如何用R绘制太阳、地球、月亮的运行轨迹。 最初的动机有三个，1）要向两岁的澹澹展示星球的运动，2） 嫦娥5号登月背给人家解释月球自转， 3）数学推理中国农历。暂时都是根据已知的星球周期和轨道特征绘制的图， 写好了R代码，就发布到CRAN让大家使用。 因为澹澹还喜欢那首歌“ The wheels on the bus go round and round” ，所以开发包的名字就叫“RoundAndRound。 等我研究研究天体力学，就发布一个具有物理意义的天体运行算法的R开发包。 先发简单的二维版本绘制的内容。 博文同时在我的英文博客发布， leleshu.wordpress.com . I planed to write an R package and submit on CRAN, that can plot the planets orbiting in Solar System, or satellite/moon orbiting around earth. That package must plot the moving planets, the moon, moon phase and satellite in 2D or 3D canvas. In future, it may calculate the orbit based on orbit mechanics. My son loves the song “ The wheels on the bus go round and round “, and he has an obsession on planets. He asks mommy play the solar system documentary every night when we ask him to brush his teeth. So I decided to plot the moving planets in solar system for him with the scientific knowledge I know. Another motivation is from the Chinese lunar exploration, Chang-E 5 landing on far-side of the moon. Lots of people discussed it and were fuddled on the rotation of moon and relation between the earth and the moon. Furthermore, I kept thinking the Chinese semi-lunar calendar for many years, I know the founder mental logic and algorithm of the calendar in my mind, but never scratched the equations and numbers in paper yet. This calendar is determined by the moon phase and the position of the earth in orbit.Definitely the solver in papers are more rousted in my brain. Let’s see what I got, by now. The idea of the Moon and the Sun are moving around the Earth, when we assume the earth is the center of system. The orbital period of the moon is 27.321 day, but the synodic period is 29.53 day, that because the sun moves 27.321/365.25 in its sun’s orbit when the moon moves in the moon’s orbit. It requires 2.2 days to let the sun and the moon to face-to-face again. The position of the Moon and the Sun in an earth year (365 day). The right legend shows the moon phase in 30 days. The concentric orbits are numbers of the moon periods. They are so beautiful, aren’t they --------------------------------------------------------------- 贴一个中文版的图。 只要能注明作者，随便转载。转载后能留个言最好。谢谢。
碳同位素比率12C和13C的同位素丰度之比,是研究古气候时，地球植被是否繁茂的一个指示要素. 生物倾向于利用12C , 大气中的12C 通过生物化学过程优先被生物利用。生物死后，一部分转化为化石和沉积物，不再释放到大气中。但是，地质和无机化学过程，对于12C和13C 就不太有“选择性吸收”。 因此，有生物活动的行星，比如地球，12C/13C 的比例可能会偏低。土卫六的比率也值得注意。 _____________________________________________________ 天体(空间介质) 12C/13C同位素丰度比 _____________________________________________________ 太阳风 97.7±10 地球 ： 89.2±0.3 金星 ： 185±69 火星 ： 94.7±13.4 木星 ： 160(-55~+40) 土卫六 ： 89.9±3.4 ________________________________________________ R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber1, L. Berger1 THE 13C/12C ISOTOPIC RATIO IN THE SOLAR WIND Vladimír VanysekJürgen Rahe.The12C/13C isotope ratio in comets, stars and interstellar matter. The moon and the planets.June (1978), Volume 18, Issue 4, pp 441–446 R. T. Clancy, D. O. Muhleman. A measurement of the (C-12)O/(C-13)O) ratio in the mesosphere of Venus . NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS).(1983) V.A.Krasnopolsky, M.J.Mumma et.al. Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Ratios in Martian Carbon Dioxide: Measurements and Implications for Atmospheric Evolution .Icarus.Volume 124, Issue 2, December (1996), Pages 553-568 R.Courtin，D.Gautier et.al. The 12C/13C ratio in jupiter from the Voyager infrared investigation .Icarus.Volume 53, Issue 1, January (1983), Pages 121-132 Serigano, Joseph; Nixon, C. A.; Cordiner, M. A. el. al. Isotopic Ratios of Carbon and Oxygen in Titan’s CO using ALMA The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 821, Issue 1, article id. L8, 6 pp. (2016).
植物生命的起源—— 陨击能量模型与生物能量模型的统一性 陆 玲（广州市 万归一科技发展有限公司） 【摘要】“陨击是太阳系普遍而广泛的地质过程”，地球也不例外。 基于对地壳的陨击成因、以及银河系天体螺旋运动和粒子结构的认知、以及在陨击能量模型与地球各类生物形态进行比较、地表岩层的陨击构造与植物生物区系对应性等探究过程中，地球生物，包括菌类、植物、动物的形态特征呈现出与陨击能量模型（模拟）高度的相似、生物发育秩序与陨击能量模型发展过程的高度一致。本研究认为，它们提供了说明包括植物在内的地球生命起源机制的关键线索。 外天体在陨击地表的过程中，其超强的势能转化为动能、热能和原子能等高能物理过程，导致陨落天体的基本物质——粒子的裂变和聚变，当这些粒子的构造处于膨胀，能量信息相互交换的状态，便可以受到其所处的高能物理环境的影响：“记忆”陨击过程能量运动的时空秩序，从而建立起相应的能量模型。它们作为地球生命的胚种，在特定的条件下，已记忆的信息可依序“表达”，例如“基因模型”。 植物的能量模型对应着陨击能量模型主索断裂前的阶段，动物能量模型则延续到其后阶段。陨击过程形成的生命胚种在地球特定的生态环境中，持续萌发、演变。 Origin of Plant Life Unity of Meteorite Strike Energy Model andBioenergetic Model Lu Ling (Abstract) Meteorite strike is a common and extensive geologicalprocess in the solar system, the Earth is no exception. Based on the causes ofmeteorite impact on the earth's crust, the cognition to celestial spiral motionand particle structure in the galaxy, as well as the comparison betweenmeteorite strike energy model and various biomorph on the earth, matchingbetween meteorite strike structure on ground rock stratum and plant and biota,it is inferred that the morphological characteristics of the life on the Earth,including fungi, plants and animals is highly consistent with the developmentof meteorite strike energy model. This study suggests that the said factprovides the key clue proving the mechanism of the origin of life, includingplants, on the Earth. In the course of celestialbodies hitting the earth's surface, the superior potential energy convertedinto high-energy physics process such as kinetic energy, thermal energy andnuclear energy, causing the fission and fusion of the particles, the basicmaterial objects of falling celestial bodies, when the structure of theseparticles is swelling, and the energy information exchanges, the space-timeorder of energy movement during the meteorite strike process can bememorized. As the germ of life on the Earth and under certainconditions, the information they have memorized can express in sequence, suchas gene models. Plant energy model corresponds to the phase before the main clue ofmeteorite strike energy model ruptured, while the animal energy model extendedto a later phase. The life embryo created during the meteorite strike processcontinued to develop and evolve under the specific ecological environment onthe Earth.
花岗岩是大陆地壳的重要组成部分，也是地球区别于太阳系其它星体的重要特征之一。然而，人类对于花岗岩的起源及形成过程的认识还有许多问题需要解决，其中A-型花岗岩的成因就是一个长期存在争论的问题。A-型花岗岩是一类具有特殊矿物和地球化学组成的花岗岩，蕴含着重要的地质信息。A-型花岗岩具有贫水的特点，通常认为该类岩石起源于贫水的火成岩石，而不可能起源于沉积岩（具有富水的特征）。最近，广州地化所博士生黄会清在导师李献华研究员的指导下以及在李武显研究员和澳大利亚科廷大学李正祥教授的帮助下，应用先进的离子探针锆石原位O同位素分析技术，对南岭地区燕山早期九嶷山典型的A-型花岗岩体进行了系统的矿物学、地球化学和锆石原位Hf-O同位素研究，结果显示，该岩体的锆石具有典型的沉积岩源区的Hf-O同位素特征（锆石d18O = 8.0–9.8‰，eHf(t) = -6.2 to -2.3），表明岩石来源于古老地壳麻粒岩相变沉积岩在高温条件下（960 °C）的部分熔融。 该研究证实了A-型花岗岩也可以由沉积岩石部分熔融形成，并提出了A-型花岗岩形成的一种新成因模式。研究成果已于近期在《Geology》上发表。 附英文摘要： The genesis of A-type granites has been controversial. Fayalite granite is a member of the most reduced A-type granites, commonly thought to have been primarily sourced from tholeiitic rocks. In this paper, we report petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotope and in situ zircon Hf-O isotope results for a fayalite-bearing A-type granite suite at Jiuyishan in South China. High zircon d18O (8.0–9.8‰), negative zircon eHf(t) (-6.2 to -2.3), and evolved whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes (ISr = 0.7151–0.7181; eNd(t) = -7.4 to -6.6) indicate the reworking of old supracrustal rocks. Isotopic and geochemical results, particularly downward inflections of Zr and Ba at ~70 wt% SiO2, point to fractional crystallization, rather than magma mixing as the controlling processes for the evolution of the igneous suite. Integrated petrological, geochemical and isotopic studies present the first convincing case that reduced A-type granites can also be generated by high temperature (960 °C) melting of granulitic metasedimentary rocks, likely related to the upwelling of the asthenosphere and/or underplating and intrusion of basaltic melts. We emphasize that key factors for the genesis of this unique rock type are low fO2, low fH2O and high temperature.
Encyclopedia of Solar system 中文名是《太阳系百科全书》，前几年我国一家出版社获得授权在国内影印出版，可惜部分图片从原书的彩色图片变成了灰度图片，该书详实记载了直到2005年的太阳系各天体的概貌。仅关于木星卫星系统的论述就有3章，分别介绍了Io, Europa以及Ganymeade与Calisto， 厚达40多页，国内出版物实在找不到如此详尽的资料。 该书资料很详实，语言也很平易近人。总体上既可以作为导论性质的学术书籍，又是高级科普读物。作为行星科学研究实在是应该列为必读的书目。我英文不好，读得也很慢,最好是希望有天文学背景的译者能将此书翻译为中文出版。
（再说一个聆听大自然声音的故事。） 杜甫名句：锦城丝管日纷纷，半入江风半入云。此曲只应天上有，人间能得几回闻？说的是天子之乐，民间怎能擅用？ 但是，自然界中确实存在着 只应天上有 的宇宙之音。美国 Kronos Quartet 乐团演奏的 Sun Rings （《太阳鸣奏曲》），就是根据 Iowa 大学的著名空间物理学家 Don Gurnett 教授从事空间探索 40 年来从一系列人造卫星和人造行星（从最早的 Pioneer 10 ， 11 到已经飞到太阳系边缘的 Voyager 1 ， 2 ）的仪器上探测到的地球和外行星周围磁层的哨声波（ Whistler Waves ）和合声波（ Chorus Waves ）编谱的。真正的 此曲只应天上有 ！ 但并非 人间能得几回闻？ 2008 年美国物理学会的年会上， Don Gurnett 教授就放了地球、土星、木星等几个星球的 Chorus Waves 的录音。用他的话说： Chorus waves sound like a dawn chorus of chirping birds ：音频的合唱波（或者翻译成乐团波？）听起来像一群啁啾轻唱的小鸟的晨曲合声。。。 播放这几曲行星之音的时候， Gurnett 教授的 PPT 显示着他 17 岁时做高中科研时为一颗卫星研制一个信号接收仪器的照片。当年笔者到 Iowa 大学工作的时候， Gurnett 教授就已经白发苍苍了。但从他早年照片充满稚气的脸上，仍然可以找到如今容颜的一些影子。而更相像的，是他 17 岁时脸上充满对宇宙和未来的憧憬与在讲坛上聆听 Chorus Waves 的太阳鸣奏曲时专心致志的神态。。。 这些来自宇宙空间的乐曲，可以在 Gurnett 教授的 website 找到： http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/space-audio/index.html 并附有下述说明： This is a sampling of some of Professor Don Gurnett 's favorite sounds of space. These sounds were recorded by University of Iowa instruments on a variety of spacecraft over the past 40 years and include audio samples provided to Terry Riley and the Kronos Quartet for their work Sun Rings . The multimedia production Sun Rings is based on sounds of space collected by University of Iowa Prof. Don Gurnett over a 40-year period. The musical portion of Sun Rings was composed by Terry Riley and performed by the Kronos Quartet, and accompanied by a visual production created by visual designer Willie Williams. Download and enjoy them! J
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