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贝尔实验室授权晶体管技术
贝尔实验室的技术专题研讨会和晶体管专利授权促进半导体发展。
在20世纪40年代末和整个20世纪50年代,贝尔电话实验室在半导体技术上追求一个“根本发展”的有力方案,促进晶体管和其他固态器件的迅速改善。这项计划由电气工程师杰克·莫顿的带领下,促进发展区域精炼技术(1951里程碑)和单锗和硅晶体(1951年里程碑)的扩大技术。它还发展了pn结形成技术,预备半导体表面和附加金属 - 加逻辑电路和系统以及晶体管。莫顿主张与其他研究人员和公司分享这种晶体管技术,因为AT&T贝尔实验室和其母公司可以受益于他方的技术进步。因此,在20世纪50年代,他们主办了三次大会,会上其他的科学家和工程师参观了贝尔实验室抢先学习了新的半导体技术。在1951年9月举行第一次会议上,专门讨论了军事用户和应用程序。
在1952年4月,来自40个支付了25,000美元的专利许可费的公司的100名代表了为期九天的晶体管技术研讨会,会议内容中包括访问参观了西电的位于阿伦敦PA的工厂的超现代晶体管制造流程。参与者中有GE和RCA这样的电子巨头,也有当时的一些小公司,如德州仪器和索尼。由贝尔实验室出版随后经D.范·Nostrand修订的首届研讨会法律规章 (业界亲切地称为“马贝尔的食谱” )成为动态半导体产业在20世纪50年代问世的圣经。
Jack A. Morton (left) and J. R. Wilson at Bell Laboratories, circa 1948
杰克莫顿(左)和JR威尔逊在贝尔实验室,1948年左右
Attendees arrive at the first Bell Labs transistor symposium
与会者出席首届贝尔实验室的晶体管研讨会
"Ma Bell’s Cookbook" issued to attendees of the first symposium
“马贝尔的食谱”,分发予第一次研讨会的参与者
Bell Transistor Technology "class" of 1952. Jack Kilby top center
1952年贝尔晶体管技术的“参与团体”。杰克·基尔比顶部中心
译者:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840113-李嘉恒
校对:
原文:http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1952-transistor-technology-education-and-licensing-begins.html
版权 copyright by www.computerhistory.org
1952 - Bell Labs Licenses Transistor Technology
Bell Labs technology symposia and licensing of transistor patents encourages semiconductor development.
In the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s, Bell Telephone Laboratories pursued a vigorous program of "fundamental development" in semiconductor technology to promote rapid improvements in transistors and other solid-state devices. Led by electrical engineer Jack Morton, this program fostered technologies of zone-refining (1951 Milestone) and growing large single crystals of germanium and silicon (1951 Milestone). It also developed techniques for forming p-n junctions, preparing semiconductor surfaces and attaching metal leads — plus logic circuits and systems involving transistors.
Morton advocated sharing this transistor technology with other researchers and companies because Bell Labs and its parent AT&T could benefit from advances made elsewhere. So during the 1950s they sponsored three gatherings at which other scientists and engineers visited Bell Labs to learn the new semiconductor technology first hand. Held in September 1951, the first meeting specifically addressed military users and applications.
In April 1952, over 100 representatives from 40 companies that had paid a $25,000 patent-licensing fee came for a nine-day Transistor Technology Symposium, including a visit to Western Electric’s ultramodern transistor manufacturing plant in Allentown, PA. There were participants from such electronics titans as GE and RCA, as well as from then-small firms like Texas Instruments and Sony. Published by Bell Labs and subsequently by D. Van Nostrand in a revised edition, the proceedings of the first symposium - The Transistor fondly recognized as "Ma Bell’s Cookbook" - became the bible of the dynamic semiconductor industry that emerged in the 1950s.
Contemporary Documents
The Transistor: Selected Reference Material on Characteristics and Applications.Prepared by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. for Western Electric Co., Inc. (New York 1951)
F. J. Biondi, H. E. Bridgers, J. H. Scaff, and J. N. Shive, eds., Transistor Technology,Vols. I, II, and III (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1958).
More Information
Morton, Jack A. "From Research to Technology," International Science and Technology(May 1964) pp. 82–92.
Hornbeck, J. "The Transistor," in F. M. Smits, ed., A History of Science and Engineering in the Bell System: Electronics Technology (1925–75)(AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1985) pp. 1–100.
Misa, Thomas J. "Military Needs, Commercial Realities, and the Development of the Transistor, 1948–58," in Merritt Roe Smith, ed., Military Enterprise and Technological Change(MIT Press, 1985) pp. 253–87.
Riordan, M. & Hoddeson, L. Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age.(New York: W. W. Norton, 1997) pp. 168–217.
Riordan, Michael. "How Bell Labs Missed the Microchip," IEEE Spectrum(December 2006) pp. 36–41
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