the sparse population there. But now, severe ecological degradation is causing sharp decrease in overall productivity. In the 1960s, the average hay yield was 300 kg/mu (1 hector =15 mu), whereas now it is less than 100 kg/mu, a 2/3 decrease over 50 years. The primary productivity of the alpine meadow is undoubtedly low, and with the sharp drop of forage yield, the foundation for ecological processes has been weakened and the ecological structure damaged. Eventually the underground tjaele will not be maintained. 草原的现状也不容乐观。占据国土面积 41% 的各类草原，竟然出现了 90% 的不同程度的退化，并且退化面积正以每年 200 万公顷的速度递增。在退化草原中，有 55% 被开垦为耕地， 30% 沦为不可利用土地。有人认为草原退化的原因在于干旱的气候和蝗灾、鼠害等“天灾”，但实际上，超载放牧对草原的破坏更大。新疆、宁夏、内蒙超载率分别达 121% 、 72% 和 66% 。超载放牧破坏草原植被的同时，还压制了草原生态的自然恢复。 The status quo of grasslands is not desirable, either. A total of 90% of various grasslands occupying 41% of the national land area show varying degrees of degradation, and the degradation is expanding at an annual rate of 2 million hectares. Among them, 55% are reclaimed farmlands, and 30% become worthless. Some people pin the blame for degradation on an arid climate and natural infestations like locusts and rats, but in fact, overgrazing is more destructive to grasslands. The overgrazing rates of Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia are 121%, 72% and 66% respectively. Overgrazing not only causes damage to grassland vegetation, but also hinders natural rejuvenation of grasslands. 红树林是世界公认的生产力高、生物多样性丰富的生态系统之一。中国的红树林主要分布在福建沿岸以南，历史上最大面积曾达 25 万公顷。近 30 年来，由于受到掠夺性砍伐和违背科学的低效能利用，目前沿海红树林资源正在消失。 20 世纪 50 年代，红树林约剩下 5 万公顷，现在仅剩 1.5 万公顷。红树林为什么消失得那么快？因为它们分布的地区正是沿海经济发达地区，可以说是“寸土寸金”。经济开发需要土地，红树林成为各类楼盘、商场、工厂或道路的牺牲品。但是，没有了红树林的呵护，沿海的城市或别墅，就没有了安全保障，成为了海潮袭击的对象。 2004 年，印尼海啸夺走了 23 万人的生命，城市遭到了毁灭，但相距不远，有红树林保护的村庄却安然无恙。 Mangrove is universally acknowledged as the world’s ecosystem of high productivity and rich biodiversity. China’s mangroves are located mainly to the south of Fujian, and their largest known coverage area in history was 250,000 hectares. During the past 30 years, due to deforestation and unscientific and inefficient utilization, the coastal mangrove resources have been disappearing. In the 1950s, there were 50,000 hectares of mangroves left; now there are only 15,000 hectares. Why have the mangroves disappeared so fast? Because they lie in economically developed coastal areas, and the cost of land in these areas is very high. Economic development calls for land, so mangroves have become the victims of real estate, shopping malls, factories or roads. However, without mangroves, coastal cities or villas are stripped of their protection, thus becoming objects of tidal attack. The Indonesian Tsunami in 2004 took the lives of 230,000 people away. It was found out that some cities were destroyed but the nearby villages remained unharmed because of the protection of mangroves. 生物失去的不仅仅是家园，一些物种连“香火”都快要断送了。联合国《国际濒危物种贸易公约》列出的 740 种世界性濒危物种中，中国占 189 种，约为总数的 25% 。中国濒危或接近濒危高等植物达 4000 ～ 5000 种，占全国高等植物总数的 15% ～ 20% 。环境污染、大坝建设、毁林开荒、生境破碎化 是造成生物多样性减少的重要原因。如今，长江白鳍豚，按照专家的说法已经功能性灭绝，实际上，这个物种在野外已经没有了，物种已经失去了自行繁衍生存的条件。 For some species, degradation means not merely the loss of their homes but also the loss of conditions for their existence. Among 740 kinds of endangered species listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora , 189, or about 25%, come from China. China’s endangered or near-endangered higher plants amount to 4,000 to 5,000 kinds, accounting for 15% to 20% of the total higher plants in the country. Environmental pollution, dam construction, and damage to forests caused by land reclamation, habitat fragmentation, contribute heavily to the loss of biodiversity. Today, the white-flag dolphin in the Yangtze River, according to experts, has become functionally extinct. In fact, this species is not to be found in the wild and it has lost the condition to reproduce by itself. 初级生产力：指生态系统中植物或其他生物进行光合作用、制造有机物的生产力，次级生产力则指动物等生态系统中的消费者消化食物，转化为自身的组织、能量的过程。可参考第一章第一节的开头。 Primary productivity refers to the production of organic matters by plants and other living organisms through the process of photosynthesis; secondary productivity refers to the generation of tissues and energy in consumers in an ecosystem such as animals by themselves through the consumption of food. Details refer to the beginning part of the first section of the first chapter. 生境破碎化：指物种的野外生存环境被压缩、被分割。物种繁衍需要足够大的生存环境，生存环境缩小或者被分割，会严重影响物种的正常繁衍生存。 Habitat fragmentation : refers to the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism’s preferred environment (habitat). An organism needs an environment large enough to survive and multiply, but the discontinuities and fragmentation of the environment will seriously affect the survival of many species.
标签: 生态文明建设
