约瑟夫:统一场论 约瑟夫 (Tim Joseph)/ 作 陈之藩 / 译 Unified Field Theory by Tim Joseph In the beginning there was Aristotle, And objects at rest tended to remain at rest, And objects in motion tended to come to rest, And soon everything was at rest, And God saw that it was boring. 当其始也,亚里士多德出来, 静者恒静, 动者终归于静, 不久,万物俱静, 上帝看了一下:这多无聊。 Then God created Newton, And objects at rest tended to remain at rest, But objects in motion tended to remain in motion, And energy was conserved and momentum was conserved and matter was conserved, And God saw that it was conservative. 于是上帝创造了牛顿, 静者恒静 而动者恒动 能量不灭 动量不灭 物质不灭 上帝看了一下:这多保守。 Then God created Einstein, And everything was relative, And fast things became short, and straight things became curved, And the universe was filled with inertial frames, And God saw that it was relatively general, but some of it was especially relative. 于是上帝创造了爱因斯坦 一切都是相对 快者变短 直者变弯 宇宙中充满了种种惰性架位 上帝看了一下,这很相对, 可是其中有些特别的相对。 Then God created Bohr, And there was the Principle, And the Principle was Quantum, And all things were quantified, But some things were still relative, And God saw that it was confusing. 于是上帝创造了波尔 原理在此, 原理就是量子, 一切化为量子 可是有些东西仍是相对 上帝看了一下:这太乱了。 Then God was going to create Ferguson, And Ferguson would have unified, And he would have fielded a theory, And all would have been one, But it was the seventh day, And God rested, And objects at rest tend to remain at rest. 于是上帝将造—弗之孙, 弗之孙就要统一起来: 他将培出一种理论, 把所有一切归于统一, 但已是第七天了, 上帝休息了,
希腊民主涉及实质民主和形式民主。而形式民主又涉及直接民主与间接民主。又涉及表决方法,是抽签还是投票。 Part 3 The magistrates were elected according to qualifications of birth and wealth. At first they governed for life, but subsequently for terms of ten years.The first magistrates, both in date and in importance, were the King, the Polemarch, and the Archon. Part 4 The franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves with a military equipment. The nine Archons and the Treasurers were elected by this body from persons possessing an unencumbered property of not less than ten minas, the less important officials from those who could furnish themselves with a military equipment, and the generals and commanders of the cavalry from those who could show an unencumbered property of not less than a hundred minas, and had children born in lawful wedlock over ten years of age. There was also to be a Council, consisting of four hundred and one members, elected by lot from among those who possessed the franchise. Both for this and for the other magistracies the lot was cast among those who were over thirty years of age; and no one might hold office twice until every one else had had his turn, after which they were to cast the lot afresh. If any member of the Council failed to attend when there was a sitting of the Council or of the Assembly, he paid a fine. loans were secured upon the persons of the debtors, and the land was in the hands of a few. part 5 the many were in slavery to the few, the people rose against the upper class. The strife was keen, and for a long time the two parties were ranged in hostile camps against one another part 7 Solon ratified his laws for a hundred years He divided the population according to property into four classes giving offices to each class in proportion to the value of their rateable property. To who ranked among the Thetes he gave nothing but a place in the Assembly and in the juries. part 8 The elections to the various offices Solon enacted should be by lot, out of candidates selected by each of the tribes. Each tribe selected ten candidates for the nine archonships, and among these the lot was cast. Hence it is still the custom for each tribe to choose ten candidates by lot, and then the lot is again cast among these. part 22 in the archonship of Telesinus, they for the first time since the tyranny elected, tribe by tribe, the nine Archons by lot out of the five hundred candidates selected by the demes, all the earlier ones having been elected by vote; part 30 The other offices were all to be filled by lot four Councils were to be created, of men of the age already mentioned, and one of these was to be chosen by lot to take office at once, while the others were to receive it in turn, in the order decided by the lot. purpose the hundred commissioners were to distribute themselves and all the rest as equally as possible into four parts, and cast lots for precedence, and the selected body should hold office for a year. The casting of the lot for the Council was to be held by the nine Archons; votes on divisions were to be counted by five tellers chosen by lot from the members of the Council, and of these one was to be selected by lot every day to act as president. part 33 At the same time they voted that pay should not be given for any public office. part 41 The democracy has made itself master of everything and administers everything by its votes in the Assembly and by the law-courts, in which it holds the supreme power.