http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.06087

1）低配位使水分子缩小且间距变大，H-O键缩短变强振频升高，O:H非键增长变弱振频降低。

2）H-O和O:H的比热曲线叠加产生两个交点把全温范围分成固态/准（超）固态/液态。

3）三相两边界分别对应冰点和熔点且通过振频弛豫而改变；O:H非键振频决定冰点；H-O振频决定熔点。

4）纳米水滴、气泡、水表皮，雪花、等出现熔点升高冰点降低。

Molecular undercoordination shortens and stiffens the H-O bond but lengthens and softens the O:H nonbond simultaneously associated with O 1s energy entrapment and nonbonding electron dual polarization, which dictates behavior of water and ice dominated by undercoordinated molecules, such as droplets, bubbles, defects, skins, etc.