Replay To 雀目与维生素 A ——古人的食疗智慧 精选 ( 陈沐 ) It is clear that most important things to ancient people and /or people living today are the creative or discovering. When I read Mrs. Chen’s paper, I know most Chinese people have been very proud of our grandfathers for their wisdom or willing to discovering when historical chances were there. Where is the spirit of creation and discovering NOW? It is possible we forget to use it. Or it is possible we think the Western people have gotten all of its, so that there isn’t anything or any chance to left today, this year or those couple of years to be discovered. Let's think about it again! And let me give you, all of you, smart Chinese,a word, be ready to repeat the history as I do. Sincerely! Richard At The Harvard Medical School. ====================. 雀目与维生素 A ——古人的食疗智慧 精选 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-609193-609757.html 古代医书《肘后备急方》（ 340 年）记载了一种名为“雀目”的病，并且提出以羊肝脏为主要成分的治疗处方。而《诸病源候论》（ 610 年）上具体解释了何为“雀目”：“人有昼而晴明，至暝则不见物，世谓之雀目，言其如鸟雀暝便无所见也。”这种病也就是我们今天所说的夜盲症，主要因为缺乏维生素 A 而引起。虽然古人并不能用现代生物学的方法解释患病机理，但是通过长期的实践与细密的观察，他们找到了解决办法。如《名医别录》记载，可以用荠菜、芜菁以及动物内脏改善视力。 在李约瑟的《中国科学技术史》中，列举了中国古代饮食和营养缺乏性疾病，分别为甲状腺肿大、雀目、脚气以及佝偻。通过长期的实践，这些病可以通过食疗的方法控制或者减少——这就是为什么我们日常的饮食中总是少不了番茄、南瓜、红薯（这三样都富含维生素 A ，都比菠菜强多了）和豆腐（用硫酸钙凝固的豆腐，是丰富的钙源）、海带（补碘。几乎所有内陆城市的餐桌上都少不了海带，以前我还未曾细想个中缘由，现在才明白老祖宗的智慧） ….
维生素A 缺乏症的临床试验研究有21项（见下面的详细信息），唐研究员做的研究课题很普通，研究目的、研究方法和研究结果没有什么特别的。从PUBMED数据库中检索到维生素A缺乏症的临床试验文献有269篇（见下面的信息分析结果）。 转基因大米人体试验（唐广文的论文和临床试验报告） 唐广文的论文昭示儿童转基因大米实验背景 （建议大家读一读） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=280034do=blogid=609726 论文昭示儿童转基因大米实验背景 http://www.ebiotrade.com/newsf/2012-9/201295142556143.htm 该课题组的具体研究分工： 1 唐广文教授设计实验，实施田间试验，监督数据分析，并编写了手稿； 2 胡余明研究员协调和监督研究；荫士安进行研究和收集样品； 3 王茵研究员审核研究设计和监督研究；Gerard E Dallal监督和实施统计分析； 4 Michael A Grusak生产内源性标记的水稻和菠菜； 5 Robert M Russell设计了这项研究，并担任研究医生。 研究是在中国湖南省的一所小学开展的，对象是年龄在6-8岁的健康小学生（有着正常的生化检测结果；如下），无寄生虫感染，或用阿苯达唑（葛兰素史克）治疗后证实无感染。大部分居民是本地农村的劳动人民，收入中等。48%的研究对象在治疗（无副作用）后被招募，在研究餐开始前的一个月参与研究。因此，研究时的所有研究对象经过实验室检测，均无寄生虫感染。当地每年对所有儿童进行健康评估和生物医学检测（白细胞计数、血红蛋白计数、血小板计数、红细胞计数和红细胞压积）。生物通 www.ebiotrade.com 为了评估研究的样本大小，我们使用了过去美国的菠菜或β-胡萝卜素胶囊研究（26,27）和中国的深绿色蔬菜研究（28）进行power计算。我们发现，为了确定两个类别的差异——边缘和正常维生素A摄入，我们需要每个类别30个的样本大小，为了评估各种来源的食物机制的效果（菠菜、黄金大米和β-胡萝卜素胶囊），我们需要每组10个。考虑到对象退出研究的可能性，我们提议边缘维生素A组有36个对象，正常维生素A组有36个对象，而菠菜组、大米组和β-胡萝卜素胶囊组每组有12个。 在筛查的总共112个对象中，72个参加了研究，并从68个对象中采集了足够的血清样本（每个对象在1-5个时间点之间变化），便于HPLC和气相色谱-质谱分析。对象的人体测量是在全中国这一年龄组所报告的数据范围内（29）。 研究招募过程和程序经过了美国机构审查委员会-塔尔茨医学中心和中国浙江省医学科学院伦理审查委员会的批准。所有家长和学生都同意参加本研究。 致谢： 我们感谢所有中国湖南参与这一研究的志愿者，以及主厨、护士和中国长沙的湖南省疾病预防与控制中心相关人员。 作者分工如下： Guangwen Tang负责实验设计，实施田间实验，监督数据分析并且撰写论文 Yuming Hu：协调并监督这项研究 Shi-an Yin：进行研究并收集样本 Yin Wang：评估实验设计并进行监督 Gerard E Dallal：监督并进行统计学分析 Michael A 黄金大米usak：生产带标记的大米和菠菜 Robert M Russell：设计实验并作为本研究中的医师 所有的作者都看过论文手稿，没有作者与该研究存在利益冲突。 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-280034-609409.html 2012年最新的这篇题为“β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children”的文章一经过公布，就引起了众多关注，文章主要是对儿童进行试验，试验分三组，一共有68个年龄6-8岁的儿童，在35天时间里，三组儿童分别摄入这种试验大米，菠菜，和β-胡萝卜素的胶囊。结论是在提供给儿童维生素A的方面，GR大米中β-胡萝卜素与胶囊中的一样有效，并且优于菠菜。 关于“Golden Rice”（转基因黄金大米，GR）的报道近期掀起了轩然大波，目前最新进展是相关文章（β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children）中第二，第三和第四作者（均为中方作者）都否认了曾参与这项研究，称“之前既没有听说与该篇论文相关的任何信息，也没有看过论文的内容，更不知道为何自己的名字会出现在论文的作者之中”，事件进展扑朔迷离，在进一步调查结果出来之前，让我们来看看相关发表的论文。 http://www.ebiotrade.com/newsf/2012-9/201295115024123.htm 安德莉亚·格罗斯曼在声明中说 ，“这项试验的目的是测试黄金大米作为在发展中国家一个非常严重健康问题(维生素A缺乏)的部分解决方案的可行性。” 维生素A 缺乏症是因体内缺乏维生素A而引起的以眼和皮肤病变为主的全身性疾病，多见于1～4岁小儿；最早的症状是暗适应差，眼结合膜及角膜干燥，以后发展为角膜软化且有皮肤干燥和毛囊角化，故又称夜盲症、干眼病、角膜软化症。 Vitamin A Equivalence of Plant Carotenoids in Children This study has been completed. Study NCT00680212 Information provided by Tufts University First Received on May 16, 2008. Last Updated on February 17, 2009 History of Changes Related Studies can be found by searching for the Conditions, Interventions, and Sponsors found in this study: Conditions listed in this trial Vitamin A Deficiency Additional conditions recognized in this trial Night Blindness More general conditions related to this trial Avitaminosis Deficiency Diseases Eye Diseases Malnutrition Nutrition Disorders Vision Disorders Interventions listed in this trial dietary carotenoids Additional drug interventions recognized in this trial Beta Carotene Carotenoids Retinol palmitate Vitamin A Vitamins More general drug interventions related to this trial Anticarcinogenic Agents Antineoplastic Agents Antioxidants Growth Substances Micronutrients Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action Pharmacologic Actions Physiological Effects of Drugs Protective Agents Therapeutic Uses Sponsors listed in this trial Tufts University http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/related/NCT00680212 Found 21 studies with search of: "Vitamin A Deficiency" Hide studies that are not seeking new volunteers. 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Display Options Rank Status Study 1 Completed Treatment of Congenital Stationary Night Blindness With an Alga Containing High Dose of Beta Carotene Condition: NightBlindness Intervention: DietarySupplement:algaDunaliellabardawil 2 Completed Efficacy of Vitamin A in Fortified Extruded Rice in School Children Condition: VitaminADeficiency Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Triple fortified extruded tice (Fe, Zn and vitamin A) 3 Recruiting Efficacy of Newborn Vitamin A Supplementation in Improving Immune Function Condition: VitaminADeficiency Interventions: DietarySupplement:retinylpalmitate; DietarySupplement:Placebo 4 Recruiting Efficacy of Yellow Cassava to Improve Vitamin A Status of Kenyan School Children Condition: VitaminADeficiency Interventions: Other:Yellowcassava; Other:Whitecassava 5 Completed An Efficacy Trial of Iron, Zinc and Vitamin A Fortified Rice in Children in Satun, Thailand Conditions: VitaminADeficiency; IronDeficiency; ZincDeficiency Intervention: DietarySupplement:fortifiedextrudedrice 6 Completed Impact of Maternal Supplementation With Dual Megadose of Vitamin A Conditions: Hypovitaminosis; VitaminADeficiency Interventions: DietarySupplement:vitaminA; DietarySupplement:Placebo 7 Active, not recruiting Vitamin A Bioavailability in Lactating Women With Marginal Vitamin A Status Condition: VitaminADeficiency Interventions: Other:0mgretinolactivityequivalents; Other:12mgofBC; Other:6mgofCX; Other:1.0mgRAE 8 Completed Vitamin A to Reduce HIV in Vaginal Secretions and Prevent Viral Transmission Conditions: HIVInfections; VitaminADeficiency; HIVSeronegativity Intervention: Drug:VitaminA 9 Completed Vitamin A Equivalence of Plant Carotenoids in Children Condition: VitaminADeficiency Interventions: DietarySupplement:dietarycarotenoids; Dietary Supplement: spinach, rice, and synthetic beta-carotene 10 Unknown † Single-dose Postpartum Vitamin A Supplementation of Mothers and Neonates Conditions: VitaminADeficiency; HIV Intervention: Drug:VitaminA(retinylpalmitate) 11 Completed Retinol Equivalence of Plant Carotenoids in Children Condition: VitaminADeficiency Intervention: 12 Completed Has Results Impact of Maternal Vitamin A or Beta-Carotene Supplementation on Maternal and Infant Mortality in Bangladesh Conditions: VitaminADeficiency; MaternalMortality; InfantMortality Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin A or Beta-Carotene Supplements 13 Completed Trial of the Impact of Vitamin A on Maternal Mortality Conditions: VitaminADeficiency; MaternalMortality; MaternalMorbidity Intervention: DietarySupplement:VitaminA 14 Completed Impact of Consumption of Orange-fleshed Sweet Potatoes on the Vitamin A Status of Bangladeshi Women of Reproductive Age Condition: VitaminADeficiency Intervention: Behavioral: Consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes 15 Terminated Community Trial of Newborn Vitamin A Supplementation to Reduce Infant Mortality in Rural Bangladesh Conditions: InfantMortality; VitaminADeficiency Intervention: Drug:vitaminAsupplementation(50,000IU) 16 Recruiting Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on Immune Responses in Human Neonates Condition: VitaminADeficiency Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin A (retinyl palmitate). 17 Completed Dietary Vitamin A Requirement in Chinese Children and the New Technology of Dietary Assessment Condition: VitaminADeficiency Intervention: 18 Completed Vitamin A Absorption From Cassava in Women Condition: VitaminADeficiency Interventions: Other: Beta-Carotene bio-fortified cassava porridge without oil; Other: Beta-Carotene bio-fortified cassava porridge with oil; Other: White cassava porridge with retinyl palmitate reference dose 19 Completed Newborn Vitamin A (VA) Supplementation Pilot Project, Pakistan Condition: VitaminADeficiency Interventions: DietarySupplement:VitaminA; DietarySupplement:Placebo 20 Active, not recruiting Nutributter Programming to Prevent Undernutrition: an Evaluation Condition: Undernutrition Interventions: DietarySupplement:NutributterProgram; Other:IntegratedPackage Found 21 studies with search of: "Vitamin A Deficiency" Hide studies that are not seeking new volunteers. Hide studies with unknown recruitment status. Display Options Rank Status Study 21 Completed A Study on Immunological Effect of Vitamin A and Zinc in a Placebo Controlled 4 Cell Trial Conditions: Immunity; Diarrhea; RespiratoryTractInfections Intervention: Drug:Zinc,orVitaminAorboth 详细信息见 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=%22Vitamin+A+Deficiency%22pg=1 Found 21 studies with search of: "Vitamin A Deficiency" No Query Suggestions Recognized Terms and Synonyms: Vitamin A Deficiency: 21studies deficiencies disease vitamins deficiencies vitamins deficiency of vitamin a hypovitaminosis a keratomalacia night blindness retinol deficiency vitamin a deficiencies vitamin deficiency disease xerotic keratitis Related Terms: Click on a related term to refine your search. This will narrow your search by adding an additional search term. If your search becomes too narrow (finds too few studies), broaden it by removing search terms with the Refine Search page. B beta-carotene C carotenes cassava N night blindness O of vitamin a deficiency P palmitates retinol palmitate provitamin a R retinol retinol activity equivalent retinol equivalent retinol palmitate retinyl palmitate S spinach V vitamin a deficiencies of vitamin a deficiency vitamin a intake 检索策略： 1 "vitamin a deficiency维生素A缺乏" OR "vitamin a deficiency" 检索结果 5619篇 2 ("vitamin a deficiency" OR "vitamin a deficiency" ) AND Clinical Trial临床试验 检索结果269篇 信息分析平台： http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/AnneOTate_summarize.cgi?ID=31269t=fw=ch 科研论文信息分析结果： Important words 重要词汇 词频Frq 1 vitamin 4661 2 retinol 1250 3 xerophthalmia 287 4 bitot 116 5 hypovitaminosis 216 6 deficiency 3097 7 retinyl 255 8 provitamin 113 9 keratomalacia 60 10 vad 252 11 micronutrient 244 12 mrdr 24 13 deficient 1259 14 carotene 353 15 avitaminosis 89 16 xerophthalmic 24 17 retinoic 514 18 a-deficient 41 19 blindness 368 20 supplementation 664 Topics 研究主题分布 Frq 1 Vitamin A Deficiency 4525 2 Vitamin A 2643 3 Liver 718 4 Diet 454 5 Xerophthalmia 370 6 Tretinoin 350 7 Nutritional Status 342 8 Body Weight 306 9 Carotenoids 306 10 Prevalence 289 11 Nutrition Disorders 258 12 India 253 13 Rats, Inbred Strains 252 14 Dietary Supplements 235 15 Developing Countries 217 16 Retinol-Binding Proteins 215 17 Risk Factors 209 18 Cross-Sectional Studies 195 19 Night Blindness 190 20 Iron 179 Author 作者分布 frq 1 Sommer A 86 2 West KP 58 3 Ross AC 53 4 Semba RD 52 5 Wolf G 48 6 West CE 44 7 Muhilal 36 8 Olson JA 36 9 De Luca LM 35 10 Biesalski HK 32 11 Reddy V 32 12 Amedee-Manesme O 30 13 DeLuca HF 29 14 Underwood BA 29 15 Bloem MW 27 16 Tanumihardjo SA 26 17 Katz J 25 18 Russell RM 25 19 Zile MH 24 20 Chytil F 23 Affiliations 研究机构分布 frq 1 USA 420 2 Baltimore 128 3 India 115 4 France 95 5 Department of Biochemistry 93 6 Department of Ophthalmology 92 7 Department of Pediatrics 91 8 Japan 66 9 Boston 61 10 London 53 11 Department of Nutrition 52 12 The Netherlands 52 13 Canada 48 14 UK 46 15 New York 45 16 MD 21205 44 17 Brazil 38 18 Department of Human Nutrition 38 19 Department of International Health 38 20 Department of Medicine 37 Journals 期刊分布 frq 1 J Nutr 280 2 Am J Clin Nutr 230 3 Int J Vitam Nutr Res 117 4 Nutr Rev 91 5 Lancet 85 6 Br J Nutr 76 7 Eur J Clin Nutr 68 8 Biochem J 63 9 Indian Pediatr 61 10 Arch Latinoam Nutr 50 11 Biochim Biophys Acta 49 12 Food Nutr Bull 49 13 Vopr Pitan 49 14 Ukr Biokhim Zh 47 15 Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42 16 J Trop Pediatr 42 17 Public Health Nutr 42 18 Br J Ophthalmol 40 19 Indian J Pediatr 40 20 Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 35 Years年代分布 1 2012 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 2 2011 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 3 2010 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 4 2009 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 5 2008 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 6 2007 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 7 2006 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Topics 文献聚类 Frq Most recent articles 347 1 Liver 718 2 Diet 454 3 Xerophthalmia 370 4 Tretinoin 350 5 Nutritional Status 342 6 Carotenoids 306 7 Body Weight 306 8 Prevalence 289 9 Nutrition Disorders 258 10 India 253 11 Rats, Inbred Strains 252 12 Developing Countries 217 13 Retinol-Binding Proteins 215 14 Epithelium 178 15 Vitamin E Deficiency 168 Miscellaneous 2133 参考文献 • 评论：谁隐瞒了“儿童试验 转基因 大米”真相 • 原论文全文： 转基因 大米儿童实验（一） • 利用儿童实验的 转基因 大米论文全文（三） • 湖南农业厅：从未批准 转基因 大米试验 • 转基因 大米试验部分涉事家长称不知是试验 • 利用儿童实验的 转基因 大米论文全文（四） • 利用儿童实验的 转基因 大米论文全文（二） • 一论文利用中国儿童做 转基因 试验引争议 • 转基因 研究难以避免人体试验 • 转基因 大米人体试验中美当事人说法不一致 • 国家动物 转基因 技术研究中心落户内蒙古大学 • 转基因 大米试验发生了什么 • 转基因 大米不是毒，但是是风险，以及无罪推定 • 小学生 转基因 试验陷“罗生门” • 评论： 转基因 大米试验需要实质性回应 • 美大学承认用中国儿童做 转基因 大米试验 • 制备 转基因 小鼠过程中的若干技巧 • 湖南衡阳称无学生涉及 转基因 人体试验 • 转基因 水稻的基因逃逸“不可避免但缓慢” • 两头 转基因 “克隆牛”在京出生喝进口奶粉 • 科学家研制出首例 转基因 芒草 • 农业 转基因 管理各国迥异 • 转基因 玉米：有望在中国大放光芒 • 全世界78%的 转基因 作物生产自美洲大陆 • 害虫突变可能会危及 转基因 作物的功效 • 美国新一代 转基因 大豆悄然上市FDA为其开绿灯 • 转基因 细菌阻止蚊子传播疟疾 • 盖茨基金会千万美元资助英国 转基因 农业研究 • 美国民众网络请愿拒绝“ 转基因 蚊子” • 用 转基因 蚊子解决登革热等问题 • “消费者无需担忧有“准生证”的 转基因 食品” • 袁隆平称不应该全否定 转基因 • 中国 转基因 主粮安全问题是是非非十年 • 美国科学家培育出世界上第一批 转基因 婴儿 • 疾控专家：有“准生证”的 转基因 食品可放心吃 • 元勋子女斗法 转基因 • 中国 转基因 稻违规扩散 • 转基因 大豆油成北京学校食堂主力
参见：http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2012/07/31/ajcn.111.030775.abstract#fn-2 β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children Guangwen Tang , Yuming Hu , Shi-an Yin , Yin Wang , Gerard E Dallal , Michael A Grusak , and Robert M Russell - Author Affiliations 1 From the Carotenoids Health Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (GT, GED, and RMR); the Hunan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China (YH); Maternal Child Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China (SY); the Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China (YW); the USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MAG); and the Office of Dietary Supplement s , NIH, Bethesda, MD (RMR). - Author Notes ↵ 2 Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Department of Agriculture, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government. ↵ 3 This material is based on work supported by the US Department of Agriculture under Cooperative Agreements 581950-9-001, 58-6250-6-001, and 581950-7-707; by a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH (NIDDK DK620021); and by a grant on spinach and pure labeled β-carotene from the National Technology Research and Development Program in the 11th Five Year Plan of China (2008BAI58B03). ↵ 4 Address correspondence to G Tang, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail: guangwen.tang@tufts.edu . Abstract Background: Golden Rice (GR) has been genetically engineered to be rich in β-carotene for use as a source of vitamin A. Objective: The objective was to compare the vitamin A value of β-carotene in GR and in spinach with that of pure β-carotene in oil when consumed by children. Design: Children ( n = 68; age 6–8 y) were randomly assigned to consume GR or spinach (both grown in a nutrient solution containing 23 atom% 2 H 2 O) or β-carotene in an oil capsule. The GR and spinach β-carotene were enriched with deuterium ( 2 H) with the highest abundance molecular mass (M) at M β-C + 2 H 10 . Retinyl acetate in an oil capsule was administered as a reference dose. Serum samples collected from subjects were analyzed by using gas chromatography electron-capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the enrichments of labeled retinol: M retinol +4 (from β-carotene in oil), M retinol +5 (from GR or spinach β-carotene), and M retinol +10 (from retinyl acetate). Results: Using the response to the dose of retinyl acetate (0.5 mg) as a reference, our results (with the use of AUC of molar enrichment at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the labeled doses) showed that the conversions of pure β-carotene (0.5 mg), GR β-carotene (0.6 mg), and spinach β-carotene (1.4 mg) to retinol were 2.0, 2.3, and 7.5 to 1 by weight, respectively. Conclusions: The β-carotene in GR is as effective as pure β-carotene in oil and better than that in spinach at providing vitamin A to children. A bowl of ～100 to 150 g cooked GR (50 g dry weight) can provide ～60% of the Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake of vitamin A for 6–8-y-old children. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00680212 . Received November 17, 2011. Accepted June 21, 2012. --------- 说明： 从论文陈述看，参与本项目和论文的人包括 湖南省疾控中心、北京国家营养与食品安全研究所、浙江医学科学院等。而且，项目得到了 国家科技支撑计划项目( 2008BAI58B03 )的支持。
标签: 维生素A
