小柯机器人

美国哈佛医学院David Reich等研究人员合作揭示与外界接触前的加勒比地区遗传史。相关论文于2020年12月23日在线发表在《自然》杂志上。

研究人员报道了来自巴哈马、海地和多米尼加共和国（统称为伊斯帕尼奥拉）、波多黎各、库拉索和委内瑞拉174位古代人类的全基因组数据，并与89位先前发表的古代人类进行了共同分析。使用使用石器的加勒比人最早是在前古典时代进入加勒比海的，其人口差异很大，最接近中南美洲和北美洲的人群。与以前的工作相反，研究人员没有发现与北美人群相关联的祖先。古代相关血统有超过98％被遗传上同质的、使用陶器的人口所取代，这些人口与来自南美东北部的阿拉瓦克族语言使用者有关。这些人至少在1700年前穿过小安德列斯群岛进入大安德列斯群岛，并引入了目前仍然存在的血统。

尽管人群数量有限，但古加勒比地区的人们却避免了近亲繁殖。人口普查规模不可能比有效人口规模大十倍以上，因此，以前泛加勒比地区数十万人的数目估计过大。通过确认一个小群陶器时代人口，研究人员发现了19对跨岛堂兄弟姐妹、埋在伊斯帕尼奥拉附近约75公里处的近亲和跨岛的低遗传分化。跨越陶器风格转变的遗传连续性表明，陶器时代的文化变化不是由来自大陆的遗传分化群体迁徙驱动的，而是反映了相互联系的加勒比海世界中的相互作用。

据了解，人类在大约6000年前定居加勒比海，陶瓷的使用和集约化农业标志着大约2500年前从古时代到陶瓷时代的转变。

附：英文原文

Title: A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean

Author: Daniel M. Fernandes, Kendra A. Sirak, Harald Ringbauer, Jakob Sedig, Nadin Rohland, Olivia Cheronet, Matthew Mah, Swapan Mallick, Iigo Olalde, Brendan J. Culleton, Nicole Adamski, Rebecca Bernardos, Guillermo Bravo, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Kimberly Callan, Francesca Candilio, Lea Demetz, Kellie Sara Duffett Carlson, Laurie Eccles, Suzanne Freilich, Richard J. George, Ann Marie Lawson, Kirsten Mandl, Fabio Marzaioli, Weston C. McCool, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kadir T. zdogan, Constanze Schattke, Ryan Schmidt, Kristin Stewardson, Filippo Terrasi, Fatma Zalzala, Carlos Arredondo Antnez, Ercilio Vento Canosa, Roger Colten, Andrea Cucina, Francesco Genchi, Claudia Kraan, Francesco La Pastina, Michaela Lucci, Marcio Veloz Maggiolo, Beatriz Marcheco-Teruel, Clenis Tavarez Maria, Christian Martnez, Ingeborg Pars, Michael Pateman, Tanya M. Simms, Carlos Garcia Sivoli, Miguel Vilar, Douglas J. Kennett, William F. Keegan, Alfredo Coppa, Mark Lipson, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich

Issue&Volume: 2020-12-23

Abstract: Humans settled the Caribbean about 6,000 years ago, and ceramic use and intensified agriculture mark a shift from the Archaic to the Ceramic Age at around 2,500 years ago1,2,3. Here we report genome-wide data from 174 ancient individuals from The Bahamas, Haiti and the Dominican Republic (collectively, Hispaniola), Puerto Rico, Curaao and Venezuela, which we co-analysed with 89 previously published ancient individuals. Stone-tool-using Caribbean people, who first entered the Caribbean during the Archaic Age, derive from a deeply divergent population that is closest to Central and northern South American individuals; contrary to previous work4, we find no support for ancestry contributed by a population related to North American individuals. Archaic-related lineages were >98% replaced by a genetically homogeneous ceramic-using population related to speakers of languages in the Arawak family from northeast South America; these people moved through the Lesser Antilles and into the Greater Antilles at least 1,700 years ago, introducing ancestry that is still present. Ancient Caribbean people avoided close kin unions despite limited mate pools that reflect small effective population sizes, which we estimate to be a minimum of 500–1,500 and a maximum of 1,530–8,150 individuals on the combined islands of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola in the dozens of generations before the individuals who we analysed lived. Census sizes are unlikely to be more than tenfold larger than effective population sizes, so previous pan-Caribbean estimates of hundreds of thousands of people are too large5,6. Confirming a small and interconnected Ceramic Age population7, we detect 19 pairs of cross-island cousins, close relatives buried around 75 km apart in Hispaniola and low genetic differentiation across islands. Genetic continuity across transitions in pottery styles reveals that cultural changes during the Ceramic Age were not driven by migration of genetically differentiated groups from the mainland, but instead reflected interactions within an interconnected Caribbean world1,8.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03053-2

Nature：《自然》，创刊于1869年。隶属于施普林格·自然出版集团，最新IF：69.504
官方网址：http://www.nature.com/
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