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听高福讲埃博拉与禽流感的故事 精选

已有 6515 次阅读 2015-2-9 07:50 |个人分类:临床研习|系统分类:科普集锦|关键词:学者| 埃博拉, 禽流感, 高福, 文化病

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星期五上午,我院举行了深圳市三名工程之一“高福院士工作站”的揭牌仪式,深圳市副市长吴以环等参加。揭牌仪式后,我院聘请高福院士为名誉院长、省新发传染病重点实验室名誉主任。高非常风趣,笑称大家鼓掌后他就是我们的一员,请大家多多关照。随后是院士讲座,他的讲题是“埃博拉与禽流感的故事”。
这是第二次听他讲这个故事,上一次是他刚从塞拉利昂回来刚刚解除医学观察期后,因为已经确定在我院设立工作站,参加了当时深圳市举行的肝胆疾病及传染病高峰论坛。高福1961年11月15日出生于山西省应县,1983毕业于山西农业大学兽医学系,1986获得北京农业大学微生物学与动物传染病学硕士学位,1986-1991年任北京农业大学助教、讲师,1991-1994 年在英国牛津大学攻读博士(生物化学),1994 年加拿大 Calgary University博士后,1995-1998 年英国牛津大学博士后,1999-2001 年美国哈佛大学 / 哈佛医学院博士后,2001-2004 年 英国牛津大学讲师、博士生导师、Group leader,2004 -2008年应聘中国科学院微生物研究所所长,2008-至今为中国科学院北京生命科学研究院副院长、中国科学院病原微生物与免疫学重点实验室主任,2010-至今为英国牛津大学客座教授,2011-至今为中国疾病预防控制中心副主任,2013年12月当选中国科学院院士。
高福院士长期从事病原微生物与免疫学领域研究,特别是在病原与宿主的相互识别和相互作用方面进行了系统性和原创性工作。揭示了包括流感病毒、冠状病毒等在内的重要囊膜病毒侵入、融合和释放机制,为新一代抗病毒药物开发提供潜在靶标;揭示了重要病原跨宿主传播与致病机制,尤其是H5N1和H7N9禽流感病毒突破种间屏障的生态学与分子机制;揭示了CD8等重要免疫分子受体与配体的互作机制以及流感等重要病原细胞免疫机制。曾获发展中国家科学院(TWAS)基础医学奖等奖项。

作为首批援塞医疗队的负责人之一,高福挑起了移动实验室管理的重任。据说为了搬运那个移动P3实验室,仅租用俄罗斯的大型运输机就花了几千万人民币,因为我国还没有那样的大型飞机。他们在塞拉利昂开展实验室筛查和留观工作,设施装备好过任何一个发达国家,主要目的是疾病预防控制工作和公共卫生的防线前移。即由中国前移到非洲去,以免疫情传播到中国措手不及。我国第一批59名援塞医疗队员,包括以他挂帅的检测专家和以302医院为主的临床专家。

高福院士认为,埃博拉疫情在西非蔓延,很大程度与经济贫穷和文化落后密切相关,他展示了一些图片表明塞拉利昂人的卫生防疫观念十分淡漠,几乎没有消毒隔离意识。他们的院长和医生护士非常近距离地接触埃博拉患者,自己都没有必要的防护,既不戴口罩,也不戴护目镜,甚至病人死亡之后仍然要举行清洗、抚摸和亲吻等宗教仪式,埃博拉病毒就会通过直接接触而传播。他指着图片上的小伙子,拍照时人还好好的,不几天就患病身亡了。而且那里的临床救治也十分简陋,没有像样的医院,救护车、运尸车、摩托车等必要的交通工具都很缺,救治病人的仪器设备和通讯工具也很少,难以有效跟踪和转移病人。具体来说,他们检测队的任务主要有两个,一个是检测疑似患者,确认是否感染了埃博拉病毒;第二个是检测尸体,不能再按当地风俗去接触,然后必须直接埋葬。此外,他个人要做一些跟国际组织的沟通工作,而且是当地两个团队的新闻发言人,接触一些新闻媒体,包括他们的广播站,去给他们做做科普。在两个月内,中国医疗队累计检测了1635份血液样本,收治留观病例274例。

在留观工作上,最大的挑战就是培训当地护士。一是她们的医学基础确实太差,二是她们的防控意识很薄弱。但在他们的一再督促下,当地的护士也逐渐严格按照操作规范来执行了。

对于有报道说,中国医疗队中有成员在塞拉利昂向非洲病患提供中药,测试其治疗效果,据称“很受欢迎”,并且“效果良好”。高福院士果断地说,该报道有误导性。塞拉利昂是英联邦的一部分,在医学上接受的是西方文化,他们是不会相信中药。在西方理念里,一定要知道药物的有效成分,并做过对照实验,而中药的成分不明确,也没有实验,很难在应对埃博拉这种急性的高致死性病毒上发挥太大作用。

高福坦称,目前人类对埃博拉病毒的了解还非常之少,但这个病毒的传播途径肯定是从蝙蝠传到其他一些动物身上的,如羚羊,以及猴子、狒狒、大猩猩等高级灵长类动物,而非洲居民有吃这些动物的习惯,进而就感染了病毒。至于埃博拉的变异程度到底有多大还不清楚。今年8月,美国科学家发表了一篇文章,对5月底到6月中旬从70多个塞拉利昂的病人身上分离出来的共99株病毒进行分析,发现埃博拉病毒的进化速率非常之快,大概是过去40年分离出的病毒的2倍!这说明埃博拉病毒在快速变异,这是之前所没有想到的。这么快速的变异究竟意味着什么现在也不清楚,人们对埃博拉的致病机制和它快速致人死亡的原因,很多细节也还有待研究。不过现在有一点是清楚的,不论是埃博拉病毒,还是SARS、H7N9,或是其他流感病毒,都有一个共同的机制,就是病毒引起了细胞因子风暴。所谓“细胞因子风暴”就是病毒入侵激起的人类免疫系统的反应过分强烈了,最终是免疫系统杀死了人。

他认为,防治传染病,要从改善生态环境、调整生活习惯上下功夫。高福在报告中提到,2003年的SARS病毒、2005年的禽流感、2009年的甲型H1N1大流感、2012年中东的MERS、2013年我国H7N9禽流感感染人的事件,以及2014年发生的西非埃博拉的流行等,这些引起公众关注的新发突发传染病呈现出一个共同点:那就是病毒的动物源性。中国的问题是活禽市场,最近在江苏、福建和广东又开始出现H7N9禽流感了。我们明明知道H7N9禽流感是人吃活禽引起的,政府也在大力科普,但还是劝不住民众。大家基于生活习惯,该吃活禽的还是吃,让关闭活禽市场也始终关闭不了,这就看出科学和文化之间的冲突有多大,最终导致传染病的发生。尽管目前在江苏、福建、广东出现的只是一些散发病例,但这种习惯不改变,就是很危险的一件事。他边说边展示自己在美国《科学》杂志上发表的一篇专论文章,呼吁关闭活禽市场,因为在国内说了没有用,只好到国际权威期刊说去。这是一个“警告”,即随着人类居住环境的改变,人类与野生动物的关系越来越近,随之而来的就是来源于动物的病原感染人类事件,新发突发传染病病毒都是经过动物传播给人类的。比如我们习惯到活禽市场要鲜活宰杀,“为什么在发达国家如美国、英国禽流感不厉害?因为他们没有吃活禽的习惯。

 
附:高福院士的部分发表论文、著作
(1)Structure of measles virus hemagglutinin bound to its epithelial receptor nectin-4,Nature Structural and Molecular Biology,2013,通讯作者
  (2)Origin and diversity of novel H7N9 avian influenza viruses causing human infecions,The Lancet,2013,通讯作者
  (3)An airborne transmissible avian influenza H5 hemagglutinin seen at the atomic level,Science,2013,通讯作者
  (4)Bat-derived influenza hemagglutinin H17 does not bind canonical avian or human receptors and likely uses a unique entry mechanism,Cell Reports,2013,通讯作者
  (5)Influenza neuraminidase operates via a nucleophilic mechanism and can be targeted by covalent inhibitors,Nature Communications,2013,通讯作者
  (6)Crystal structure of cell adhesion molecule nectin-2/CD112 and its binding to immune receptor DNAM-1/CD226,Journal of Immunology,2012,通讯作者
  (7)The two-component system Ihk/Irr contributes to the virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strain 05ZYH33 through alteration of the bacterial cell metabolism.,Microbiology,2012,通讯作者
  (8)The two-component system Ihk/Irr contributes to the virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strain 05ZYH33 through alteration of the bacterial cell metabolism,Microbiology,2012,通讯作者
  (9) Genomic and antigenic characterization of the newly-emerging Chinese duck egg-drop syndrome flavivirus: genomic comparison with Tembusu and Sitiawan viruses,Journal of General Virology,2012,通讯作者
  (10)Crystal structure of cell adhesion molecule nectin-2/CD112 and its binding to immune receptor DNAM-1/CD226,The Journal of Immunology,2012,通讯作者
  (11)Structural and functional characterization of neuraminidase-like molecule N10 derived from bat influenza A virus,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS),2012,通讯作者
  (12)Analysis of drug resistance determinants in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a tertiary-care hospital in Beijing, China,PLoS ONE,2012,通讯作者
  (13)Type-IVC Secretion system: A novel subclass of type IV secretion system (T4SS) common existing in gram-positive genus Streptococcus,PLoS ONE,2012,通讯作者
  (14)Reply to Nuclear export signal and immunodominant CD8+ T cell epitope in influenza A virus matrix protein 1--Sequence sharing between viral nuclear export signals (NES) and CD8+ T cell epitopes,Journal of Virology,2012,通讯作者
  (15)Narrow groove and restricted anchors of MHC class I molecule BF2*0401 plus peptide transporter restriction can explain disease susceptibility of B4 chickens,The Journal of Immunology,2012,通讯作者
  (16)An octamer of enolase from Streptococcus suis,Protein and Cell,2012,通讯作者
  (17)Insights into avian influenza virus pathogenicity: the hemagglutinin precursor HA0 of H16 subtype has an a-helix structure in its cleavage site with an inefficient HA1/HA2 cleavage,Journal of Virology,2012,通讯作者
  (18)Cross-allele cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus among HLA-A24 and HLA-A3 supertype-positive individuals,Journal of Virology,2012,通讯作者
  (19)Genomic sequence based scanning for drug resistance-associated mutations and evolutionary analysis of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Journal of Infection,2012,通讯作者
  (20)Insight into the interaction of metal ions with TroA from Streptococcus suis,PLoS ONE,2011,通讯作者
  (21)A novel“open-form” structure of sortaseC from Streptococcus suis,Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,2011,通讯作者
  (22)我国发现的一种引起鸭产蛋下降综合征的新型黄病毒,中国兽医杂志,2011,通讯作者
  (23)合成病毒:对流感病毒研究的贡献,生命科学,2011,通讯作者
  (24)T细胞功能学与结构免疫学结合方法鉴定HLA-A2限制性的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞表位富集区,科技导报,2011,通讯作者
  (25)A strategy to produce monoclonal antibodies against gp96 by prime-boost regimen using endogenous protein and E. coli heterologously-expressed fragment,Journal of Central South University of Technology,2011,通讯作者
  (26)Crystal structure of histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 and the implications for thermostability,Science China Life Sciences,2011,通讯作者
  (27)An infectious clone of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: topology of glycoprotein 3 (GP3) addressing the intrachain disulfide bonds; PRRSV infectious clone and GP3 topology,Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,通讯作者
  (28)Special features of the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (invited review),Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,通讯作者
  (29)Revival of the identification of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for immunological diagnosis therapy and vaccine development,Experimental Biology and Medicine,2011,通讯作者
  (30)Probing genomic diversity and evolution of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 by NimbleGen tiling arrays,BMC Genomics,2011,通讯作者
  (31)Structural basis of cross-allele presentation by HLA-A*0301 and HLA-A*1101 revealed by two HIV-derived peptide complexes,Molecular Immunology,2011,通讯作者
  (32)Plasticity of human CD8αα binding to peptide-HLA-A*2402,Molecular Immunology,2011,通讯作者
  (33)Structural analysis of alkaline β-mannanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5: implications for adaptation to alkaline conditions,PLoS ONE,2011,通讯作者
  (34)Cyclophilin E functions as a negative regulator to influenza virus replication by impairing the formation of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex,PLoS ONE,2011,通讯作者
  (35)LILRA3 binds both classical and non-classical HLA class I molecules but with reduced affinities compared to LILRB1/LILRB2: structural evidence,PLoS ONE,2011,通讯作者
  (36)Duck egg-drop syndrome caused by BYD virus, a new Tembusu-related flavivirus,PLoS ONE,2011,通讯作者
  (37)Clade 2.3.2 avian influenza virus (H5N1), Qinghai Lake region, China, 2009–2010,Emerging Infectious Diseases,2011,通讯作者
  (38)GI-type T4SS mediated horizontal transfer of the 89K pathogenicity island in epidemic Streptococcus suis serotype 2,Molecular Microbiology,2011,通讯作者
  (39)Crystal Structure of Swine Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I SLA-1*0401 and Identification of 2009 Pandemic Swine-Origin Influenza A H1N1 Virus Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitope Peptides,Journal of Virology,2011,通讯作者
  (40)A large scale comparative genomic analysis reveals insertion sites for newly acquired genomic islands in bacterial genomes, BMC Microbiology,2011,通讯作者
  (41)小议2010国内外生命科学重要进展,遗传,2011,通讯作者
  (42)Structural and functional analysis of laninamivir and its octanoate prodrug reveals group specific mechanisms for influenza NA inhibition, PLoS Pathogens,2011,通讯作者
  (43)Binding of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D to nectin-1 exploits host cell adhesion.,Nature Communications,2011,通讯作者
  (44)Structural basis of diverse peptide accommodation by the Rhesus Macaque MHC class I molecule Mamu-B*17: insights into immune protection from simian immunodeficiency virus,Journal of Immunology,2011,通讯作者
  (45)Crystal structure of leukocyte Ig-like receptor LILRB4 (ILT3/LIR-5/CD85k): a myeloid inhibitory receptor involved in immune tolerance,Journal of Biological Chemistry,2011,通讯作者
  (46)Two distinct conformations of a CTL epitope from rinderpest virus presented by cattle MHC class I molecule N*01801: a host strategy for presentation of a featured peptide,Journal of Virology,2011,通讯作者
  (47)Diverse peptide presentation of Rhesus Macaque major histocompatibility complex class I Mamu-A*02 revealed by two peptide complex structures and insights into immune escape of simian immunodeficiency virus, Journal of Virology,2011,通讯作者
  (48)Influenza A virus neuraminidase N5 has an extended 150-cavity,Journal of Virology,2011,通讯作者
  (49)Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 3C proteases: binding to Rupintrivir and their substrates and anti-hand, foot, and mouth disease virus drug design,Journal of Virology,2011,通讯作者
  (50)从人类基因组到人造生命:克雷格文特尔领路生命科学,生物工程学报,2010,通讯作者
  (51)天然免疫抗病毒效应分子Mx 蛋白的结构与功能研究进展,生物化学与生物物理进展,2010,通讯作者
  (52)It is not just AIV: From avian to swine-origin influenza virus,Science China Life Sciences,2010,通讯作者
  (53)In-silicon characterization of the functional and structural modules of the haemagglutinin protein from the swine-origin influenza virus A (H1N1)-2009,Science China Life Sciences,2010,通讯作者
  (54)Serological surveillance of influenza A virus infection in swine populations in Fujian Province, China: no evidence of naturally occurring H5N1 infection in pigs,Zoonoses and Public Health,2010,通讯作者
  (55)Identification and structural definition of H5-specific CTL epitopes restricted by HLA-A*0201 derived from H5N1 subtype of influenza A viruses, Journal of General Virology,2010,通讯作者
  (56)Galanin protects against intracellular amyloid toxicity in human primary neurons,Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease,2010,通讯作者
  (57)Crystal structure of EHEC intimin: insights into the complementarity between EPEC and EHEC,PLoS ONE,2010,通讯作者
  (58)基于结构的抗流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂的设计和研发,医药生物技术,2010,通讯作者
  (59)Genetic correlation between current circulating H1N1 swine and human influenza viruses,Journal of Clinical Virology,2010,通讯作者
  (60)Detection of avian influenza virus subtype H5 using a biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry,Biosensors and Bioelectronics,2010,通讯作者
  (61)The 2009 pandemic H1N1 neuraminidase N1 lacks the 150-cavity in its active site.,Nature Structural and Molecular Biology,2010,通讯作者
  (62)A dimeric structure of PD-L1: functional units or evolutionary relics,Protein and Cell,2010,通讯作者
  (63)Crystal structure of the swine-origin A (H1N1)-2009 influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) reveals similar antigenicity to that of the 1918 pandemic virus,Protein and Cell,2010,通讯作者
  (64)Na+/K+-ATPase β1 subunit interacts with M2 proteins of influenza A and B viruses and affects the virus replication,Science China Life Sciences,2010,通讯作者
  (65)Novel immunodominant peptide presentation strategy: a featured HLA-A*2402 restricted CTL-epitope stabilized by intra-chain hydrogen-bonds from SARS-CoV N protein,Journal of Virology,2010,通讯作者
  (66)Uncovering newly emerging variants of Streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic agent,Trends in Microbiology,2010,通讯作者
  (67)The membrane protein of SARS-CoV acts as a dominant immunogen revealed by a clustering region of novel functional and structural defined CTL epitopes,The Journal of Infectious Diseases,2010,通讯作者
  (68)Revival of gene therapy,Protein and Cell,2010,通讯作者
  (69)Interspecies transmission and host restriction of avian H5N1 influenza virus,Science China Life Sciences,2009,通讯作者
  (70)动物源性流感病毒与人流感流行,科技导报,2009,通讯作者
  (71)Structural insight into the catalytic mechanism of gluconate 5-dehydrogenase from Streptococcus suis: crystal structures of the substrate-free and quaternary complex enzymes,Protein Science,2009,通讯作者
  (72)Stable non-synonymous substitutions on NS gene (NS1 and NS2 proteins) of Qinghai Lake H5N1 influenza virus (Clade 2.2) after successive passages in Muscovy ducks,Science China Series C: Life Science,2009,通讯作者
  (73)MyBASE: a database for genome polymorphism and gene function studies of Mycobacterium,BMC Microbiology,2009,通讯作者
  (74)Avian influenza virus, Streptococcus suis serotype 2, SARS-coronavirus and beyond: molecular epidemiology, ecology and the situation in China,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences),2009,通讯作者
  (75)Structure and cleavage-specificity of the chymotrypsin-like serine protease (3CLSP/nsp4) of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV),Journal of Molecular Biology,2009,通讯作者
  (76)Crystal structures of Streptococcus suis mannonate dehydratase (ManD) and its complex with substrate: genetic and biochemical evidence for a catalytic mechanism,Journal of Bacteriology,2009,通讯作者
  (77)The challenges of avian influenza virus: mechanism, epidemiology and control,Science China Life Sciences,2009,通讯作者
  (78)Autophagy is involved in influenza A virus replication,Autophagy,2009,通讯作者
  (79)恒河猴MHC-I类分子Mamu-A*02与SIV抗原表位复合物的纯化和晶体学研究,生物工程学报,2009,通讯作者
  (80)鸡β2-微球蛋白及其硒代衍生物的制备和晶体学研究,科技导报,2009,通讯作者
  (81)Structural immunology and crystallography help immunologists see the immune system in action: How T and NK cells touch their ligands,IUBMB Life,2009,通讯作者
  (82)Crystal structure of myeloid cell activating receptor leukocyte Ig-like receptor A2 (LILRA2/ILT1/LIR-7) domain swapped dimer: molecular basis for its non-binding to MHC complexes,Journal of Molecular Biology,2009,通讯作者
  (83)Rhesus macaque: a tight homodimeric CD8??,Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,2009,通讯作者
  (84)Analysis of hemagglutinin-mediated entry tropism of H5N1 avian influenza,Virology Journal,2009,通讯作者
  (85)Website for avian flu information and bioinformatics,Science China Life Sciences,2009,通讯作者[6]
 
(86)免疫学前沿进展 (第二版) 第七章: 结构免疫学研究进展: 主要组织相容性复合物的分子识别,Frontier Progress of Immunology (Edition 2) Chapter 7 Research Progress of Sructural Immunology: Molecular Recognition of Major Histocompatibility Complex ,人民卫生出版社,2011-12,第3作者
  (87)主要组织相容性复合物与多肽的相互作用,Major Histocompatibility Complex: Interaction with Peptides,John Wiley and Sons, Ltd,2011-08,第2作者
  (88)应用于健康、环境及生物安全的生物传感器 第七章:应用于人类健康的无标记生物传感器,Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity Chapter 7: Label-free Biosensors for Health Applications,InTech,2011-07,第1作者
  (89)免疫学前沿进展(第一版) 第六章: 结构免疫学研究进展: 主要组织相容性复合物的分子识别,Frontier Progress of Immunology (Edition 1) Chapter 6 Research Progress of Sructural Immunology: Molecular Recognition of Major Histocompatibility Complex ,人民卫生出版社,2009-12。


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