即使是在史前的丹麦,一些人也喜欢吃辣。最近在波罗的海里发现了一个 6000 年的陶罐。从其中刮取的残留物显示,史前的人类会用辣味的调料来煮肉和鱼,这种调料有点像芥末。 英国约克大学的 奥利弗 · 克雷格 说,到底人类在哪个精确的时间点开始给他们的食物调味还是一个秘密。 “ 香料生长在野外,是当地植物群的一部分, ” 他说。 “ 所以,如果你发现某一地点有香料植物的遗存,你不会知道它们是真的用于食品里调味的还是来自附近生长的植物。 ” 因此,虽然已经在以色列一处 23,000 年前的遗址发现了香菜种子,我们还是不能确保它们真的是用来调味的。 纽约的克雷格和 海莉·索尔 现在已经找到明确的证据证明 6100 年前的北欧已经有人类主动向食品里添加调料——这是欧洲目前为止最早的已知证据,也许在世界任何地方都是最早的。 那是我的芥末! 他们的研究小组分析了丹麦和德国的史前遗址里 74 个烹饪用具里面留下来的沉积物。其中含有肉和鱼的化学特征,还有古植物 - 矿物的食物痕迹 - 类似于药用蒜芥( Alliaria petiolata )的种子,当地出产,具有较强的辛辣味,但是营养价值不大。 很显然,在烹饪容器里的古植物比附近遗址沉积层里多的多。这表明,蒜芥是被从遗址外面带进来的,然后主动加到锅里。 “ 在欧洲,我们看到香料在几千年前就是进口商品了,但我们发现欧洲人在那以前很久就把香料用于食物了, ” 克雷格说。 事实上,锅这种器皿早在农业进入该地区前就有了,克雷格说:在德国和丹麦,远古的大厨都是狩猎采集者。 “ 很多时候,我们会把农业的到来和第一次使用新的植物与香料联系起来, ” 他说。 “ 但是,在那之前人们就会把香料放入食物里了,它可能一直是我们烹饪方法的一部分。 ” 辣和健康 这提出了一个明显的问题:为什么人类如此热衷于辛辣食物?有几个可能的解释。例如,我们知道, 即使是尼安德特人也会利用其环境中各种植物作为药用 。因此,蒜芥可能曾一度作为消毒剂入药。 另一个想法首先由康奈尔大学的 保罗 · 谢尔曼 在上世纪 90 年代提出, 人们开始使用香料调味食品是因其抗菌 杀毒 可以防范食品腐败变质。换句话说,人类学会爱吃辣是由于进化的原因——因为这么吃更安全。 “ 海莉发现的事情之一是,先人们会把鱼和蒜芥放在一起, ” 说。 “ 这可能可以覆盖鱼的气味,甚至在保存鱼肉方面都有作用。 ” 不过,他更喜欢一个简单的解释。 “ 我觉得辛辣香料可能没有什么确切的功能, ” 他说。 “ 这可能仅仅是因为我们的审美品味。我们只是喜欢这些香料而已。 ” Spicy food onthe menu 6000 years ago · 22:00 21 August 2013 by Colin Barras · For similar stories, visitthe Evolution Topic Guide Even in prehistoric Denmark,some liked it hot. Residues scraped from the inside of 6000-year-old pots foundin the Baltic show they were used to cook meat and fish that was seasoned witha peppery, mustard-like spice. Exactly when humans began to season their food is something of a mystery,says Oliver Craig at the University ofYork, UK. Spices grow in the wild as part of the background flora,he says. So if you find the botanical remains of spices at a site youdon't know whether they were actually used in food or whether they just camefrom plants growing nearby. So although coriander seeds have been found at a23,000-year-old site in Israel,we cannot be sure that they were used to flavour food. Craig and Hayley Saul , also at York, have nowfound clear evidence that spices were intentionally added to food used innorthern Europe by around 6100 years ago – the earliest known evidence ofspiced food in Europe, and perhaps anywhere in the world. Mustardme up Their team analysed deposits left inside 74 cooking pots from prehistoricsites in Denmark and Germany.They contained chemical signatures consistent with the presence of meat orfish, and phytoliths – mineral traces of food – similar to those associatedwith seeds of garlic mustard ( Alliaria petiolata ), a local plant with a strong peppery flavour but little nutritionalvalue. There were significantly more phytoliths in the pot residues than in thesediment at the site. This suggests the garlic mustard had been brought in fromoutside the site and deliberately added to the pots. In Europe we see spices coming inas imports a few thousand years ago, but what we've found is that Europeanswere putting spice in food long before that, says Craig. In fact, the pots predate the arrival of agriculture in the region, saysCraig: the chefs at work in Germanyand Denmarkwere hunter-gatherers. Quite often we associate the arrival of farmingwith the first use of new plants and spices, he says. But peoplewere putting spice in foods before then. It's probably always been part of ourcuisine. Hotand healthy That raises an obvious question: why are humans so keen on spicy food?There are a few possible explanations. We know, for instance, that even the Neanderthals exploited a variety of plants intheir environments for their medicinal properties . So it might be significant that garlic mustard was once used medicinallyas a disinfectant. Another idea, first suggested by Paul Sherman at Cornell University in the 1990s,is that people began seasoning their food because some spices areantimicrobial and guard againstfood spoilage. In other words, humans may have learned to love spicy food forevolutionary reasons – because it was safer to eat. One of the things Hayley found is that there seems to have been apreference to put the garlic mustard in pots that contained fish, saysCraig. That might be associated with covering the smell, or even have hada role in preserving the fish. Still, he prefers a simpler explanation. I think there may not havenecessarily been a functional role here, he says. It might simplybe down to the aesthetic of taste. We just like these spices. Journal reference: PLoS One , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070583 http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24086-spicy-food-on-the-menu-6000-years-ago.html#.UhcNuTvigrc
科学网“饭桶帮”成立了!! 根据海外著名华人、科学网名博 张天翼 先生提议: http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-599510.html 现成立科学网“ 饭桶帮 ”! 根据 逄焕东 名博主提议: 不如叫“翻腾帮” 不折腾 翻腾 。 科学创造需要“翻腾”-----思维充分碰撞 交流 对接。 故“ 饭桶帮 ”又名“ 翻腾帮 ”! 凡真心认为自己是饭桶的科学网用户,均可入帮。 饭桶,能吃的意思 :能吃才能干。光干不吃,就会成为五丈原的诸葛亮。 饭桶,无能的意思 :能发现自己无能,Σωκράτης Socrates ? Arthur Henderson Smith (July 18, 1845 – August 31, 1932): The ******* people lack most is not wisdom, but the courage and integrity of the pure character? 饭桶帮 创帮帮主 张天翼 名博认为 饭桶 还有以下几层深刻的含义: 快乐 (不快乐就吃不下了), 豪爽 (不直肠直肚就要被堵住了), 英俊/美丽 (这个。。。自由发挥)。 美国自发形成的民间团体“科学丐帮”能升级为美国国家科学院, 科学网“饭桶帮”将来一定能升级为 太阳系系家科学院 ,以及 银河系系家科学院 , 宇宙最高科学院 ! 欢迎您的加入! 怎么没有人报名? 都害怕了? 不能太谦虚! http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg I know one thing, that I know nothing. Ancient Greek : ἓν οἶδα ὅτι οὐδὲν οἶδα hèn oda hóti oudèn oda . Latin : scio me nihil scire or scio me nescire . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing Plato : οὖτος μὲν οἴεταί τι εἰδέναι οὐκ εἰδώς, ἐγὼ δέ, ὥσπερ οὖν οὐκ οἶδα, οὐδὲ οἴμαι – This man, on one hand, believes that he knows something, while not knowing . On the other hand, I – equally ignorant – do not believe . 相关链接 : 科学网新闻《揭秘美国国家科学院:影响美国的强大力量》 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2012/8/267779.shtm 《Founding of the National Academy of Sciences》, http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html 《Scientific Lazzaroni - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia》, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Lazzaroni 《National Academy of Sciences》, http://www.nasonline.org/ 《建议科学网成立“丐帮”(或类似的**帮)》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=107667do=blogid=599510 《史海钩沉:《科学网》傻帮简史》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-581400.html 张志东,2012-10-31,《重组傻帮,快乐科网》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2344-628011.html 张志东,2012-11-04,《傻帮的理念》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2344-629127.html 张志东,2009-10-05,《傻帮章程》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=2344do=blogid=259800 科学网“ 饭桶帮 ”成员兼发起人列表(排名不分前后): Socrates , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates I know that I know nothing. = I know one thing, that I know nothing . Plato , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato On the other hand, I – equally ignorant – do not believe . 孔子 , http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90 “吾十有五而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩。” 后被 饭桶帮 取消成员资格! 犹太人 Albert Einstein :“ 我所追求的只是 用我绵薄的力量 ,为真理和正义服务,即使冒着触犯每一个人的风险,也在所不惜。 ” Sir Isaac Newton : I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me . 科学网“ 饭桶帮 ”成员列表(排名不分前后): 帮主: 王海辉 , http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=5281 秘书: 真傻 , 在浩瀚无垠的宇宙目前,我们人类永远是渺小和无知的! 友情帮主, 吕喆 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=111635 特邀帮主(待同意) , 天才帮良心帮 无帮无派 帮帮我吧主啊帮(帮主派) 帮主: 王春艳 , http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=42659 创始帮主: 张天翼 , http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=216720 翻腾帮帮主: 逄 焕东 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=68790 志愿帮主: 苏建新 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=567280 果断帮主: 陈露 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=806362 真谦虚帮主: 戴世强 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=330732 决心大帮主: 马剑 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=5422 备注: 科学丐帮(Scientific Lazzaroni)只有10名成员,3名朋友,4名反对者。 预期科学网饭桶帮不会接受很多成员。请您尽快加入!名额有限。